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CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019

Periodic Table, Periodic Properties,


and Variation of Properties

1. Elements: Elements are pure substances made up of one type of atoms


2. Mendeleev’s Law: The properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic masses
3. Henry Moseley’s law: The physical and chemical properties of
elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number
4. Alkali Metals: Alkali metals are the elements and form strong
alkalis with water and belong to group 1 of periodic table, all
being metals except hydrogen
5. Alkaline Earth Metals: Alkaline earth metals are those elements in
group 2 of the periodic table which form weaker alkalis with water
compared to group 1 element and all are metals
6. Transition Elements: Transition elements are those belonging to
group 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 of the periodic table and which have
their two outermost shells incomplete
7. Halogens: Halogens are elements in group 17 of periodic table
forming salts
8. Noble Gases or Inert Gases: Noble gases are elements with their
outermost orbit complete and thus stable and hardly react with
other elements and lying in group 18 of periodic table
9. Representative Elements/Normal elements/main Group elements:
Elements in groups 1,2.13.14.15,16,17 of the periodic table have
their outermost shells incomplete and are reactive and called main
group elements
10. Group
11. Period: The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods
which is based on the no of shells present in an atom
12. Typical Elements: The third period elements Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S,
Cl which summarise their respective groups are called typical
elements
13. Valency : Valency denotes the combining capacity of the atom of
an element. It is equal to the number of electrons an atom can
donate or accept or share
14. Atomic Size : Atomic size is the distance between the centre of the
nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell
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15. Atomic radius : Atomic radius can be defined as half the inter
nuclear distance between the combined atoms in a molecule.
16. Atomic Number: Atomic number of an element is equal to the number
of protons in the nucleus. It is a unique property of the element
and no two elements have the same atomic number
17. Mass number : Mass number of an element is the sum of the number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom of the element
18. Nuclear Charge: It is the positive charge present in the nucleus
of an atom which is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus
i.e. the atomic number
19. Metals: Those elements which have a tendency to lose their valence
electrons (electrons of the outermost shell) and form a positive
ion are considered Metals
20. Ionisation Energy: The energy required to remove an electron from
a neutral isolated gaseous atom and convert it into positively
charged gaseous ion is called Ionisation potential or ionisation
energy or first ionisation energy
21. Electron Affinity: The amount of energy released while converting
a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous
ion (anion) by the addition of electron is called electron Affinity
22. Electronegativity: The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract
the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called its
electronegativity, which is a dimensionless property
23. Diagonal Relationship/ Bridge Elements: The elements of the second
period show resemblance in properties with the elements of the next
group of the third period due to very less electronegativity
difference. This leads to diagonal relationship and they are called
Bridge elements

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Chemical Bonding
24. Stability : Stability means having the electron arrangement of the
inert gas i.e. octet in the outermost shell
25. Chemical Bond: Chemical bond may be defined as the force of
attraction between any two atoms in a molecule to maintain its
stability
26. Electrovalent Bond: The transfer of one or more electrons from one
atom to another to form an electrovalent bond or a ionic bond
27. Covalent bond: The chemical bond that is formed between two
combining atoms by mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
is called a covalent bond and the compound formed is called a
covalent bond. Sharing of one two or three pairs of electrons
between two atoms to form a Covalent or molecular bond
28. Covalent molecule: The molecule formed due to the sharing of
electrons (covalent bond) is called a covalent molecule
29. Coordinate Bond: When the shared electron pairs are contributed by
only one of the combining atoms, the bond formed is known as
Coordinate bond or Dative Bond
30. Ion: Ion is a charged particle which is formed due to the gain or
the loss of one or more electrons by an atom
31. Electropositive element: A metallic element whose one atom readily
loses electrons to form a positively charged ion is an electro
positive element
32. Electronegative element: A non-metallic element whose atom readily
accepts electrons to form a negatively charged ion is an
electronegative element
33. Electrovalent bond : The cation and the anion being oppositely
charged attract each other and form a chemical bond. Since this
chemical bond formation is due to the electrostatic force of
attraction between anion and cation is called an electrovalent bond
34. Electrovalent compounds: The chemical compounds formed a result of
transfer of electrons from one atom of an element to one atom of
another element are called ionic or electrovalent bonds
35. Electrovalency: The number of electrons that an atom loses or gains
to form an electrovalent bond is called Electrovalency
36. Electron dot symbol: LEWIS SYMBO: The electron dot symbol for an
atom consists of the symbol of the element surrounded by dots
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representing the outermost shell electrons. The paired electrons


are represented by pair of dots whereas the unpaired electron in
the outermost orbit is represented by a single dot
37. Redox process: In the formation of an electrovalent bond the
transfer of electrons is involved. The electropositive atom
undergoes oxidation while the electronegative atom undergoes
reduction. This is known as redox process
38. Covalency: The covalency of an atom is the number of its electrons
taking part in the formation of shared pairs. (Covalency of hydrogen
is 1, oxygen 2, nitrogen 3, carbon 4)
39. Non polar molecules: If the two covalently bonded atoms are
identical the shared electron pairs is at equal distance from the
combining atoms ie, the shared electron pairs is equally attracted
by the nuclei of two type of charge. Such molecules are called Non
Polar
40. Dipole molecule: A molecule that has both slight positive and slight
negative charge is called a Dipole Molecule
41. Coordinate bond: The bond formed between two atoms by sharing a
pair of electrons provided entirely by one of the combining atoms
but shared by both is called a coordinative bond or dative bond
42. It is also defined as the a bond formed between an ion and an atom
of a polar covalent molecule with one or more lone pairs of
electrons
43. Co ionic bond: A coordinate bond has properties of both covalent
and ionic bonds. Therefore coordinate bond is also called co ionic
bond
44. Lone pair of electrons: A pair of electrons which is not shared
with any other atom is known as the lone pair of electrons
45. Donor and acceptor: The atom which provides the electron pair for
the formation of a coordinate bond is known as the donor; The atom
or ion sharing the donated electron pair is known as the acceptor

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Acids bases and Salts


46. Indicators: An indicator is a chemical which indicates the nature
of solution by means of sharp change in colour. They are complex
substances that acquire separate colours in acidic and basic
mediums
47. Salts: Salts are chemical compounds formed by the interaction of
acid and base replacing hydrogen ions present in an acid by metallic
ion or non-metallic ammonium ions
48. Acids : Acids are defined as compounds which contain one or more
hydrogen atoms and when dissolved in water produce hydronium ions
the only positively charged ions.
49. Organic acids: Acids which are obtained usually from plants are
called organic acids and they contain carbon atom also along with
hydrogen atoms. They do not completely ionise in solution and so
they contain ions as well as molecules
50. Inorganic acids: Acids which are usually obtained from minerals are
known as inorganic acids and they do not contain carbon and they
contain only ions and ionise completely in solution producing high
concentration of hydronium ions
51. Oxyacids: Acids which contain oxygen along with hydrogen and some
other element are oxyacids
52. Hydracids: Acids containing hydrogen and a non-metallic element and
do not contain oxygen are called hydracids
53. Basicity: The basicity of an acid is defined as the number of
hydronium ions that can be produced by the ionisation of one
molecule of that acid in aqueous solution
54. Monobasic acid: Acids which on ionisation in water produce one
hydronium ion per molecule of the acid are known as monobasic acids
55. Dibasic acid: Acids which on ionisation in water produce two
hydronium ions per molecule of the acid are known as dibasic acids
56. Tribasic acids: Acids which on ionisation in water produce three
hydronium ions per molecule of the acid are known as tribasic acids
57. Concentration of an acid: Concentration of an acid means the amount
of acid present in a definite amount of its aqueous solution. It
tells us simply the amount of water present in the acid and not the
strength of the acid. Acid that contains no water or little water

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is called concentrated acid and acid that contains far more amount
of water than its own mass is called dilute acid
58. Strength of an acid: Strength of an acid is the measure of hydronium
ions it produces in aqueous solution (dil HCL is stronger than
Conc. Acetic acid). It depends on the degree of ionisation and the
concentration of hydronium ions produced in aqueous solution
59. Olfactory indicators: Those substances whose smell or odour changes
in acidic or basic solutions are called Olfactory indicators
60. Base: A base is either a metallic oxide or a metallic hydroxide or
ammonium hydroxide which reacts with hydronium ions of an acid to
form salt and water only
61. Basic oxide: A basic oxide is a metallic oxide which contains the
ion o2- and reacts with an acid to form salt and water only
62. Basic hydroxide: It is a metallic hydroxide which contains OH- and
will react with an acid to give salt and water only
63. Alkali: Alkali is a basic hydroxide which when dissolved in water
produces hydroxyl ions as the only negatively charged ions
64. Strong alkalis: Strong alkali is one which undergoes almost
complete dissociation in aqueous solution to produce a high
concentration of OH-
65. Weak alkali: Weak alkali is one which undergoes only partial
dissociation or ionisation in aqueous solution to produce a low
concentration of OH- in solution
66. Acidity of the base: The number of hydroxyl ions which can be
produced per molecule of the base in aqueous solution or the number
of hydrogen ions (of an acid )with which a molecule of that base
will react to produce salt and water only is known as acidity of
the base
67. Monoacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or
fused state or in aqueous solutions to produce one OH- ions per
molecule of that base
68. Diacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or in
aqueous solutions to produce two OH- ions per molecule of that base
69. Triacidic base: It is a base that dissociates in molten state or
in aqueous solutions to produce three replaceable OH- ions per
molecule of that base

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70. pH of a solution: pH of a solution is the negative logarithm to the


base 10 of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in mole per
litre pH = log101/ [H+] = - log10 [H]
71. Universal indicator: The universal indicator is a mixture of
indicator dyes that gives a spectrum of colours depending on how
acidic or alkaline a solution is. Universal indicators give
different colours at different concentrations of hydrogen ions in
a solution
72. Salt: Salt is a compound formed by the partial or total replacement
of the ionisable hydrogen atom of an acid by a metallic ion or an
ammonium ion
73. Ionic definition: salt is an ionic compound which dissociates in
water to yield a positive ion other than hydrogen ion H+ =
and a
negative ion other than hydroxyl ion OH-
74. Normal salts: Normal salts are the salts formed by the complete
replacement of the ionisable hydrogen atoms of an acid by a metallic
or an ammonium ion. Normal salts have no ionisable hydrogen atoms
75. Acid Salts: Acid salts are formed by the partial replacement of the
ionisable hydrogen atoms of a polybasic acid by a metal or an
ammonium ion. Acid salts ionise in water solution to give hydronium
ions and therefore they show all the properties of an acid
76. Basic Salts: Basic salts are formed by the partial replacement of
the hydroxyl group of a di or a tri acidic base by an acid radical
77. Double salts: Double salts are formed by the union of two simple
salts that dissolve in water and crystallise
78. Mixed salts: Mixed salts are those salts that contain more than one
basic or acid radical e.g. Sodium potassium carbonate
79. Complex salts: Complex salts are those which on dissociation give
one simple ion and one complex ion
80. Double decomposition: A chemical change in which two compounds in
solution react to form two other compounds by the mutual exchange
of radicals, with formation of solid precipitate as a result of the
reaction
81. Neutralisation: It is the process by which H+ ions of an acid react
completely with [OH-] ions of a base to give salt and water only
82. Heat of neutralisation: It is the amount of heat liberated when one
gram equivalent of an acid or base is completely neutralised

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83. Soluble salt: If at least 1 g of a substance can be dissolved in


100 ml of water at 298 k it is called a soluble salt
84. Partially soluble salt: If 0.1 to 1 g of a substance can be
dissolved in 100 ml of water at 298K it is called a partially
soluble salt
85. Insoluble salt: If less than 0.1 g of a substance can be dissolved
in 100 ml of water at 298 K it is called insoluble salt
86. Hydrolysis: The phenomenon due to which salt formed by a weak acid
and a strong base, or by a strong acid and a weak base, reacts with
water to give an acidic or alkaline solution is known as hydrolysis
87. Water of crystallisation:
88. Decrepitation: Crystals of sodium chloride on heating produce a
crackling sound due to bigger crystals breaking up into smaller
ones. This is called decrepitation
89. Efflorescence: Efflorescence is the property of some salts to lose
wholly or partly their water of crystallisation when their crystals
are exposed to dry air even for a short time. They become powdery.
Such substances are called efflorescent substances
90. Hygroscopic substances: Some salts absorb moisture (water vapour)
from the atmosphere without dissolving in it. Such substances are
called hygroscopic substances and the phenomenon is called
hygroscopy
91. Deliquescent substances: Certain water soluble substances when
exposed to the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures absorb moisture
from the atmospheric air to become moist and ultimately dissolve
in the absorbed water forming a saturated solution. Such a substance
is called deliquescent substance and the phenomenon is called
deliquescence
92. Desiccating agents or drying agents or desiccants: Certain
substances remove moisture from other substances and are therefore
called desiccants. Almost all hygroscopic substances are
desiccating agents
93. Dehydrating agents: Dehydrating agents are substances that can
remove water molecules even from compounds. E.g. concentrated
sulphuric acid can remove water molecules from blue vitriol
(CuSO4.5H2O)so it is a dehydrating agent as well.

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94. Precipitation: Precipitation is the process of formation of an


insoluble solid when solutions are mixed. The solid thus formed is
called precipitate

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Mole Concept and Stoichiometry


95. Boyles law: States that the volume of a given mass of dry gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature
96. Charles law: States that the volume of a given mass of a dry gas
is directly proportional to its absolute (kelvin) temperature, if
the pressure is kept constant OR The pressure remaining
constant, the volume of a given mass of dry gas increases or
decreases by 1/273 of its volume for each 10 C increase or decrease
in temperature respectively
97. Gas equation: The volume of a given mass of its dry gas varies
inversely as the pressure and directly as the absolute temperature
98. Standard Temperature Pressure STP: Since the volumes of a gas
changes remarkably with change in pressure and temperature, it
becomes necessary to choose standard values of temperature and
pressure to which gas volumes can be referred. The standard values
chosen are 00C or 273K for temperature and 1 atm pressure or 760mm
Hg or 76 cm Hg
99. Absolute scale or Kelvin scale: A temperature scale with absolute
zero, Zero Kelvin, as the starting point is called the absolute
scale or the Kelvin scale. Absolute zero = 0K = 273 K
100. Stoichiometry: Stoichiometry measures quantitative relationships
and is used to determine the amount of products /reactants that are
produced /needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative
relationships among substances as they participate in chemical
reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry
101. Gay Lussacs law of combining volumes: States that when gases react
they do so in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another and
to the volume of the gaseous product provided that all the volumes
are measured at the same temperature and pressure (Gay Lussac’s law
is valid only for gases)
102. Avagadro’s Law : Avagadro’s law states that equal volumes of all
gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain
the same number of molecules
103. Atom: Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take
part in a chemical reaction; however it may exist independently

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104. Molecule: A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or


compound that can exist by itself; it never breaks up except for
taking part in a chemical reaction
105. Atomicity: The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called
its atomicity
106. Homoatomic or heteroatomic molecules: Molecules made up of same
type of atoms are homo atomic and molecules made up of different
types of atoms are called hetero atomic molecules
107. Relative atomic mass or atomic weight: The relative atomic mass or
atomic weight of an element is the number of times one atom of the
element is heavier than 1/12 times of the mass of an atom of carbon
12
108. Atomic Mass Unit: Atomic Mass Unit is defined as 1/12 the mass of
carbon atom C-12
109. Fractional atomic mass: It is observed that most atomic masses are
not whole numbers. The reason is that most natural elements are a
mixture of constant composition containing two or more isotopes
110. The relative atomic mass of any element is the weighted average of
the relative atomic masses of its natural isotopes
111. Relative Molecular Mass: Relative molecular mass or molecular
weight of an element or a compound is the number that represent how
many times one molecule of the substance is heavier than 1/12 of
the mass of an atom of carbon- 12. RMM is obtained by adding
together the relative atomic masses of all the various atoms present
in a molecule
112. Gram atomic mass: The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams
is called Gram Atomic Mass e.g. the atomic mass of oxygen is

16.a.m.u. therefore its gram atomic mass is 16g. - The quantity of the

element which weighs equal to its gram atomic mass is called one gram atom of that

element.

113. Gram Molecular mass: The molecular mass of a substance expressed

in grams is called Gram Molecular Mass or MOLAR MASS - A sample of a

substance with its mass equal to its gram molecular mass is called one gram molecule

of the substance

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114. Mole: Mole is a collection of 6.022 X 1023 particles (atoms or


molecules or ions) - Mass of a substance containing elementary
particles equal to 6.022 X 1023 - A mole is the amount of pure
substance containing the same number of chemical units as there are
atoms in exactly 12 grams of C-12
115. Avogadro’s number: Avogadro’s number is defined as the number of
atoms present in 12g (gram atomic mass) of C 12 isotope i.e. 6.022
X 1023 - Avogadro’s number is the number of elementary units i.e.
atoms or ions or molecules present in mole of the substance
116. Molecular formula : Molecular formula is a chemical formula which
gives the actual number of atoms of the elements present in one
molecule of a compound
117. Relative Vapour Density: It is the ratio between the masses of
equal volumes of gas or vapour and hydrogen under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure
118. Relative Molecular mass of a gas or vapour is twice its vapour
density
119. Molar volume: Molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one
gram molecular mass or simply by one mole of the gas at STP. It is
equal to 22.4 dm3
120. Gram molecular mass: of any gas occupies 22.4 litres at STP which
contains 6.02 X 1023 molecules of that gas and is equal to 1 mole
of that gas
121. Percentage composition : Percentage composition of a compound is
the percentage by weight of each element present in it
122. Empirical Formula of a compound: The empirical formula of a compound
is the simplest formula which gives the simplest ratio in whole
numbers of atoms of different elements present in one molecule of
the compound
123. Empirical formula mass : Empirical is the sum of atomic masses of
various elements present in the empirical formula
124. Molecular formula : of a compound denotes the actual number of
atoms of different elements present in one molecule of the compound
125. Chemical equation: A chemical equation is a balanced account of a
chemical transaction. It is a shorthand representation of the
actual chemical reaction with the help of symbols and formulas. It
is not merely a qualitative statement but also gives quantitative
information of a chemical reaction
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Electrolysis
126. Electrolysis: It is the process of chemical decomposition of a
chemical compound in aqueous solution state or molten state
accompanied by a chemical change using direct electric current
127. Electrolytes: Electrolytes are compound which either in aqueous
solution state or in molten state allow electric current to pass
through them. Electrolytes are molten salts, solutions of salts in
water, solutions of acids and alkalis.
128. Non Electrolyte: It is a compound which neither in aq. solution
state nor in the molten state allows an electric current to pass
through it as it has molecules and no ions.
129. Degree of Dissociation: Degree of dissociation is defined as the
number of molecules dissociated per every 100 molecules in a
compound
130. Electrolytic cell: A non-conducting vessel containing two
electrodes immersed in a solution of electrolytes used to bring
about a chemical reaction in which electric energy gets converted
into chemical energy.
131. Electrochemical cell: It is a device used to convert chemical energy
into electrical energy like simple voltaic cell, Daniel cell etc.
132. Electrodes: Two metal plates or wires or graphite rods or gas carbon
rods immersed in the electrolyte through which current enters and
leaves the electrolytic cell are called electrodes.
133. Anode: The electrode connected to the positive terminal of the
battery through which electrons leave the electrolyte is called the
anode.
134. Cathode: The electrode connected to the negative terminal of the
battery through which the electrons enter the electrolyte is called
cathode.
135. Ions: The atoms or groups of atoms which carry a positive or
negative charge are known as ions.
136. Cations: Positively charged ions that move to the cathode during
electrolysis and get reduced to become a neural atom by gaining
electrons
137. Anions: Negatively charged ions that move to the anode during
electrolysis and get oxidized to become a neutral atom by losing
electrons

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138. Oxidation: A chemical process in which an atom or an ion loses


electron(s) or a process which involves the addition of oxygen or
removal of hydrogen.
139. An oxidising agent: is one that oxidises other substances by either
accepting electrons or by providing oxygen or an electronegative
ion or by removing hydrogen or an electropositive ion
140. Reduction : A process in which an atom or ion gains electron(s)or
a process which involves removal of oxygen or addition of Hydrogen.
141. A reducing agent is one that reduces other substances by providing
electrons or by providing hydrogen or an electropositive ion or by
removing oxygen or an electronegative ion
142. Electrovalent compounds are compounds those consist of aggregate
of oppositely charged ions held in their positions by the strong
electrostatic forces of attraction
143. Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass of a substance produced at
an electrode during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity
of electricity passing through the electrolyte
144. Ionisation: The process by which polar covalent compounds are
converted into ions in water solution is called ionisation
145. Electrochemical series: Based on the ease with which atoms of metals
lose electrons to form positively charged ions the metals are
arranged in a series known as electrochemical series
146. Selective discharge of ions : When two or more ions of the same
charge are present in a solution of an electrolyte under identical
conditions and are competing for discharge at the same electrode
one of them gets preferentially discharged. This is known as
Selective discharge of ions
147. Spectator Ions: H + ions , SO42- ions and OH _
ions do not take
part in the electrolytic reaction and are known as spectator ions

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Metallurgy
148. Electroplating : is a process in which a thin film of a metal like
gold, silver, nickel, chromium etc gets deposited on another
metallic article with the help of electricity
149. Electrolytic refining: Electrolytic refining is a process by which
metals containing impurities are purified electrolytically to give
a pure metal.
150. Electrometallurgy: Electrometallurgy is the process of extraction
of metals by electrolysis. (The process used for the extraction of
metals as their pure form from their ores is called metallurgy)
151. Anode mud: During electrolytic refining of copper some impurities
get dissolved in the acid while others namely silver and gold which
are insoluble get collected near the anode. This insoluble
impurities form the anode mud. The impurities which are dissolved
in ores are separated while electrolytic refining and set at the
bottom, this set impurity is called anode mud.

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Study of compounds

152. Hydrogen Chloride: Muriatic acid


153. Back suction: Hydrogen chloride gas is sufficiently soluble so it
is absorbed in water more quickly than it is being generated in the
flask during its laboratory preparation. In this case the pressure
in the delivery tube and the flask is reduced and the atmospheric
pressure from outside forces the water back up to the delivery
tube. This effect is called back suction
154. Azeotrope: Azeotrope, a constant boiling mixture is a solution
which boils without any change in its composition. HCl acid forms
constant boiling mixture at 1100C
155. Aqua regia: A mixture having three parts of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and one part of concentrated nitric acid
156. Pickling: Pickling of metals is a process of removal of oxide
coating form the surface of the metals before they are painted,
electroplated or galvanised
157. Nausadaar: Ammonium Chloride
158. Promoter : An additive that increases the efficiency or activity
of a catalyst e.g. Molybdenum or Al2O3 is used a promoter for the
catalyst finely divided Nickel in the manufacture of ammonia
159. Catalytic poisons: Certain compounds that selectively deactivates
the catalyst, when heterogeneous catalysts are used, are called
catalytic poisons. E.g. in manufacture of ammonia CO2, CO, traces
of H2S acts as catalytic poisons and need to be removed
160. Nessler’s solution: A slightly alkaline solution of potassium
mercuric iodide made by adding KOH
161. Ozone Depletion: Ozone layer acts as a blanket in the atmosphere
above 16 km height from the earth’s surface. It absorbs the harmful
ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and thus protects life on
earth
162. Aqua fortis: Nitric acid was formerly called Aqua fortis meaning
strong water because it reacts with nearly all metals including
even silver which does not dissolve in other acids
163. King of chemicals: Sulphuric acid is called king of chemicals
because no other manufactured compound which is used by such a
large number of key industries
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164. Oil of vitriol: In the later middle ages it was obtained as an oily
viscous liquid by heating crystals of green vitriol and was
therefore known by the name of oil of vitriol

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Organic Chemistry

165. Vital force theory: Since Organic compounds were obtained straight
from nature and there was no known method of preparing them in the
laboratory. It was believed that they were products of some vital
force of nature. This is vital force theory
166. Organic compounds: Organic compounds are compounds those
essentially contain carbon. Earlier they were derived from living
organisms and called so
167. Organic chemistry: Organic chemistry is defined as essentially the
study of carbon compounds however excluding oxides of carbon,
metallic carbonates, and related compounds like metal cyanides,
metal carbides etc. Now organic chemistry may be defined as the
chemistry of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
168. Tetravalency: The characteristic of the carbon atom by virtue of
which it forms four covalent bonds is called the tetravalency of
carbon. Carbon has four valence electrons. It can neither lose nor
gain electrons to attain octet, it forms covalent bonds by sharing
its four electrons with other atoms
169. Catenation: The property of self-linking of atoms of an element
through covalent bonds in order to form straight chains, branched
chains and cyclic chains of different sizes is known as catenation.
This is due to greater strength of carbon- carbon bond and due to
tetravalency of carbon. Property of catenation is shown by some
other elements also but carbon exhibits the property to the maximum
extent
170. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of
carbon and hydrogen atoms
171. Saturated compounds: Saturated compounds are organic compounds in
which all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by a single
covalent bond
172. Unsaturated compounds: Unsaturated compounds are open chain
compounds where all the four valencies are not satisfied by single
covalent bonds, and double or triple bonds are required to satisfy
valencies e.g. Alkenes , Alkynes

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173. Cyclic or closed chain compounds: Those compound containing three


or more carbon atoms in their molecules and have properties similar
to open chain hydrocarbons are called carbocyclic compounds
174. How is an alkyl group obtained?: An alkyl group is obtained by
removing one atom of hydrogen from an alkane molecule
175. Functional group: The functional group is defined as an atom or
group of atoms joined in a specific manner which is responsible for
the characteristic chemical properties of the organic compounds
e.g. OH hydroxyl group
176. Structural formula: The formula that shows how atoms of different
elements are linked together in a molecule is known as Structural
formula
177. Carbon Skeleton: A structure that shows only the linking of carbon
atoms in a molecule is called the Carbon Skeleton
178. Isomers: Compounds having the same molecular formula but different
structural formula are known as isomers and the phenomenon is called
Isomerism
179. Two main causes of isomerism: 1. Difference in the mode of linking
of atoms 2. Difference in the arrangement of atoms or groups in
space
180. Chain isomerism: When two or more compounds have a similar molecular
formula but are different in the arrangement of carbon atoms in
straight or branched chains the compounds are referred as chain
isomers and the phenomenon is termed as chain isomerism
181. Position isomerism: When two or more compounds with the same
molecular formula differ in their position of substituent atom or
functional group on the carbon atom, they are called position
isomers and the phenomenon is called position isomerism
182. Functional isomerism: Two or more compounds with the same molecular
formula but different functional groups are called functional
isomers and this phenomenon is called functional isomerism
183. Metamerism: This isomerism arises due to unequal distribution of
alkyl groups on either side of the functional groups in the
molecules
184. Homologous series: A homologous series is a group of organic
compounds having a similar structure and similar chemical
properties in which the successive compounds differ by a CH2 group

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CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019

185. Nomenclature : Nomenclature is the system of assignment of names


to organic compounds
186. Root word: It depends upon the number of carbon atoms present in
the longest carbon chain selected
187. Suffix: It represents the nature of bond in the carbon – carbon
atom and it follows the root word
188. Prefix: It denotes the substituent, alkyl or functional group and
its position in the carbon chain
189. Parent chain: The longest continuous chain of ‘C’ atoms is known
as the parent chain. It need not be straight
190. Substituents: The branched chains are considered to be substituents
and their positions are indicated by the number of carbon atoms to
which they are attached
191. Alkanes: Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all the linkages between
the carbon atoms are single covalent bonds
192. Saturated hydrocarbons: Compounds in which all the four valencies
of carbon are fully satisfied in the formula CnH2n+2 by a single
bond.(saturated by C-C and C-H single bonds)
193. Paraffins: The hydrocarbons that are relatively unreactive under
ordinary conditions are called paraffins which means Parum –little,
affinis affinity
194. Marsh gas: The gas formed at the bottom of the marshes due to
fermentation of cellulose by a special type of bacteria is called
marsh gas and it is Methane
195. Fire damp: Cavities in coal contain 90% methane. It is called fire
damp
196. Soda lime: Soda lime is a mixture in the form of white porous mass
or granules of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide
197. Wurtz reaction: When methyl iodide or methyl bromide is warmed with
sodium metal in the presence of dry ether ethane is produced. This
reaction is wurtz reaction E Q U A T I O N
198. Why preparation of methane from sodium propanoate is called
decarboxylation reaction?: The reaction is known as
decarboxylation reaction as carbon dioxide molecule is eliminated
from a carboxylic acid. Co2 is eliminated as carbonate
199. Alkyl Halides: Alkanes react with chlorine, bromine or iodine in
the presence of sunlight or ultraviolet light to give halogen
substituted products that are known as alkyl halides
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CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019

200. Substitution reaction and substitution product: In the formation


of chloromethane from methane CH3Cl is formed by substitution
reaction and the product
201. Pyrolysis or Cracking: The decomposition of a compound by heat in
the absence of air is called Pyrolysis. When this pyrolysis occurs
in alkanes it is called cracking
202. Alkenes: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain double
bond
203. Polymerisation: When two or more molecules of the same compound
associate to form a bigger molecule the reaction is called
polymerisation
204. Alkenes: The aliphatic hydrocarbons that contain a triple bond i.e.
acetylynic bond between two carbon atoms are known as alkenes
205. Catalytic hydrogenation: In the presence of nickel, platinum or
palladium ethyne first takes up two atoms of hydrogen to change to
ethane, which further takes up two atoms of hydrogen to give ethane.
This reaction is called catalytic dehydrogenation. E Q U A T I O N
206. Fermentation
207. Fermentation is an anaerobic process and it takes place under
conditions where there is no air or oxygen available
208. Esterification: When alcohols react with acetic acid in the
presence of dehydrating agent concentrated H2So4 at high temperature
the respective esters are produced and the process is known as
Esterification. Esters can be detected by their fruity smell
209. Methylated spirit or denatured alcohol: Methylated spirit or
denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol with 5% methyl alcohol, a
coloured dye and some pyridine. It is used for industrial
applications
210. Spurious Alcohol: Spurious alcohol is illicit liquor made by
improper distillation and it contains large proportions of methanol
in a mixture of alcohol and is fatal for human consumption but is
used as a solvent for paints and varnishes
211. Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxyl groups
that possesses acidic properties are called carboxylic acids
212. Alkanoic Acids: The carboxylic acids are derived from alkanes by
replacing one hydrogen atoms with the carboxyl group –COOH group
and they are called alkanoic acids

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CHEMISTRY ICSE 10th March 2019

213. Glacial acetic acid: The anhydrous acetic acid on cooling forms a
crystalline mass resembling ice with melting point 170C is called
Glacial Acetic Acid
214. Vinegar: Dilute acetic acid solution 4-5 % is called vinegar which
is greyish in colour and is used for flavouring and preserving
foods

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