ESMAP—SAR—EAP
RENEWABLE ENERGY TRAINING
April 23 - 25, 2014 Thailand
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Agenda
NDA
3. Project planning
Project development
Considerations and steps of project planning and implementation
Resource assessment
AGEN
4 Implementation
4. I l t ti
Siting and permitting: introduction to environmental issues
Transport and construction/ installation works
Wind turbine testing and certification
Operations and maintenance activities
5. www.renac.de
Financial modeling
Basic components and structure of model
Key performance metrics
Key risks
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About RENAC
RENAC is independent.
Technology overview
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Rotor types of wind turbines
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Tower advantages/disadvantages
Steel
Lattice Concrete
tube
tower tower tower
+ Transport
+ Material cost + Service (rings and
slabs)
+ Assembly + High
+ Transport time and damping and
dry interior dry interior
Spread foundation
Shallow foundation
Gravity foundation
ONS FOR WIND
TURBINES, Sweden 2010; Source Gasch Twele 2010
HENRIK SVENSSON: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIO
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Trend towards longer rotor blades
P = ½ x ρ x A x v3
P = power of wind (watt; joule per second)
ρ = air density (kg/m3; kilogram per cubic meter)
A = area (m2; square meter)
v = wind speed (m/s; meter per second)
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduction of production costs due to Transport limitations, narrow streets
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Rotor and nacelle mass with rotor diameter
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MW-WEC =
Megawatt wind
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energy converter
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Lift and drag principle
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Yawing of nacelle: to change the orientation of the rotor (towards the wind)
Blade pitch: to control the power output of the wind turbine
Quelle: www.wind-energie.de
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Wind turbine power curve – pitch controlled
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1000
Power density of
800
sity (W / m2)
wind resource
PWPD = ȡ/2 v3
Ideal turbine (Betz limit)
600 PWPD, Betz= 16/27 ȡ/2 v3
PWPD = power density
Power dens
(P/A = W/m2]
400
Source: KWE, 2009; amended by RENAC
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From turbulent winds to constant AC frequency
Optional
Wind
uency Converter,
Source: WinDrive – Large Wind Turbines without Frequ
Andreas Basteck, Voith Turbo Wind GmbH & Co. KG
Variable Variable Variable Constant
Turbulent
rotor shaft AC DC AC
wind
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speed speed frequency frequency
Tip speed
Principle Axis Orientation Application
ratio Ȝ, blade
direction
number z
Upwind Ȝ = 1, z = 32 Water pumping
Horizontal
rotor Downwind
Lift Ȝ = 7, z = 3
effect Electricity
Vertical Ȝ = 9, z = 2
generation
g
rotor Ȝ = 12, z = 1
On / offgrid
Drag Vertical
Ȝ < 1, z >= 3 Mill
effect rotor
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Project development,
steps of project planning and implementation
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Identifying priority areas for wind farms
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Example: priority / suitable areas for wind power
development - buffer around nature protected areas
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Example: priority / suitable areas for wind power
development – summary with low conflict areas (blue)
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The most problematic obstacle for a wind turbine is a
wind turbine
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5 rotor
diameters
Legend:
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Phase Duration
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Main processes during planning / permission and
contracts from the developers point of view
Start-up • Commissioning
• Provisional acceptance tests
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Resource assessment
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Wind monitoring equipment
Standard height
30 m to 85 m
Advanced:
100 m to 125 m
L)
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL
Source: windtest grevenbroich gmbh
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Source: „Measuring Wind Speeds using SoDAR technology: Engaging farmers in NS COMFIT for small wind” Adam Wile, Kenny Corscadden
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Result: measured wind speed data
With:
hw(v) = Wind speed distribution
k = Shape factor (dimensionless)
hw(v)
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Wind direction
Wind direction
in % for each
sector
5% 10%
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Calculation scheme for annual energy production
Ei = Pi(vi) x ti
EΣ = E1 + E2 +…+ En
EΣ = Energy yield over one year
Ei = Annual energy yield of wind class
[Wh, watthours], i = 1, 2, 3 …n
ti = duration of wind speeds at wind
class [h/a, hours/year]
Pi(vi) = Power of wind class vi of wind
turbine power curve [Watt; joule per
second]
vi = wind class [m/s]
PN = Nominal power of WEC [kW] at
nominal wind class vi [m/s]
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Radar tracks of birds/bird flocks
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studies
studies
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Estimation of bird collision mortality / risk
Foto: Tiedemann
0 to over 64 victims per turbine per year
mean 6.9 casualties per turbine per year
Results of US wind farms 2005 (0,5 to 1.5 MW)
0.6
0 6 to 7
7.7
7 birds per turbine per year
1 to 11.7 birds per MW per year
Particularly high collision occurs on barren mountain
ridge (USA, Spain) and on wetlands.
Birds are more likely to collide with structures during
poor visibility in rain or fog.
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Sources: Drewitt and Langston 2006, Huppop et al. 2006) ; Dr. Hermann Hötker, Michael-Otto-Institut imNABU: Repowering im
KontextNaturschutzfachlicher Ziele, 2008
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Bats
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Mapping wind farm noise imission
dB(A)
0 – 35 The sound pressure decreases by
35 – 40 approx. 6dB(A) every time the
40 – 45 distance to the source of the
45 – 50 sound is doubled
50 – 55
_decibel.pdf, 2010
55 – 100 Distance from source (m)
0 250 500 750 1000
vel
-20
20
Source: http://www.emd.dk/WindPRO_odules/PDF/UK/EN_
change dB(A)
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
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-80
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p/pdf/AL-PRO-brochure.pdf
Source:http://video.aol.co.uk/video-detail/abenteuer--wissen-windkraft-ohne-
grenzen/1675288588 and Source: www.al-pro.de/hp
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From an aesthetic point of view?
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Nature protection
Environmental impact assessment
Source: Sander, 2010
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Transport and construction (installation works)
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Road constrution
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Piled foundation
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_axis;
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_
BWE: wind-energie.de
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Tower and rotor blade transport
© Heiko Jessena
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© Heiko Jessen
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Crane works
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BWE
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Rotor hub
Source: BWE
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Source: BWE
Source: BWE
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Telescopic crane
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Foto: Steil Kranarbeiten, Stefan Dürr
Crane work, Enercon E66 (1.8 MW)
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Source: Bergey Windpower Co. “Small Wind Systems”; Photo courttesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT Source: Bergey Windpower Co. “Small Wind Systems”; Photo courttesy of Pine Ridge Products, Great falls, MT
Erecting small wind turbines
Aerosmart 5
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http://www.oeko-energie.de/downloads/aerosmart.pdf
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Tiltable towers for small wind turbines
for maintenance
for tropical wind conditions
onsortium
Source; SWIIS (Small Wind Industry Implementation Strategy) Co
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Type certification and project specific assessment
Final assessment
Type certificate
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Materials
Blade sub-components
Whole blades
Ultimate load testing
Fatigue testing of new rotor
blade designs
Source: LM Glasfiber
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Blade testing at LM Glasfiber, which have
long been the world’s largest independent
blade supplier.
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IEC 61400
IEC 61400-1 Design requirements
IEC 61400-2 Design requirements for small wind turbines
IEC 61400-3 Design requirements for offshore wind turbines
IEC 61400-4 Gears
IEC 61400-5 Wind turbine rotor blades
IEC 61400-11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques
IEC 61400-12 Wind turbine power performance testing
IEC 61400
61400-13
13 Measurement of mechanical loads
IEC 61400-14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values
IEC 61400-21 Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid
connected wind turbines
IEC 61400-22 Conformity testing and certification
IEC 61400-23 Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades
IEC 61400-24 Lightning protection
IEC 61400-25 Communication protocol
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Guidelines for certification of wind turbines by Germanischer Lloyd
Guidelines for design of wind turbines by Det Norske Veritas
Regulation for wind energy conversion systems, actions and verification of
structural integrity for tower and foundation by German Institute for Civil
Engineering (DIBt)
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Operation and maintenance
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Long-term view on O&M
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O&M tasks of the technical wind farm management
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Basic components and structure of cash flow
model
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Input to wind cash flow model
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p(75): Annual energy production exceeded
with a probability of 75 %
p(50): Annual energy production exceeded
with a probability of 50 %
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Wind farm in France, cash flow forecast year 1–9
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Credit decision-making
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The costs of wind energy as a function of wind
resource quality and discount rate
€cent / kWh
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What is "availability" or "availability factor“?
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Assets, www.awstruepower.com
Source: AWS Truepower, Take Control of Your A
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LCOE sensitivities for capacity factor, installed cost,
O&M, and target IRR by financing structure
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Source: Wind Levelized Cost of Energy: A Comparison of Technical and Financing Input Variables Karlynn Cory and Paul
Schwabe , Prepared under Task No. WER9.3550 , National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Key risks
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Completion risk
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Operation and management risk
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Market and distribution risk
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Resources risk
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regulatory framework &political stability
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Understanding risks
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10
8
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Risk %
105
Thank you!
Albrecht Tiedemann
Renewables Academy (RENAC)
Schönhauser Allee 10-11
D-10119 Berlin
Tel: +49 30 52 689 58-71
Fax: +49 30 52 689 58-99
info@renac.de ǁǁǁ͘ƌĞŶĂĐ͘ĚĞ