Multi mega watt wind turbine and wind parks

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

Electricity production from wind turbines has been the focus of considerable attention when it
comes to the fulfillment of renewable-energy targets set by governments worldwide. Multi mega watt
(multi-MW) wind turbines, often organized in wind parks, are the main solution to achieve these goals.
In the last years, the focus has been shifted toward offshore resources not only due to the higher wind-
energy potential but also because of the limitations and the polemic issues raised around environmental
impacts of land-based wind turbines. In addition to efficiency and reliability, which are generally
required for all conversion systems onshore, the size and the weight of components will be of extreme
importance for offshore installations, considering that expensive platforms must be placed to support the
total weight of the structure and all the components of the wind-energy conversion system. In that sense,
state-of-the-art conversion systems. Developed and installed worldwide in land-based wind turbines will
not necessarily be the most-suitable ones offshore in terms of the weight, the size, and the reliability. The
generators conventionally used in large WECSs are the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) .the cage
induction generator (IG), and the synchronous generator (SG). This paper aims at giving an update of the
most-recent trends regarding generators, power converters, and their control with respect to overviews
already published in the past years. On the other hand, this paper highlights the most-recent issues in
terms of inertia emulation, energy storage, harmonics, faults/unbalances, and system-oriented approach
for a wind park design.

The wind-turbine systems and the control issues are reviewed here. Wind turbine systems directly
connected to the grid and/or without any power converter directly or indirectly controlling the rotor speed
will not be taken into consideration. The electrical generators presently used for the implementation of
multi-MW WECSs are the DFIG, the cage IG, and the SG.

Multimegawatt wind-turbine systems, often organized in a wind park, are the backbone of the
power generation based on renewable-energy systems. This paper reviews the most-adopted wind-turbine
systems, the adopted generators, the topologies of the converters, the generator control and grid
connection issues, as well as their arrangement in wind parks.

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Chapter-2

OVER VIEW OF WIND TURBINE

Rapid development of wind power technologies and significant growth of wind power capacity
installed worldwide, various wind turbine concepts have been developed. The wind energy conversion
system is demanded to be more cost-competitive, so that comparisons of different wind generator
systems are necessary. An overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons are
presented. First, the contemporary wind turbines are classified with respect to both their control features
and drive train types, and their strengths and weaknesses are described. The promising permanent magnet
generator types are also investigated. Then, the quantitative comparison and market penetration of
different wind generator systems are presented. Finally, the developing trends of wind generator systems
and appropriate comparison criteria are discussed. It is shown that variable speed concepts with power
electronics will continue to dominate and be very promising technologies for large wind farms. The
future success of different wind turbine concepts may strongly depend on their ability of complying with
both market expectations and the requirements of grid utility companies.

Multimegawatt wind-turbine systems, often organized in a wind park, are the backbone of the
power generation based on renewable-energy systems. This paper reviews the most-adopted wind-turbine
systems, the adopted generators, the topologies of the converters, the generator control and grid
connection issues, as well as their arrangement in wind parks.

Although integrating a large amount of wind power is technically possible, higher integration
costs might be incurred when the penetration level of this intermittent power increases. This paper
reviews wind power variability and its different impacts on power systems. In addition, an up-to-date
overview of wind power balancing costs is presented.

Renewable energy sources like wind, sun, and hydro are seen as a reliable alternative to the
traditional energy sources such as oil, natural gas, or coal. Distributed power generation systems
(DPGSs) based on renewable energy sources experience a large development worldwide, with Germany,
Denmark, Japan, and USA as leaders in the development in this field. Due to the increasing number of
DPGSs connected to the utility network, new and stricter standards in respect to power quality, safe
running, and islanding protection are issued. As a consequence, the control of distributed generation
systems should be improved to meet the requirements for grid interconnection. This paper gives an
overview of the structures for the DPGS based on fuel cell, photovoltaic, and wind turbines. In addition,
control structures of the grid-side converter are presented, and the possibility of compensation for low-
order harmonics is also discussed. Moreover, control strategies when running on grid faults are treated.
This paper ends up with an overview of synchronization methods and a discussion about their importance
in the control.

wind turbine generator systems and describes some trends. Around 1998, many wind turbine
manufacturers changed from constant speed systems to variable speed with doubly-fed induction
generators. Since around 2005, they have come with a number of alternative generators systems, mainly
to comply with grid requirements as grid-fault ride-through. Most alternatives have brushless generators
and full converters. One of them is the direct-drive system.

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In the time of Energy crisis the role of MULTI Mega Watt WIND TURBINES and Wind parks
have a big role in resolving it. Importance of renewable energy resources is growing day by day.
Electricity can be produced from wind energy by Multi MW wind turbines. Wind turbines can be
constructed offshore or onshore. High wind energy potential of offshore wind parks.

Different conventional generators are

 Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG)

 Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG)
 Synchronous Generators (SG)

The penetration of renewable sources (particularly wind power) in to the power system network has
been increasing in the recent years. As a result of this, there have been serious concerns over reliable and
satisfactory operation of the power systems. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the
reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage devices into the power system
network. Further, in the present deregulated markets these storage devices could also be used to increase
the profit margins of wind farm …

As the wind power penetration from large scale wind turbines, which are based on variable speed
constant frequency (VSCF) doubly fed induction generators (DFIG), has been increasing rapidly in the
transmission system, the grid codes for grid connected wind turbines evolve continuously and demand
that the wind power generator has to ride through the grid faults, especially the grid voltage dips. In this
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paper, the influence of grid voltage dips on the DFIG is analyzed firstly. Meanwhile, the control
objective of the low voltage ride through (LVRT) is proposed. Several types of LVRT technology for the
DFIG wind turbine systems are then summarized and evaluated respectively. Finally, for the purpose of
revealing the latest progress and the developing direction of this technology a valuable conclusion about
the optimizing of the LVRT technology is drawn from the above discussion.

As wind power penetration level increases, power system operators are challenged by the penetration
impacts to maintain reliability and stability of power system. Therefore, grid codes are being published
and continuously updated by transmission system operators of the countries. In this paper, recent grid
codes, which are prepared specially for the large wind power plants, are analyzed and compared. Also,
harmonization of different grid codes in a common manner and future trends are assessed.

The energy in the wind turns the propeller-like fins around a rotor. The pitch of the blades types
optimum use of the wind direction. The rotor is linked to the main drive shaft, which turns a generator to
create electricity. Wind turbines are straddling on a tower to capture the most energy. At 30 meters or
additional above ground, they can take benefit of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be
used to products electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid
for more widespread electricity distribution.

2.1 Control systems of wind turbine

The fundamental concepts and control methods/techniques for wind turbine control systems. Wind
turbine control is necessary to ensure low maintenance costs and efficient performance. The control
system also guarantees safe operation, optimizes power output, and ensures long structural life. Turbine
rotational speed and the generator speed are two key areas that you must control for power limitation and
optimization. The “Control Methods” and “Control Strategies” sections of this document explain which
techniques to use and how to manage these areas.

You can use different control methods to either optimize or limit power output. You can control a turbine
by controlling the generator speed, blade angle adjustment, and rotation of the entire wind turbine. Blade
angle adjustment and turbine rotation are also known as pitch and yaw control, respectively.

The purpose of pitch control is to maintain the optimum blade angle to achieve certain rotor speeds or
power output. You can use pitch adjustment to stall and furl, two methods of pitch control. By stalling a
wind turbine, you increase the angle of attack, which causes the flat side of the blade to face further into
the wind. Furling decreases the angle of attack, causing the edge of the blade to face the oncoming wind.
Pitch angle adjustment is the most effective way to limit output power by changing aerodynamic force on
the blade at high wind speeds.

Yaw refers to the rotation of the entire wind turbine in the horizontal axis. Yaw control ensures that the
turbine is constantly facing into the wind to maximize the effective rotor area and, as a result, power.
Because wind direction can vary quickly, the turbine may misalign with the oncoming wind and cause
power output losses.

The final type of control deals with the electrical subsystem. You can achieve this dynamic control with
power electronics, or, more specifically, electronic converters that are coupled to the generator. The two
types of generator control are stator and rotor. The stator and rotor are the stationary and nonstationary
parts of a generator, respectively. In each case, you disconnect the stator or rotor from the grid to change
the synchronous speed of the generator independently of the voltage or frequency of the grid. Controlling
the synchronous generator speed is the most effective way to optimize maximum power output at low
wind speeds.
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A visual representation of pitch and yaw adjustment is shown in Figures 2 and 3.

Fig;(2) Pitch adjustment

Fig ;(3) Yaw adjustmen

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2.1.1 Electrical control systems

• Supply of active/reactive power to the grid

• Overload protection

2.1.2 Mechanical control systems

• Power limitation with pitch adjustment

• Maximum energy capture

• Speed limitation

• Reduction of acoustical noise

2.2 Energy storage and power smoothing

The continued development of high power wind turbines raises the standards of operation
requirement. This paper evaluates the ability of an energy storage device with a bidirectional dc-dc
converter connected to the dc link of a direct driven wind turbine for output power smoothing and fault
ride through enhancement. Method based on simple dc voltage measurement and coordinated dc voltage
loops of the grid side dc-ac and the energy storage dc-dc converters are proposed to provide a versatile
power smoothing control. Further studies on wind turbine fault ride through capability in the presence of
energy storage and dc damping resistor are outlined. Simulation results based on a 3 MW wind turbine
are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed power smoothing strategy. It also shows that
with energy storage, the size of the dc damping resistor can be reduced.

Wind energy is inexhaustible renewable. Unlike conventional fossil fuels, wind energy is clean, abundant
energy that will be available for future generations. However, wind speed is a highly stochastic
component which can deviate very quickly. Output power of the wind energy conversion system
(WECS) is proportional to the cube of wind speed, which causes the output power fluctuation of the wind
turbine. The power fluctuation causes frequency fluctuation and voltage flicker inside the power grid. In
order to reduce the power fluctuation, various approaches have been proposed in the last decades. This
article deals with the review of several power smoothing strategies for the WECS. Power smoothing
methods of the WECS are primarily separated into two categories such as energy storage based power
smoothing method and without energy storage based power smoothing method. The main objectives of
this paper are to introduce operating principles for different power smoothing methods. The energy
storage based power smoothing method is effective but installation and maintenance costs of a storage
device are very high. According to the literatures review, without energy storage based power smoothing
method can reduce the cost of the WECS extensively. Various methods have been proposed to generate a
smooth output power of the WECS without energy storage devices. Simulation results are compared
among the available methods. From the review of simulation results, the kinetic energy of the inertia
control method is the highly efficient power smoothing approach.

 Wind speed variability produce unacceptable variations on the power

 Power smoothing is done by supplying a compensating power Pc from an energy storage

system.

 Pgrid = Pw + Pc

 Energy storage may be based on flywheels, super capacitors, lead acid batteries etc..

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Chapter-3

POWER CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES

3.1 Working

Power Electronic Converters plays an important role in integrating the renewable energy source
to the grid. In this paper, permanent magnet synchronous generator based Wind Energy Conversion
Systems (WECS) is considered for evaluating the different power converter topologies and control
strategy. The comparative study carried out in Matlab/Simulink for various power converter topologies.
It impact the study of converter and proposed control strategy help to find the suitable converter for
improving the power quality in compare with other power converter topology. The results of three
simulations for back-to-back Voltage Source Converter (VSC) converter, multilevel Neutral Point
Clamped (NPC) converter and matrix converter topology are presented.

3.1.1 . Back to Back Converter

The Generator Side Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is controlled by PWM Controller and the
maximum torque is obtained by d-axis current held to zero. The maximum power point tracking is used
to determining the optimum speed to extract the maximum rotor speed. The DC link voltage is controlled
with the help of PI Controller.

Fig ;(4) back to back converter

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3.1.2 Parallel (Matrix) converter

Matrix converter is converting variable AC to Constant AC for the purpose of connecting the wind
energy conversion system (WECS) to the grid. The main advantages of the converter do not require any
bulky storage or DC link. The other unique feature of matrix converter does not require any intermediate
DC Conversion [12]. For avoiding commutation and harmonics generation on input side, the filter is
placed [13]. The control of stator side power flow is achieved by regulating d-axis current, on other side
q-axis regulating active power on stator side.

Fig ;(5) Parallel (Matrix) converter

The matrix converter is an AC-AC converter, with nine bidirectional commanded insulated gate

bipolar transistors (IGBTs) ij S . It is connected between the PMSG and a second order filter, which in

turn is connected to an electric network. The second order filter inductive component avoids the

interruption of the output currents. A switching strategy can be chosen so that the output voltages have

nearly sinusoidal waveforms at the desired frequency, magnitude and phase angle, and the input currents

are nearly sinusoidal at the desired displacement power factor . A three-phase active symmetrical

circuit in series models the electric network.

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Chapter -4

PARK CONNECTION SYSTEM

4.1 Series connected offshore wind turbines

Output of each wind turbine is converted to DC and then connected in series via HVDC(High
Voltage DC) cables. Advantages are requires lesser cables and investment cost, High power transformers
are not needed and Least losses in transmission lines and offshore grid since HVDC is transmitted.
Drawbacks are losses in power electronic converters, Variation in wind velocity will cause variation in
output and Less reliable.

A dc series-parallel wind farm was proposed as an alternative to an ac wind farm. But, the
operation of such a wind farm results in significant wind turbine (WT) output voltage variation which
may lead to severe stress being seen by the turbine capacitors. The output voltage variation problem is
demonstrated and rigorously analyzed with proposed power flow calculation. In order to mitigate the
voltage variation a dc wind turbine with integrated storage along with strategies for control and storage
sizing is proposed. The time domain simulation results for 120 MW 26 dc series-parallel wind farm
shows that a large voltage variation, with maximum value reaching close to 2 p.u and low voltage of
about 0.2 p.u, is obtained when WT output voltage is not limited. The power input variation of a single
turbine affects voltages and currents of all the WTs in the wind farm. A 48 kWh storage integrated with
the WT appears to significantly alleviate the WT.

Fig (6) series connection wind turbine park(offshore)

4.2 Parallel connected offshore wind turbines

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- Conventional scheme in which turbines are connected to a low voltage grid. A high power
transformer is needed to increase voltage to transmission level. High voltage DC transmission is
employed with the help of converters. Advantages are more reliable and itan be used for both DC and AC
offshore grids. Drawbacks are Weight is more and thus offshore platforms needed, Investment cost is
high and Lesser efficiency due to losses in low voltage offshore grid. Introduction of medium voltage
power conversion systems in WT can eliminate transformers and increase efficiency.

Fig;(7) parallel connection of wind turbinme park.

Chapter-5

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GRID CONNECTION ISSUES

1. HARMONICS

 At control level modulation techniques and harmonic controllers are used

 At hardware level filters are used

 Introduction of filters may cause stability problems.

2.FAULTS/UNBALANCES

 May create negative sequence components in voltages or currents

 Reduces life span of generation system

 Controlled by connecting generator stator to grid using full power converters.

Chapter-6
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CONCLUSION

Most adopted generator system is DFIG equipped with a back to back converter since less weight
and cost For large wind energy systems, direct drive PMSGs are preferred due to better reliability and
efficiency Full power converters can reduce the effects of grid voltage unbalances in the generator. For
offshore wind parks, cluster connection combines the advantages of both series and parallel connections

In conclusion, a wind turbine is a machine that converts the wind kinetic energy into electricity.
The major components of a wind turbine are: the rotor, the gearbox, the generator, the control and
protection system, the tower and the foundation.

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Chapter -7

REFERENCES
• A.Mogstad, M.Molinas, P.Olsen and R.Nilsen, “A Power Conversion System for offshore wind
parks”, IEEE transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol 58, no.4, Nov 2008

• B.Rabelo and W.Hofman, “Control of an Optimised power flow in wind power plants with doubly
fed induction generators”, IEEE on Power Electronics, June 2003

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