NILAI PENTING BIOKONSERVASI

I. APA YANG DIKONSERVASI

II. NILAI PENTING BIODIVERSITY
III. URGENCY BIOKONSERVASI
I. APA YANG DIKONSERVASI?

“A thing is right when it tends to preserve the

integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic
community, its wrong when it tends otherwise”
Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac

"The future is literally in our hands to mold

as we like. But we cannot wait until
tomorrow. Tomorrow is now.”
Eleanor Roosevelt
 • biodiversity = Keanekaragaman Hayati

= yaitu keanekaan bentuk kehidupan di bumi,

interaksi di antara berbagai makhluk hidup
serta antar mereka dengan lingkungannya.
Nilai ekologi biodiversity

• Biodiversity bersama dengan faktor2 fisik

mempengaruhi, meningkatkan, dan
mempercepat proses-proses individual
atau bersama sebagai produk bersama or
(joint products) dalam sistem

• Fotosintesis sebagai titik awal perubahan

nilai/value dalam sistem yang dikenal
sebagai teori energi nilai atau energy
theory of value
 Photosynthesis, respiration, leaf water
exchange, translocation of sugar in
plant

A single corn plant (1 lb dry

weight) can transfer 60
gallons of water from soil to
atmosphere in a few months

A single rainforest tree, in its

100 year lifespan can transfer
approximately 2.5 million
gallons from soil to air

http://www.jasons-indoor-guide-to-organic-
and-hydroponics-gardening.com
Nilai ekologi biodiversity

• Istilah fungsi merujuk pada kapasitas

proses-proses yang terjadi dalam sistem
yang menghasilkan life support system

Biodiversity sebagai biomasa

Setiap species sebagai produk untuk species
yang lain, lingkungannya, dan atau kesejahteraan
manusia
Semua material dan fungsi yang ada dalam sistem
adalah untuk kelangsungan hidup organisme
Nilai ekologi biodiversity
Bagaimana Menilai biodiversity (Biodiversity
Valuation)

Economics Socio-cultural Ecological

Spirit of an area
goods and services Ecological
Appreciation
(tangible—intangible) values
ethnic

Market? Perceptions Standard Indices

Cost—benefit
Preferences

HUMANS
4. Ecological valuation of biodiversity

Health ecosystem?
How much money? There still fresh air!
Big trunk-timber-wood The ecosystem is still in function?
Stone materials We should keep it sustain!
CO2-O2

Peace and fresh

Refreshing
Meditation
Ritual ceremony
?
 II. NILAI BIODIVERSITY (BIODIVERSITY
VALUES)

• Intrinsic/inherent
value

• Extrinsic/utilitarian/
instrumental value

Source: Burmbaugh © AMNH-CBC

1. Intrinsic/inherent value

• The value of
something
independent of
its value to
anyone or
anything else
Source: Frey © AMNH-CBC

• A philosophical
concept
2. Extrinsic/utilitarian/instrumental value

• It is the value of objects, both physical

objects and abstract objects, not as ends-
in-themselves, but as means of achieving
something else.
• It is often contrasted with items of
intrinsic value.
• It is studied in the field of value theory.
Categorizing Values
Direct Use Indirect Use Non-Use Values
Value(Good Value (Services)
s)
Food, Atmospheric and Potential (or Future value
medicine, climate Option) either as a good or
building regulation, Value service
material, pollination,
fiber, fuel nutrient recycling
Cultural, Existence Value of knowing
Spiritual and Value something exists
Aesthetic
Bequest Value of knowing
Value that something
will be there for
future generations
a. Direct Use Value: Goods

• Food
• Building Materials
• Fuel
• Paper Products
• Fiber (clothing,
textiles)
• Industrial products
(waxes, rubber, oils)
• Medicine
Source: © AMNH-CBC
Food
• Today, most people rely
on ~20 types of plants,
and only 3 to 4 are
staple crops.
• Diversity is critical for
developing new strains
and breeds, i.e. that suit
a particular
environment or are Source: © AMNH-CBC

resistant to pests or
disease and as a
source of new crops
Building Materials, Paper Products, and Fuel

Source: © AMNH-CBC
Fiber

Source: USDA Cotton Program

Source: USDA Photo b Ken Hammond

Industrial Products
• Resin
• Wax
• Tannin
• Parfume
• etc
Medicine
• About 80% of the
people in developing
countries use plants
as a primary source
of medicine.

• 57% of the 150

Source: © AMNH-CBC
most-prescribed
drugs have their
origins in biodiversity
b. Indirect Use Values: Services

• Regulating global processes,

such as atmosphere and climate
• Soil and water conservation
• Nutrient cycling
• Pollination and seed dispersal
• Control of agricultural pests
• Genetic library
• Inspiration and information
• Scientific and educational
• Tourism and recreation
• Cultural, spiritual, and aesthetic
• Community Resilience
Source: © AMNH-CBC
• Strategic
Global Processes: Climate Regulation
• Forests and other vegetation modify climate: by affecting sun
reflectance, water vapor release, wind patterns and moisture loss.
Forests help maintain a humid environment, for example, half of all
rainfall in Amazon basin is produced locally from forest-atmosphere
cycle

Source: Bain © AMNH-CBC

 Soil and Water Conservation
Example: Coastal wetlands and mangroves

• Filters excess nutrients and

traps sediments that would
otherwise impact neighboring
marine and aquatic areas

Other services:
• Minimizes damage from
waves and floods
• Serves as a nursery for
juvenile commercial fish
• Provides habitat for many
birds, fish, and shellfish Source: Ersts © AMNH-CBC
 Nutrient Cycling

• Biodiversity is
critical to
nutrient cycling
and soil
renewal
• Decomposers
such as algae, Source: Snyder © AMNH-CBC

fungi, and
bacteria
 Pollination and Seed
Dispersal
• Many flowering plants
depend on animals
for pollination to
produce food.

• 30% of human crops

depend on free
services of pollinators;
replacement value
estimated billions of Source: Spector© AMNH-
CBC
dollars/year in US
alone
 Source of Inspiration
or Information

• Biomimicry
• Applied Biology
• Medical Models
• Education and
Scientific Research
Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC
 Medical Models
Hibernating bears
may improve the
treatment of:
– trauma patients
– kidney disease
– osteoporosis
Source: New Jersey Fish and Wildlife
 Spiritual and Cultural Values
• The survival of natural
areas and species are
important to different
cultures around the
world.
• Thousands of cultural
groups in the world, each
have distinct traditions Source: Projecto Gato Andino Bolivia, Villalba & Bernal, 1998

and knowledge for

relating to natural world
Aesthetic Value

Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC

c. Non-Use or Passive Values

• Existence value

• Bequest value

• Potential or Option value

III. URGENCY BIOKONSERVASI
• Resilient ecosystems are characterized by:
– Constancy (Lack of fluctuation)
– Inertia (Resistance to perturbation)
– Renewal (Ability to repair damage)
• Not all species are critical to an ecosystems
function; many fill redundant roles; basis for
community resilience and integrity
• If too many species or keystone species are lost,
eventually it leads to the failure of ecosystem
function
Structure
Structure Functions
Processes Processes

Functions
Kelp Forest Food Webs

Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC

http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity/crisis/index.htm
 TIGA TINGKATAN
BIODIVERSITY
1. Keanekaragaman Ekosistem

2. Keanekaragaman Species

3. Keanekaragaman Genetik