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Q1. What is IT? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

ANS: IT stands for Information technology. It is a term which is used to refer a


wide variety of items and abilities used in the creation, storage and dispersal of
data and information. Its three main components are computer, communication
network and know-how.
The three main key words are described below:

1. Data: It is a raw facts, figures and details.

2. Information: An organized, meaningful, and useful interpretation of


data.

3. Know-how: An awareness and understanding of a set of information


and how that information can be put in to best use.

Some of the advantages of information technology


include:

Globalization - IT has not only brought the world closer together, but it has
allowed the world's economy to become a single interdependent system. This
means that we can not only share information quickly and efficiently, but we can
also bring down barriers of geographic boundaries.

Communication - With the help of information technology, communication has


also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate
with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an
email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up
face to face direct communication from different parts of the world and known as
video conferencing.

Cost effectiveness - Information technology has helped to computerize the


business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost
effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which
ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working
conditions.

More time - IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the
globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making
purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means
that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to
move a single muscle.

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Creation of new jobs - Probably the best advantage of information technology
is the creation of new and interesting jobs. Computer programmers, Systems
analyzers, Hardware and Software developers and Web designers are just some
of the many new employment opportunities created with the help of IT.

Some disadvantages of information technology include:


Unemployment - While information technology may have streamlined the
business process it has also created job redundancies, downsizing and
outsourcing. This means that a lot of lower and middle level jobs have been done
away with causing more people to become unemployed.

Privacy - Though information technology may have made communication


quicker, easier and more convenient, it has also brought along privacy issues.
From cell phone signal interceptions to email hacking, people are now worried
about their once private information becoming public knowledge.

Lack of job security - Industry experts believe that the internet has made job
security a big issue as since technology keeps on changing with each day. This
means that one has to be in a constant learning mode, if he or she wishes for
their job to be secure.

Dominant culture - While information technology may have made the world a
global village, it has also contributed to one culture dominating another weaker
one. For example it is now argued that US influences how most young teenagers
all over the world now act, dress and behave. Languages too have become
overshadowed, with English becoming the primary mode of communication for
business and everything else.

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Q2. What are the Social, Commercial and Industrial applications
of IT??

ANS: SOCIAL APPLICATION:

A social network service focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or


social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. A social
network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a
profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social
network services are web based and provides means for users to interact over
the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Although online community
services are sometimes considered as a social network service in a broader
sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service
whereas online community services are group-centered.
The use of social network services in an enterprise context presents the potential
of having a major impact on the world of business and work
Social networks connect people at low cost; this can be beneficial for
entrepreneurs and small businesses looking to expand their contact bases.
These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for
companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social
networks for advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses
operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch with
contacts around the world.
One example of social networking being used for business purposes is
LinkedIn.com, which aims to interconnect professionals. Linked In has over 40
million users in over 200 countries.
Applications for social networking sites have extended toward businesses and
brands are creating their own, high functioning sites, a sector known as brand
networking. It is the idea a brand can build its consumer relationship by
connecting their consumers to the brand image on a platform that provides them
relative content, elements of participation, and a ranking or score system. Brand
networking is a new way to capitalize on social trends as a marketing tool.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:

Industrial applicability or industrial application is a patentability


requirement according to which a patent can only be granted for an invention
which is susceptible of industrial application, i.e. for an invention which can be
made or used in some kind of industry. In this context, the concept of "industry" is
far-reaching: it includes agriculture.

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Commercial Applications:
Open source software is widely used for private applications. In addition, many
independent software vendors (ISVs) and value-added resellers (VARs) use
open source frameworks, modules, and libraries inside their proprietary, for-profit
products and services. From the customer's perspective, the ability to use open
source technology under standard commercial terms and support is valuable.
Customers are willing to pay for the legal protection (e.g., indemnification from
intellectual property infringement) and "high-touch" support that is typical of
commercial software with the innovation and independence that comes with open
source.

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Q3. Describe organization and their units?

ANS: ORGANIZATION: A consciously coordinated social unit


composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve common goals or set of goals.

ORGANIZATION UNITS:

Organization units model, the specific organizational groups inside of an


organization. Usually, these groups are made of up people who cooperate to
accomplish specified objectives. Organization units can be enterprises,
companies, departments, or teams, for example.

Every organization unit is based on an organization definition. The organization


definition defines the attributes of the organization unit. The values of those
attributes are what make each specific organization unit a unique entity. In other
words, the organization unit is an instance of the organization definition, with a
specific value for each attribute defined by the organization definition.

For example, if you have an organization that has multiple accounting


departments, you could create an organization definition unit called Accounting
department, and then create separate organization units called the Head Office
Accounting department

After the organization units are created, you can use the structure editor to model
how the organization units relate to each other, and to other aspects of your
model. Alternatively, you can associate the organization units with tasks in your
process models as a way of modeling which organizations are responsible for
carrying out which tasks.

The basic organizational units are:

Land – all natural resources of the earth.


• Price paid to acquire land = Rent
Labor – all physical and mental human effort involved in production
• Price paid to labor = Wages

Capital – buildings, machinery and equipment


not used for its own sake but for the contribution
it makes to production
• Price paid for capital = Interest

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Q4. What are the challenges for management in IT?

(i) Setting up IT (ii) For establishing network

ANS: - Challenges for Management:


There are several challenges faced by organizations such as:

1. Worker wants to do work manually. He is not ready to utilize machines as he is


habitual of doing work on finger tips.
2. There are some security problems such as hacking, viruses. Organizations
use anti virus, fire walls etc. in order to overcome security problems.
3. Technological changes are another challenge faced by organizations.

FOR ESTABLISHING NETWORK

Network management tools have advanced to where they can span


heterogeneous networks, protocols and equipment in a mixed communications
environment of voice, video and data.

• Shaping network management

Companies (and IT) are reducing their numbers of employees. In IT, this means
that there are fewer sites with dedicated resources for network management. A
corporate network management solution should be able to monitor and manage
in a Heterogeneous computing environment, meaning that the management
solution should operate using standard interfaces, with some capability for
customization in unusual environments.

Enterprises are preparing for or have already implemented voice/data/video


Convergence. The network management software must be capable of managing
all of these converged communications.

• Planning and implementation considerations

The network management field is changing rapidly, with most enterprises taking
steps to enhance or adopt industrial-strength network management software and
practices.

For those in planning and implementation stages, here are several


recommendations:

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Before implementing a network management solution, carefully evaluate your
needs. This begins with a look at your IT organization. For example, will you
have dedicated network management staff? Or a group or people who watch the
network, but who also have other responsibilities? Do you need someone to
physically monitor the network on a 24/7 basis? Do you plan to dedicate a team
to maintaining the network management system?

Second, assess what you are trying to audit on your network. How far down the
network infrastructure do you need to go? Is it to a WAN (wide area network) link,
or a server or an application? Based on that, select a product that will get you to
that level.

Finally, don't forget compliance. Build compliance into your network and your
network management from day one and be sure that your network management
vendor has a platform that will support your compliance requirements.

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Q5. Describe types of networking and its topologies.

ANS: The types of network are as follows

1.LAN:-
A local area network LAN is a group of computers and associated devices
that share a common communications line or wireless link. Typically,
connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within
a small geographic area (for example, within an office building). Usually, the
server has applications and data storage that are shared in common by
multiple computer users. A local area network may serve as few as two or
three users (for example, in a home network) or as many as thousands of
users (for example FDDI network).

2. WAN:-
A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country.
WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks
(LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). WANs generally utilize different and
much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs. WAN consists of
two or more local-area networks (LANs). Computers connected to a wide-
area network are often connected through public networks, such as the
telephone system. They can also be connected through leased lines or
satellites. The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.

3. MAN:-
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that
usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a
number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone
technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide
area networks and the Internet. A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical
area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high
data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but
it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might
also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means
for internetworking of local networks.

TOPOLOGIES:-
Topology is a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does not
necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the
network. For example, the computers on a home LAN may be arranged in

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a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring
topology there.

OR

It refers to the physical layout of computers cables and other components of


network.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

1. BUS TOPOLOGY:- One of the principal topologies in which all nodes


are connected to a central cable along which data is passed.

A bus topology is a network architecture in which a set of clients are connected


via shared communication line called a bus. Bus networks are the simplest way
to multiple clients, but often have problem when two clients want to transmit at
same time on the same BUS.

ADVANTAGES

• It is easy to implement and extend


• It requires less cable length than a star topology
• It is cheaper than other topologies
• It is good for temporary and small network not requiring high speed.

DIADVANTAGES

• Limited cable length and number of stations


• If there is a problem with cable, entire network goes down
• Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run
• It does not work best with unlimited number of nodes.

2. STAR TOPOLOGY:- One of the principal topologies for a LAN in


which all nodes are connected to one central node that routes all data passing to
and from them. It is one of the most common computer network topology. In its
simplest form a star topology consists of one central switch, hub or computer
which acts as a conduct to transmit messages.

• Good performance
• It is used for centralized control
• Easy to defect faults
• Easy to setup and extend.

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Each device is isolated on its own cable. This makes ii easy to isolate
individual chances from the network by disconnecting them form the wire
hub.

3. RING TOPOLOGY:- One of a principal topology for a LAN in which all


nodes are arranged in a circle. In this topology each node is connected to exactly
other nodes forming a circular pathway for signals. Ring topology provides only
one path way between any two nodes. Ring network may be disrupted by the
failure of a single link. A node failure or cable break might isolate every node
attached to it. To avoid this drawback of ring topology we actually use star
topology at the multi station access unit to imitate a ring at the data link layer.

4. HYBRID TOPOLOGY:- Combination of different topologies is called


hybrid topology. For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is still a
tree network, but two star networks connected together exhibit hybrid network
topologies.

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Q6. What are the advantages of communication in business?

ANS:- Following are the advantages of communication in business:

i. Manage your own conflicts without escalating them.


ii. Mediate others' conflicts without getting burned
yourself.
iii. Exercise more power over decisions affecting you.
iv. Influence and motivate others without strong-arm
tactics.
v. Find ways to "work around".
vi. Generate enthusiasm for your ideas and proposals.
vii. Receive more invitations to accept leadership roles
on committees.
viii. Receive more invitations to speak publicly to
influence others.
ix. Increase you’re own and others' job satisfaction.
x. Build your self-esteem by learning to be assertive.
xi. Defend your rights without manipulating or offending
others.

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