Risk Assesment

Risk assessment
Copyright – MSRS Safety Health & Environment Training Services Inc. RISK ASSESSMENT
Learning outcomes
• Explain the aims and objectives of risk assessment

• Identify hazards by means of workplace inspection and
analysis of task.
• Explain the principles and practice of risk assessment
Risk assessment
Contents of element
5.1Aims and objectives

5.2Identifying hazards
5.3Principles and practice of risk assessment
Risk assessment
Contents of element

Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Definitions of hazard and risk
Hazard
“Something that has the potential to cause harm”

Following hazard identification, it is possible to establish that risks exist,
that are or are not acceptable. In order to establish the presence of a risk it
is necessary to identify the existence of hazards that may give rise to
unplanned risk.
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Definitions of hazard and risk
Risk
“A risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specified harm to

someone or something”
The presence of hazards and a given level of risk may not be a cause for
immediate concern. However, some situations may exist or arise where
there is a significant danger of loss.
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Objectives of risk assessment
General points
“An identification of what within your work or workplace, which may have the
potential to cause harm to people or workers, so that you can consider whether you
have provided sufficient precautions or need to do more to prevent harm”
Involves:
• Identification of the hazards at work
• Evaluation of the risks from the hazards
• Deciding how to control the risks
• Implementing a control strategy
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Outcomes of incidents
• Human harm
• Legal
• Economic
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Different types of incident
• Ill-health
• Injury accident
• Dangerous occurrence
• Near-miss
• Damage only
• The distinction between different incidents in summary
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Ill-health
• The health and well-being of individuals may be affected by a

number of work-related factors
• Ill health may develop over a long period of time
• Examples of work-related ill health are:
- Asbestosis
- Pneumoconiosis
- Silicosis
• More recently ill health effects have been related to work load
and stress
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Injury accident
• Some injury effects will be acute in nature

• Strains or sprains of muscles or ligaments caused by
inappropriate lifting of heavy items
• Other common injuries include:
- Cuts
- Burns
- Bruises
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Dangerous occurrence
• Definition of dangerous occurrences will differ depending on

your country’s enforcement reporting requirements
• Significantly hazardous incidents such as the collapse of, the
overturning of, or the failure of:
- Any load-bearing part of any lift or hoist
- Mobile powered access platform
- Access cradle or window-cleaning cradle
- Excavator
- Pile-driving frame or rig
- Fork lift truck / scaffold (more than five metres high)
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Near-miss
“An unplanned, uncontrolled event which led to,

or could have led to injury / loss”
• A near-miss is an incident with the potential to cause harm,
but where there is no measurable injury / loss
• It is critical to analyse near-misses to assess the potential of
the event
• This enables corrective action to be put in place to prevent a
reoccurrence of the incident
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Damage-only
• Substantial damage occurs to property and materials at work

annually
• Significant losses are associated with workplace fires
• Study of the incidence of damage and potential losses may
be a useful predictive tool
• Series of collisions into scaffold on a site with poor access
and lighting may be predictive of a vehicle failure / scaffold
collapse leading to personal injury
• Employer to take corrective action before any worker loss
occurs
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Results of an accident
Equipment damage
Near Miss Minor Injury Death
Source: ACT
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
The distinction between different incidents in summary
• An accident is an event which brings about a result

• Accidents result in losses of one kind or another
• Situation where a stone falls from a height could result in:
• A near miss
- Falls into the ground and there is no damage or injury
• Damage
- Hits a pane of glass, but no injury
• Injury accident
- Hits a person causing cut and bruises to hand
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
The distinction between different incidents in summary
• Fatal accident
- If the person was working directly under the stone when it
fell there could have been a fatality
• The difference between a near-miss and a fatal accident in
terms of time and distance can be very small indeed
• An old adage says “Never waste an accident”
• A near miss is just as valuable as a serious injury/damage, in
fact even more valuable and an excellent opportunity not to
be missed
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Typical ratios of incident outcomes and their relevance
• Led by Frank Bird

• Study of 1,750,000 accidents in 21 industries
• Fixed ratio between losses and near-misses
• Illustrated in the pyramid model of incident outcomes
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Frank Bird’s accident ratio study
1 Serious or disabling injury
10 Minor injuries
30 Property damage
600 Near misses
Source: Frank Bird
Risk assessment
Aims and objectives
Utility and limitations of accident ratios in accident
prevention
• For statistics derived to be of value their limitations have to
be understood
• Variables in work methods, hours of work, hazard controls
and management system
• Difficult to make comparisons outside the organisation
deriving the data
• Ratios are best suited to comparison of performance of the
same organisation over similar periods of time, for example
yearly
Risk assessment
Contents of element

Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
• Identifying hazards
• Accidents in terms of injury
• Health related hazards
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Sources and form of harm
• First step is to identify the hazards

• Achievable in many ways
• Methods used need to be accessed
• All hazards ranked in order of severity
• Break down into component parts for complex activities
• Job analysis
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Roles of inspections
• General workplace inspections

• Technical inspections
• Preventive maintenance inspections
• Pre use ‘checks’ of equipment
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Job / task safety analysis
• Job based
• Task based
• Intrinsic hazards
• Incidence of accidents
• Work organisation
• Tasks
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Example of a job/task analysis
Task Hazards Good Skills Influences on Learning Method
behaviour
1 Sharpening a knife Cuts to hand, arms Co-ordination of knife and Sharpness of knife Demonstration of
using a steel steel movement Condition of knife technique
Space limitations Repetitive practice
Other people present until speed increases
Condition of floor
2 Dispensing strong Burns to eyes, face and Correct position of drum Strength of chemicals Demonstration of
chemical compounds body cradle, drip tray and Type of fume techniques
from 200 litre container Inhalation of fumes container, use of tap Corrosive effects Practice using PPE
Correct protection Illumination Hazards of spillage,
clothing, fitting and Ventilation splashing and fumes
limitations
Source: ACT
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Legislation
• Information about hazards can be obtained by considering a

range of organisation standards legislative documents
• Such as ISO International Standards
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Manufacturers’ information
• Manufacturers should provide product equipment health and

safety information
• Information must be relevant and kept up to date
• Those that design, manufacture, supply or install should
inform of any issues
• Manufacturers/suppliers of equipment should provide
material safety data sheets
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Identifying hazards
Incident data
• Statistics provide useful response information from past

accident experience
• Types include:
- Lost time
- Sickness absence
- First aid records
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Accidents in terms of injury
Hazard Associated risks
Slips/trips/falls Fall of a person on the same level
Falls from height; falling objects Fall of a person; object/material
Collision with objects Bumps and bruises. Striking head on low beams
Trapping/crushing under or Serious injury caused by loss of load from crane, collision with site
between object/s vehicles
Manual handling Back strains, cuts, injury to joints
Contact with machinery/hand Parts being ejected from the machine and trapping a person. Trapping
tools / crushing hands etc. Entanglement of clothing or hair.
Electricity Fire, shock, burns
Transport Collision with people and/or property
Contact with chemicals Dermatitis, burns, poisoning
Asphyxiation/drowning Drowning
Fire and explosion Static electrical sparks causing explosions in say, flammable or dusty
atmospheres
Animals Anthrax, psittacosis caused by coming into contact with animal hides
Violence Unhappy customers/clients, criminals, patients in hospitals
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Health related hazards
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Physical hazards
• Psychological hazards
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Chemical hazards
Acids and alkalis - dermatitis and burns
Metals - lead and mercury poisoning
Non metals - arsenic and phosphorus poisoning
Gases - carbon monoxide poisoning, arsine poisoning
Organic compounds - occupational cancers
Dust - silicosis, coal worker’s pneumoconiosis
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Biological hazards
Animal-borne - anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis
Human-borne - viral hepatitis
Vegetable-borne - aspergillosis (farmer’s lung)
Others (water/land) - legionella
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Physical hazards
Heat - heat cataract, heat stroke
Lighting - miner’s nystagmus
Noise - noise induced hearing loss
Vibration - vibration induced white finger
Radiation - radiation sickness, burns, arc eye
Pressure - decompression sickness
Risk assessment
Identifying hazards
Psychological hazards
Work pressure, bullying - stress, alcohol / narcotic abuse
Risk assessment
Contents of element

Risk assessment
Principles and practice of risk assessment
Identifying population at risk
• General groups at risk

• Specific groups at risk
- Operatives / workers
- Maintenance staff
- Cleaners
- Contractors
- Visitors / public
Risk assessment
Identification of hazards
• Walk around
• Ask workers
• Trade association
• Check manufacturers’ instructions
• Accident and ill-health records
• Long-term hazards to health
Risk assessment
Evaluating risk and adequacy of current controls
• Likelihood of harm and probable severity
• Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk ranking
• Residual risk
• Acceptable / tolerable risk levels
• Use of guidance
• Sources and examples of legislation
• Applying controls to specified hazards
• General control hierarchy
• Prioritisation based on risk
• Distinction between priorities and time scales
Risk assessment
Likelihood of harm and probable severity
• Consequence
• Likelihood
Risk assessment
Likelihood of harm and probable severity
Factors affecting likelihood

• Competence of operators
• Levels and quality of supervision
• Attitudes of operators and supervisors
• Environmental conditions e.g. adverse weather
• Frequency and duration of exposure
Risk assessment
Qualitative and semi-quantitative risk ranking
• Qualitative
• Semi-quantitative
• Risk ranking
Risk assessment
Consequence categories
5. Major Causing death to one or more people. Loss or damage is such that it could
cause serious business disruption (e.g. major fire, explosion or structural
damage). Loss/damage in excess of (£___________).
4. High Causing permanent disability (e.g. loss of limb, sight or hearing).

Loss/damage in excess of (£___________).
3. Medium Causing temporary disability (e.g. fractures). Loss/damage in excess of

(£___________).
2. Low Causing significant injuries (e.g. sprains, bruises, and lacerations).
Loss/damage in excess of (£___________) e.g. damage to fixtures and
fittings.
1. Minor Causing minor injuries (e.g. cuts, scratches). No lost time likely other than for
first aid treatment. Loss/damage in excess of (£___________) e.g. superficial
damage to interior decorations.
Risk assessment
Likelihood categories
5. Almost Certain Absence of any management controls. If conditions remain unchanged
there is almost a 100% certainty that an accident will happen (e.g. broken
rung on a ladder, live exposed electrical conductor, and untrained
personnel).
4. High Serious failures in management controls. The effects of human
behaviour or other factors could cause an accident but is unlikely without
this additional factor (e.g. ladder not secured properly, oil spilled on floor,
poorly trained personnel).
3. Medium Insufficient or substandard controls in place. Loss is unlikely during
normal operation, however it may occur in emergencies or non-routine
conditions (e.g. keys left in forklift trucks; obstructed gangways; refresher
training required).
2. Low The situation is generally well managed, however occasional lapses
could occur. This also applies to situations where people are required to
behave safely in order to protect themselves but are well trained.
1. Improbable Loss, accident or illness could only occur under freak conditions. The
situation is well managed and all reasonable precautions have been
taken. Ideally, this should be the normal state of the workplace.
Risk assessment
Risk rating categories
Risk rating 1-9 Low
Risk rating 10-15 Medium
Risk rating 16-25 High
Risk assessment
Residual risk
• This is the risk which remains when controls have been

decided
• For example:
- Whilst a fall from a height may be prevented by a guard
rail, the potential to slip or trip may remain present
Risk assessment
Acceptable/tolerable risk levels
• Societal standards change and risk acceptability reduces

each year
• Successful organisations will reduce the level of risk as far
as possible
• This is often achieved through the use of new
improvements in technology
Risk assessment
Use of guidance
• When making a judgement as to whether controls are

adequate care has to be taken
• Consider relevant guidance
• This can be in the form of:
- Guidance to legislation
- Official guidance documents
- Industry standard guidance
- Relevant International/local standards
Risk assessment
Sources and examples of legislation
• Many sources of legislation available from Government,

international organisations or manufacturer’s websites
• Legislation examples:
- International Labour Organisation ILO-OSH 2001
- HSE United Kingdom
- INDG163
- British Standards Institute
Risk assessment
Applying controls to specified hazards
• Controls will need to be identified and applied to specific

hazards
• For example:
- Electrical
- Chemical
- Manual handling
Risk assessment
General control hierarchy
• E liminate
• R educe
• I solation
• C ontrol
• P ersonal protective equipment
• D iscipline
Risk assessment
Prioritisation based on risk
• When risk potential has been identified prioritisation can be

given to the order of work to mitigate the risk
Risk assessment
Distinction between priorities and time scales
• Often risks are of high priority

• The need to establish realistic time scales is also critical
• It is possible to carry out some aspects in the short and
medium term
• To reduce the likelihood of a loss and remove the need to
give everything considered a high priority for completion
Risk assessment
Recording significant findings
• Format
• Information to be recorded
Risk assessment
Recording significant findings
Risk assessment form
Source: RMS Publishing
Risk assessment
Reasons for reviewing
Examples of circumstances
• When results of monitoring are adversely not as expected
• A change in process, work methods or materials
• Changes in the workforce
• Changes in legislation
• Introduction of new plant or technology
• New information becoming available
• As time passes by - the risk assessment should be periodically reviewed and updated
Risk assessment
Reviewing
Monitoring techniques
• Preventive maintenance inspections
• Safety representative / committee inspections
• Statutory and maintenance scheme inspections, tests and examinations
• Safety tours and inspections
• Occupational health surveys
• Air monitoring
• Safety audits
Risk assessment
Criteria for a ‘suitable and sufficient’ risk assessment
Training course content should include:

• Legal requirements
• Process of identifying hazards and evaluating risks
• Identification and selection of control measures
• Awareness of individual’s own limitations
• Accessing sources of information
• Report-writing skills
• Interpretation of regulations and standards
• Means available for communicating the outcomes of the assessment
Risk assessment
Special case applications of risk assessment
• Young persons
• Expectant and nursing mothers
• Disabled workers
• Lone workers
Risk assessment
Contents of element


Risk Assesment

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Risk Assesment

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Risk assessment

• Explain the aims and objectives of risk assessment

5.1Aims and objectives

5.1Aims and objectives

“Something that has the potential to cause harm”

“A risk is the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specified harm to

• The health and well-being of individuals may be affected by a

• Some injury effects will be acute in nature

• Definition of dangerous occurrences will differ depending on

“An unplanned, uncontrolled event which led to,

• Substantial damage occurs to property and materials at work

• An accident is an event which brings about a result

• Led by Frank Bird

1 Serious or disabling injury

600 Near misses

Source: Frank Bird

5.1Aims and objectives

• First step is to identify the hazards

• General workplace inspections

• Information about hazards can be obtained by considering a

• Manufacturers should provide product equipment health and

• Statistics provide useful response information from past

5.1Aims and objectives

• General groups at risk

Factors affecting likelihood

4. High Causing permanent disability (e.g. loss of limb, sight or hearing).

3. Medium Causing temporary disability (e.g. fractures). Loss/damage in excess of

Risk rating categories

Risk rating 1-9 Low

Risk rating 10-15 Medium

Risk rating 16-25 High

• This is the risk which remains when controls have been

• Societal standards change and risk acceptability reduces

• When making a judgement as to whether controls are

• Many sources of legislation available from Government,

• Controls will need to be identified and applied to specific

• When risk potential has been identified prioritisation can be

• Often risks are of high priority

Risk assessment form

Source: RMS Publishing

Training course content should include:

5.1Aims and objectives

Anda mungkin juga menyukai