15. Atomic radius : Atomic radius can be defined as half the inter
nuclear distance between the combined atoms in a molecule.
16. Atomic Number: Atomic number of an element is equal to the number
of protons in the nucleus. It is a unique property of the element
and no two elements have the same atomic number
17. Mass number : Mass number of an element is the sum of the number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom of the element
18. Nuclear Charge: It is the positive charge present in the nucleus
of an atom which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus
i.e. the atomic number
19. Metals: Those elements which have a tendency to lose their valence
electrons (electrons of the outermost shell) and form a positive
ion are considered Metals
20. Ionisation Energy: The energy required to remove an electron from
a neutral isolated gaseous atom and convert it into positively
charged gaseous ion is called Ionisation potential or ionisation
energy or first ionisation energy
21. Electron Affinity: The amount of energy released while converting
a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous
ion (anion) by the addition of electron is called electron Affinity
22. Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract
the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called its
electronegativity, which is a dimensionless property
23. Diagonal Relationship/ Bridge Elements: The elements of the second
period show resemblance in properties with the elements of the next
group of the third period due to very less electronegativity
difference. This leads to diagonal relationship and they are called
Bridge elements
2
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
Chemical Bonding
24. Stability : Stability means having the electron arrangement of the
inert gas i.e. octet in the outermost shell
25. Chemical Bond: Chemical bond may be defined as the force of
attraction between any two atoms in a molecule to maintain its
stability
26. Electrovalent Bond: The transfer of one or more electrons from one
atom to another to form an electrovalent bond or a ionic bond
27. Covalent bond: The chemical bond that is formed between two
combining atoms by mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
is called a covalent bond and the compound formed is called a
covalent bond. Sharing of one two or three pairs of electrons
between two atoms to form a Covalent or molecular bond
28. Covalent molecule: The molecule formed due to the sharing of
electrons (covalent bond) is called a covalent molecule
29. Coordinate Bond: When the shared electron pairs are contributed by
only one of the combining atoms, the bond formed is known as
Coordinate bond or Dative Bond
30. Ion: Ion is a charged particle which is formed due to the gain or
the loss of one or more electrons by an atom
31. Electropositive element: A metallic element whose one atom readily
loses electrons to form a positively charged ion is an electro
positive element
32. Electronegative element: A non-metallic element whose atom readily
accepts electrons to form a negatively charged ion is an
electronegative element
33. Electrovalent bond : The cation and the anion being oppositely
charged attract each other and form a chemical bond. Since this
chemical bond formation is due to the electrostatic force of
attraction between anion and cation is called an electrovalent bond
34. Electrovalent compounds: The chemical compounds formed a result of
transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of
another element are called ionic or electrovalent bonds
35. Electrovalency: The number of electrons that an atom loses or gains
to form an electrovalent bond is called Electrovalency
36. Electron dot symbol: LEWIS SYMBO: The electron dot symbol for an
atom consists of the symbol of the element surrounded by dots
3
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
4
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
5
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
is called concentrated acid and acid that contains far more amount
of water than its own mass is called dilute acid
58. Strength of an acid: Strength of an acid is the measure of hydronium
ions it produces in aqueous solution (dil HCL is stronger than
Conc. Acetic acid). It depends on the degree of ionisation and the
concentration of hydronium ions produced in aqueous solution
59. Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose smell or odour changes
in acidic or basic solutions are called Olfactory indicators
60. Base: A base is either a metallic oxide or a metallic hydroxide or
ammonium hydroxide which reacts with hydronium ions of an acid to
form salt and water only
61. Basic oxide: A basic oxide is a metallic oxide which contains the
ion o2- and reacts with an acid to form salt and water only
62. Basic hydroxide: It is a metallic hydroxide which contains OH- and
will react with an acid to give salt and water only
63. Alkali: Alkali is a basic hydroxide which when dissolved in water
produces hydroxyl ions as the only negatively charged ions
64. Strong alkalis: Strong alkali is one which undergoes almost
complete dissociation in aqueous solution to produce a high
concentration of OH-
65. Weak alkali: Weak alkali is one which undergoes only partial
dissociation or ionisation in aqueous solution to produce a low
concentration of OH- in solution
66. Acidity of the base: The number of hydroxyl ions which can be
produced per molecule of the base in aqueous solution or the number
of hydrogen ions (of an acid )with which a molecule of that base
will react to produce salt and water only is known as acidity of
the base
67. Monoacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or
fused state or in aqueous solutions to produce one OH- ions per
molecule of that base
68. Diacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or in
aqueous solutions to produce two OH- ions per molecule of that base
69. Triacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or
in aqueous solutions to produce three replaceable OH- ions per
molecule of that base
6
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
7
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
8
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
9
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
10
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
16.a.m.u. therefore its gram atomic mass is 16g. - The quantity of the
element which weighs equal to its gram atomic mass is called one gram atom of that
element.
substance with its mass equal to its gram molecular mass is called one gram molecule
of the substance
11
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
Electrolysis
126. Electrolysis: It is the process of chemical decomposition of a
chemical compound in aqueous solution state or molten state
accompanied by a chemical change using direct electric current
127. Electrolytes: Electrolytes are compound which either in aqueous
solution state or in molten state allow electric current to pass
through them. Electrolytes are molten salts, solutions of salts in
water, solutions of acids and alkalis.
128. Non Electrolyte: It is a compound which neither in aq. solution
state nor in the molten state allows an electric current to pass
through it as it has molecules and no ions.
129. Degree of Dissociation: Degree of dissociation is defined as the
number of molecules dissociated per every 100 molecules in a
compound
130. Electrolytic cell: A non-conducting vessel containing two
electrodes immersed in a solution of electrolytes used to bring
about a chemical reaction in which electric energy gets converted
into chemical energy.
131. Electrochemical cell: It is a device used to convert chemical energy
into electrical energy like simple voltaic cell, Daniel cell etc.
132. Electrodes: Two metal plates or wires or graphite rods or gas carbon
rods immersed in the electrolyte through which current enters and
leaves the electrolytic cell are called electrodes.
133. Anode: The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the
battery through which electrons leave the electrolyte is called the
anode.
134. Cathode: The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the
battery through which the electrons enter the electrolyte is called
cathode.
135. Ions: The atoms or groups of atoms which carry a positive or
negative charge are known as ions.
136. Cations: Positively charged ions that move to the cathode during
electrolysis and get reduced to become a neural atom by gaining
electrons
137. Anions: Negatively charged ions that move to the anode during
electrolysis and get oxidized to become a neutral atom by losing
electrons
13
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
14
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
Metallurgy
148. Electroplating : is a process in which a thin film of a metal like
gold, silver, nickel, chromium etc gets deposited on another
metallic article with the help of electricity
149. Electrolytic refining: Electrolytic refining is a process by which
metals containing impurities are purified electrolytically to give
a pure metal.
150. Electrometallurgy: Electrometallurgy is the process of extraction
of metals by electrolysis. (The process used for the extraction of
metals as their pure form from their ores is called metallurgy)
151. Anode mud: During electrolytic refining of copper some impurities
get dissolved in the acid while others namely silver and gold which
are insoluble get collected near the anode. This insoluble
impurities form the anode mud. The impurities which are dissolved
in ores are separated while electrolytic refining and set at the
bottom, this set impurity is called anode mud.
15
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
Study of compounds
164. Oil of vitriol: In the later middle ages it was obtained as an oily
viscous liquid by heating crystals of green vitriol and was
therefore known by the name of oil of vitriol
17
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
Organic Chemistry
165. Vital force theory: Since Organic compounds were obtained straight
from nature and there was no known method of preparing them in the
laboratory. It was believed that they were products of some vital
force of nature. This is vital force theory
166. Organic compounds: Organic compounds are compounds those
essentially contain carbon. Earlier they were derived from living
organisms and called so
167. Organic chemistry: Organic chemistry is defined as essentially the
study of carbon compounds however excluding oxides of carbon,
metallic carbonates, and related compounds like metal cyanides,
metal carbides etc. Now organic chemistry may be defined as the
chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
168. Tetravalency: The characteristic of the carbon atom by virtue of
which it forms four covalent bonds is called the tetravalency of
carbon. Carbon has four valence electrons. It can neither lose nor
gain electrons to attain octet, it forms covalent bonds by sharing
its four electrons with other atoms
169. Catenation: The property of self-linking of atoms of an element
through covalent bonds in order to form straight chains, branched
chains and cyclic chains of different sizes is known as catenation.
This is due to greater strength of carbon- carbon bond and due to
tetravalency of carbon. Property of catenation is shown by some
other elements also but carbon exhibits the property to the maximum
extent
170. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of
carbon and hydrogen atoms
171. Saturated compounds: Saturated compounds are organic compounds in
which all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by a single
covalent bond
172. Unsaturated compounds: Unsaturated compounds are open chain
compounds where all the four valencies are not satisfied by single
covalent bonds, and double or triple bonds are required to satisfy
valencies e.g. Alkenes , Alkynes
18
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
19
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
21
CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019
213. Glacial acetic acid: The anhydrous acetic acid on cooling forms a
crystalline mass resembling ice with melting point 170C is called
Glacial Acetic Acid
214. Vinegar: Dilute acetic acid solution 4-5 % is called vinegar which
is greyish in colour and is used for flavouring and preserving
foods
22