Schlumberger Confidential
Jason Gendur
Petrophysics Domain Champion
+40 72 633 6397
Global Map of Epithermal Neutrons on Mars
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Courtesy: NASA/JPL/Caltech
2001 Mars Odyssey Mission
Gamma Ray Spectrometer Measurements
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Courtesy: NASA/JPL/Caltech
Challenge Here on Earth
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For Example
─ Lithology (Rock Types)
─ Porosities
─ Fluid Saturations
─ Permeability
Well Logging and Petrophysics
Goals
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•To identify and quantify hydrocarbon content,
•evaluate fluid & rock properties
•To describe and predict reservoir behavior
Archie’s Equation (SPE942054)
aRw
Sw m
n
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Rt
Relates Porosity, Conductivity, and Brine
Saturation of Rocks
But in Clean Formations Only
Summary of Resistivity Based Sw
Sw f ( Rt )
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Rt
Hydrocarbon Saturation
Other Popular Water Saturation Methods
Indonesian (Poupon-Leveaux)
Simandoux
Dual Water
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Logging Response Example of Sedimentary Minerals
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Inventors of Well Logging: Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger
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First Well Log Sept 5, 1927, Pechelbronn France
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Challenges Explained by a Log “Header”
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Early Days 1920’s
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Timeline 1920’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1929: first electrical
resistivity well log
Kern County
California
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1930’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1931: Spontaneous Potential (SP) log
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1940’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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underpinning “Archie’s Law,” key to log
interpretation
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1951: Microlaterolog tool for measuring
resistivity near the borehole
1954: Microlog-caliper
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1960’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1965: CNL Compensated Neutron Log tool, a
two-detector neutron tool for through-casing
porosity measurement
1966: Develops small minitron and constructed 1
11/16-in TDT tool for through-tubing production
logging n ((
( (
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1970’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1972: DLL Dual Laterolog tool for simultaneous measurement
of shallow region invaded by borehole fluids and the deep
undamaged formation
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1980’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1982: Crystal graphical log interpretation workstation basis for
GeoFrame software
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 1990’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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1991: the FMI Formation MicroImager
1998: PS PLATFORM
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Timeline 2000’s
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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characterization services: Rt Scanner multiarray
triaxial induction, Sonic Scanner acoustic, and
MR Scanner new-generation NMR tools
http://www.slb.com/about/history
Well Logging
International School on Geothermal Exploration
1st Dec 2011
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Jason Gendur
Petrophysics Domain Champion
+40 72 633 6397
The Intelligent “Mole”
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Picture Courtesy: http://childrenstorytales.com/millie-the-tar-heel-mole/
What’s the Problem?
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Land Setup
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Logging Acquisition System
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Offshore Environment
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Heli-Transportable Equipment
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Logging Cable
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Logging Depth and Tension
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Unit and Rig Up Equipment
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Safety Sling
Electrochemical
─ Membrane Potential - Em
─ Liquid Junction Potential - Ej
Electrokinetic
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─ Electrokinetic potential - Ek
Liquid Junction
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- - +
- + Na+ Rm > Rw
- Cl-
- +
- - +
Cl-
Membrane Potential
+ NA+
+
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+
- - - -+
Na Rmf > Rw
- Cl-
- ---
+
+
+ NA+
SSP
SSP
Shale
Shale
Clean SS
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Shaliness indicator
Percentage of Shale
SPlog – SPsand
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SPshale - SPsand
Induction Theory
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Resistivity Measurements:
Induction Logging Tools
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Laterolog Principals
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Resistivity Measurements:
Laterolog Logging Tools
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Micro Spherically Focused Measurement
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B2 B2
A1 B1 A1 B1
M M
B0 B0 Survey current
Bucking current
E Equipotential
q u i p o t e n t i a l s
A0 A0
N Front view
Current Side view
B2
B1
Top view
M A0
B0
A1
Microresistivity Measurements:
Microresistivity Tools
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Resistivity Log Example
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Resistivity Logs
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Resistivity Logs
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Overlay in
Shales
Resistivity Logs
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Resistivity Logs
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Separate in
Permeable
Zones
Resistivity Logs
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Resistivity Logs
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High
Resistivity in
Hydrocarbon
Zone
Resistivity Logging –Water-Filled Sand
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Resistivity Logging –Hydrocarbon Zone
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Resistivity Logging
Induction in a Water-Filled Sand
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Radiation Detectors
Two-Step Process
─ Gamma rays interact with detector material
-rays transfer energy to electron(s) via Photoelectric, Compton or Pair-
production
Material chosen for high probability of absorption
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─ Electron converted to observable signal*
Direct electrical signal with gaseous or solid-state detector
Conversion (to light): Scintillator/photomultiplier most common
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-Ray Detection Process
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NaI (Thallium-activated sodium iodide) crystal converts energy from
gamma ray to light
by PE effect. ( energy < than 200 Kev)
This light ejects electrons from photo-cathode of PM tube
These electrons are multiplied in the dynodes, producing a
negative pulse at anode
proportional to energy of gamma ray
Nuclear Measurements:
Gamma Ray Tools
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Gamma Ray Log Example
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Neutron Theory
Elastic Neutron Scattering
•Neutron it interacts with a nucleus, but both particles reappear after the interaction.
•Nucleus is excited
•Neutron Loses Energy
This occurs because the hydrogen nucleus has a mass equal to that of the
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neutron. Consequently, how efficiently a formation slows down neutrons
indicates the abundance of hydrogen, an element present primarily in
formation fluids and therefore indicative of porosity.
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HGNS
•Z-Axis Accelerometer
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•Deviation
•Speed Correction
•Tool Telemetry
Neutron Porosity Measurements
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PEX Density Principals of Measurement
Pair Production:
The conversion of a gamma ray into an electron and positron when the
gamma ray enters the strong electric field near an atom's nucleus is called
pair production.
•GR Energies > 10 MeV.
•Follows e=mc2
Compton Scattering
•GR Sources are selected to generate GRs in this range
•This phenomenon, discovered in 1923 by the American physicist Arthur
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Holly Compton,
•scattering of a gamma ray by an orbital electron.
• As a result of this interaction, the gamma ray loses energy and an electron
is ejected from its orbit.
•Compton scattering predominates in the 75 keV to 10 MeV energy range.
Photoelectric Absorption
•The disappearance of a low-energy gamma ray as it collides with an atom,
causing the ejection of an orbital electron
•energies below 100 keV
•predominates at energies below 75 keV.
Density Energy Spectrum
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Effect of Lithology
Effect of Density
PEX Density Measurement
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•3 detectors:
•count rates being compared to signatures in a database
•backscatter detector is closest to source
•2-in vertical resolution
•better in laminated sections
•pad better articulated: better contact with formation
•handles rugosity much better
Formation Density Measurements
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Density Log Example
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Expected Formation Responses
Effect on NPOR and DPHZ
• differing Lithologies
• gas in the pore space
• oil in the pore space
• washouts
• shale formations
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• salt formations
• anhydrite, etc…
• In this example, NPOR can replace NPHI
and the matrix settings are limestone.
68 JG
12/1/2011
Most Common Logging Suite
The Triple Combo
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Monopole Acoustic Wave
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Acoustic Measurements
Monopole Acoustic Logging Tools
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Slowness Processing Principle
Varying moveout ST Plane at depth Z1 ft
(Semblance Contour
Plot)
Slowness
STC plane proj + dot logs
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Depth
Arrival
time
Varying time
+ Dispersive processing
Sonic Scanner
Upper Mono Tx
8 azimuthal
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segments/receiver 13 receivers Bhc, Cbl
Lower Mono Tx
Chirp Firing
Shear 2 Dipoles
Comp.& Stoneley 1 Far Monopole 300 hz to 9,000 hz
73 JG
12/1/2011
6/14
Sonic Scanner Anisotropy
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Anisotropy: Shear Splitting
Shear Splitting
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Formation Shear Anisotropy
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Anisotropy may be caused by
• fractures, micro-cracks
• stress anisotropy
• deposition (thin beds)
Slowness
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0 Frequency
Vs Vs(r) Damaged
Slowness
Slowness
Far Formation,
from Near
Failure
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Shear Shear Failure
Frequency Frequency
Slowness
Anisotropy Stress
-Shales
- Fractures Induced
Shear Anisotropy
Shear
Frequency
Frequency
Standard Anisotropy Log
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Difference between fast
& slow shear slownesses
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MF, St
Xd
Yd
Acoustic Measurements
Sonic Scanner
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Dynamic Elastic Properties
Applied stress pb
G Shear Modulus
DTS 2
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Shear strain
Hydrostatic pressure 1 4
Kb Bulk Modulus
Volumetric strain pb [ DTC2 3DTS2 ] xa
Volumetric deformation 1
Cb Bulk Compressibility
Hydrostatic pressure Kb
(with porosity)
Inelastic Interaction
(multiple gamma-rays)
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Neutron Capture
(multiple gamma-rays)
1000.00
Gd
100.00
H
Log Scale
Capture Fe
10.00 Si
Gamma-Ray Spectrum Cl
1.00 Inelastic
Inelastic
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Capture Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
40
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0
Yields
Closure 80
0
Si
Ca 100
0
Fe
120
0
S
0 50 2 40 1 20 1 2 30 50 1 3
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NMR Measurement
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NMR Measurement
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NMR Measurement
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NMR
T2 DISTRIBUTION
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0.3 T2 Decay Rate (mSec) 3000
NMR
AREA UNDER THE CURVE IS POROSITY
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0.3 T2 Decay Rate (mSec) 3000
NMR
T2 CUTOFF Separates Bound and Free Fluid
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0.3 T2 Decay Rate (mSec) 3000
NMR
T2 CUTOFF Separates Bound and Free Fluid
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BOUND FLUID FREE FLUID
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Value of Magnetic Resonance
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Sensitive to Fluids
– Hydrogen Index
– Viscosity
– Molecular Diffusion
Sensitive to Pores
– Irreducible Water Saturation
– Permeability, K
– Bound / Free Fluid
T2 Distributions
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CMR Cross Sectional View
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NMR Log Example
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logging
Combinable Magnetic Resonance Tool
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Physics – Dielectric Permittivity
E=0 E
Permittivity is:
a physical quantity that describes
how an electric field affects, and
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is affected by a dielectric
medium,
and is determined by the ability
of a material to polarize in
response to the field, Matrix Oil Water Salt’s ions
Oil, Rock r~ 2, 5 - 9
r ~ 50 - 80
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Water
Hence, we can discriminate water
from hydrocarbons, whatever its
salinity
Textural Effect ?
Transmitter Receiver
frequency w V * f (w , , , r )
- Vacuum
- Medium
Aei
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Spacing
r
Dielectric dispersion is the variation of permittivity as a function of
1
frequencyAmplitude A
f Permittivity
Phase Conductivity
r i
*
w 0
Matrix Oil Water Salt’s ions
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At the highest frequency of the tool, the Complex Refractive Index
Model is an accurate mixing law
* (1 T ) m T (Sw w* 1 Sw oil )
With w* fct ppk , T , P water dielectric model
T & m
Measured permittivity S w water saturation
Measured conductivity wwater conductivity
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Variable Formation Water Salinity
SP 100 X-plot Porosity
Standard logs 0
GR 150
50
Micro-Resistivity 1000 50 Neutron Porosity
0
0 1 0
X100
Moved Oil ?
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X200
X500
Heavy oil
X600
105 JG
X800
12/1/2011
Variable Formation Water Salinity
SP 100 Hydrocarbon
Dielectric-Scanner 0
X100
Fresh Water
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X200
total porosity
X400
X500
Heavy oil
X600
106 JG
X800
12/1/2011
Geological Imaging Measurements
Formation MicroImager
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FMI Current Path
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FMI Structure Differentiation
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FMI Fracture Aperature
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Fracture Aperature
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Borehole Seismic Measurements
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Reservoir Formation Testing and Sampling
Modular Formation Dynamics Tester
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Reservoir Formation Testing and Sampling
InSitu Fluid Analysis
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Reservoir Formation Testing and Sampling
Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool
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CBL-VDL Applications
Client Needs
Check Cement Integrity
Cement Verify Zone Isolation
Oil Zone Cement Strength
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Channels?
Repair?
Is a Squeeze Possible?
Where is Top of Cement?
Water Zone
CBL-VDL Sonic Fundamentals
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What is the “CBL”
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Like Ringing a Bell
Amplitude of the First Arrival in mV
Measured at the 3-ft Receiver
Function of the Casing-Cement Bond
What is the “VDL”
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Standard CBL-VDL Log
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“Good” and “Bad” Cement Jobs
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Qualitative Interpretation
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Additional Measurements Often Needed
Ultrasonic Imager (USIT)
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The transducer rotates at approximately 7.5 revs per
Full casing coverage at using rotating second and is fired 72 times (every 5 deg) per revolution
transducer
Measurements
Cement evaluation
Casing corrosion and wear
USIT Measurements
1st Interface 2nd Interface 3rd Interface
Transducer
Casing Cement Formation
Mud
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Echo amplitude
Thickness
Transit time
(Internal casing condition) Cement Impedance
Internal radius
USIT Log Display
QC Casing Cement
Channel
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Amplitude Thickness Cement interpreted
Processing flags Internal radius Bond index
Eccentering, CCL, GR Casing cross-section Cement raw
Cement Evaluation
Cement Bond Log and Ultrasonic Imager Tool
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Cement Example with Isolation Scanner
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Production logging Measurements
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Geothermal Production Logging Tool
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Production Log Example
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Perforating Gun Systems
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Case Studies and Examples
International School on Geothermal Exploration
1st Dec 2011
Schlumberger Confidential
Jason Gendur
Petrophysics Domain Champion
+40 72 633 6397
Case study: Accurately Detect Permeable Layers
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Case Study: Light Oil in Low Resistivity Reservoirs
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Case Study: FMI to Identify Thin Beds
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Case Study: Isolation scanner in Light Cement
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Case study: Isolation Scanner
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Formation MicroImager Fracture Aperature
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize
Mechanically Induced Fractures
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize
Polygonal and Mechanically Induced Fractures
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize
Healed Fracture
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize
Complex Bedding
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize
Facies Determination
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Courtesy: Emmanuel Bize