Kemunculan Istilah Sosiologi

Istilah sosiologi muncul

pertama kali pada tahun
1839 pada keterangan
PENGANTAR SOSIOLOGI sebuah paragraf dalam
pelajaran ke-47 Cours de la
philosophie (kuliah filsafat)
karya Auguste Comte.
Secara Etimologi sosiologi
Drs. Arinto Nurcahyono, M.Hum
berasal dari akar kata Latin
artnur@gmail.com
socius (masyarakat) dan
logos (ilmu).
Company
LOGO
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004

Sosiologi Sebagai Ilmu Pengetahuan Definisi Sosiologi

Ilmu Pengetahuan adalah pengetahuan (knowledge) Ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari hubungan timbal
yang tersusun secara sistematis dengan menggunakan balik antara aneka ragam gejala-gejala sosial (Pitirim
kekuatan pemikiran dan selalu dapat diperiksa dan Sorokin: 1928)
ditelaah dengan kritis oleh setiap orang yang ingin Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antara manusia dalam
mengetahuinya. Ciri-ciri Ilmu pengetahuan adalah: kelompok-kelompok. (Roucek & Warren: 1962)
1. Sistematis 4. Empiris Penelitian Ilmiah terhadap interaksi dan hasilnya yaitu
2. Metodis 5. Umum organisasi sosial. (William F Ogburn & Meyer F.
3. Rasional 6. Akumulatif Nimkoff: 1964)
 Sosiologi merupakan ilmu sosial yang objeknya adalah Ilmu pengetahuan tentang struktur-struktur dan
masyarakat. Ciri-ciri utama sosiologi sebagai sebuah proses-proses kemasyarakatan yang bersifat stabil.
ilmu adalah: (J.A.A. van Doorn & C.J. Lammers: 1964)
1. Bersifat Empiris Ilmu yang mempelajari struktur sosial dan proses-
2. Bersifat Teoritis proses sosial, termasuk perubahan-perubahan sosial .
3. Bersifat Kumulatif ( Selo Soemardjan & Soelaeman Soemardi: 1974).
4. Bersifat Non etis
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004 Arinto Nurcahyono 2004

1
 Pengertian Lanjut Sosiologi
 Sosiologi yang inheren adalah pengakuannya yang
rendah hati terhadap realitas dan sifatnya yang
subversif. Sosiologi selalu tidak percaya pada apa
yang tampak sekilas dan selalu mencoba menguak
serta membongkar apa yang tersembunyi (latent) di
balik realitas nyata (manifes) karena sosiologi
berkeyakinan bahwa “dunia bukanlah sebagaimana
yang nampaknya”, tetapi dunia yang sebenarnya baru
dipahami jika dikaji secara mendalam dan
diintepretasikan (Berger dan Kellner, 1985)
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Objek Sosiologi
 Objek sosiologi adalah masyarakat yang dilihat dari
hubungan antar manusia dan proses yang timbul dari
hubungan manusia di dalam masyarakat .
 Pengertian masyarkat itu sendiri adalah:
1. Suatu sistem dari kebiasaan dan tata cara, dari
wewenang dan kerja sama antara berbagai kelompok
dan penggolongan, dan pengawasan tingkah laku serta
kebebasan-kebebasan manusia. (Macher & Page: 1961)
2. Setiap kelompok manusia yang telah hidup dan bekerja
bersama cukup lama sehingga mereka dapat mengatur
diri mereka dan menganggap diri mereka sebagai suatu
kesatuan sosial dengan batas-batas yang dirumuskan
dengan jelas. (Ralp Linton: 1936).
3. Orang-orang yang hidup bersama , yang menghasilkan
kebudayaan. ( Selo Soemardjan: 1968).
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Pengertian Lanjut Sosiologi
 Kekhususan sosiologi adalah bahwa perilaku manusia
selalu dilihat dalam kaitannya dengan struktur-
struktur kemasyarakatan dan kebudayaanya yang
dimiliki dan ditunjang bersama (Veeger, 1985)
 Sosiologi memperlajari perilaku sosial manusia
dengan meneliti kelompok yang dibangunnya.
Kelompok tersebut mencakup keluarga, suku bangsa,
komunitas dan pemerintahan, dan berbgai organisasi
sosial, agama, politik, bisnis dan organisasi sosial
lainnya.
 Sosiologi mempelajari perilaku dan interaksi
kelompok, menelusuri asal-usul pertumbuhannya
serta menganalisis pengaruh kegiatan kelompok
terhadap anggotanya (Occoputional Outlook
Handbook, 1980)
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Komponen-komponen Dasar Masyarakat
a. Populasi, yakni warga suatu masyarakat yang dilihat dari sudut
pandangan kolektif, maka yang dipertimbangkan adalah:
 Aspek-aspek genetik yang konstan.
 Variabel-variabel genetik
 Variabel-variabel demografis.
b. Kebudayaan, yakni hasil karya, cipta dan rasa dari kehidupan
bersama yang mencakup:
 Sistem lambang-lambang.
 Informasi.
c. Hasil-hasil kebudayaan material.
d. Organisasi sosial, yakni jaringan hubungan antara warga
masyarakat yang bersangkutan , yang mencakup:
 Warga masyarkat secara individual
 Peranan-peranan
 Kelompok-kelompok sosial
 Kelas-kelas sosial
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
2
 Teori (Sosiologi)
 What is Theory:
Teori merupakan hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih, yang
telah diuji kebenarannya.
 Kegunaan Teori pada Sosiologi:
1. Teori merupakan ikhtiar dari hal-hal yang telah
diketahui dan diuji kebenarannya.
2. Memberi petunjuk thd kekurangan-kekurangan
pada orang yg mempelajari sosiologi.
3. Mempertajam atau mengkhususkan fakta yg
dipelajari oleh sosiologi.
4. Dapat mengembangkan suatu sistem klasifikasi
fakta, membina struktur konsep serta
memperkembangkan definisi-definisi.
5. Memberikan kemungkinan-kemungkinan untuk
mengadakan proyeksi sosial.
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Pemikiran Pra August Comte
 Jauh sebelum August Comte
memproklamirkan kelahiran sosiologi,
orang-orang telah memiliki pengetahuan
akan kehidupannya yang diperoleh dari
pengalaman. Cuma, karena belum terumus
menurut metode-metode yang mantap.
 Para filsuf Yunani, sperti Plato dan
Aristoleles umumnya berkeyakinan
bahwa seluruh tertib dan keteraturan
dunia dan masyarakat langsung berasal
dari suatu tertib dan keteraturan yang
adimanusiawi, abadi, tidak terubahkan,
dan ahistoris.
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Perkembangan Sosiologi
Faktor yang menelatar belakangi kelahiran sosiologi
adalah karena adanya krisis-krisis yang terjadi di
dalam masyarakat. Laeyendecker (1983) melihat
krisis tersebut di Eropa Barat terhadap:
 Tumbuhnya kapitalisme pada akhir abad 15.
 Perubahan-perubahan di bidang sospol, perubahan
berkenaan dengan reformasi Martin Luther.
 Meningkatnya individualisme.
 Lahirnya ilmu pengetahuan modern.
 Berkembangnya kepercayaan pada dirinya sendiri.
 Revolusi industri pada abad ke-18.
 Revolusi Perancis 1789
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
August Comte (1798-1857)
 Mencetuskan pertama kali nama sosiology
dalam bukunya yang tersohor Positive
Philosophy (1838).
 Di dalam hierarki ilmu, sosiologi menempati
urutan teratas-diatas astronomi, fisika, kimia
biologi
 Pandangan Comte yang dianggap baru pada
waktu itu adalah ia percaya bahwa sosiologi
harus didasarkan pada observasi dan klasifikasi
yang sistematis, dan bukan pada kekuasaan
serta spekulasi
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
3
 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
 Istilah sosiologi menjadi lebih populer setengah
abad kemudian berkat jasa Herbert Spencer
filsuf dari Inggris dalam bukunya Principles of
Sociology (1876).
 Spencer menerapkan teori evolusi organik pada
masyarakat manusia dan mengembangkan teori
besar tentang evolusi sosial yang diterima secara
luas beberapa puluh tahun kemudian.
 Evolusi sosial pd dasarnya berarti bertambahnya
diferensiasi dan integrasi, peningkatan pembagian
kerja, dan suatu tarnsisi dari keadaan homogen
ke keadaan heterogen.
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Max Weber (1864-1920)
 Sebagai ilmu yang mencoba memahami masyarakat
dan perubahan-perubahan sosial yang terjadi di
dalamnya, sosiologi tidak semestinya berkutat pada
soal-soal pengukuran yang sifatnya kuantitatif dan
sekedar mengkaji pengaruh faktor-faktor eksternal,
tetapi penting sosiologi bergerak pada upaya memahi
makna, dan mencoba mencari penjelasan pada faktor-
faktor internal yang ada dalam masyarakat itu
sendiri.
 Weber mengajak para sosiolog keluar dari pikira-
pikiran ortodoks yang acapkali terlalu menekankan
pada objektivitas dan kebenaran eksklusif dan secara
terbuka mengajak untuk mengakui relativitas
entepretasi
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Emile Durkheim (1855-1917)
 Dalam bukunya Rules of Sociology Methode ia
menguraikan pentingnya metodologi ilmiah di dalam
sosiologi untuk meneliti fakta sosial.
 Tugas sosiologi adalah mempelajari apa yang ia sebut
sebagai fakta-fakta sosial, yakni sebuah kekuatan
dan struktur yang berdasarkan eksternal, tetapi
mampu mempengaruhi perilaku individu.
 Fakta sosial merupakan cara-cara bertindak,
berpikir, dan berperasaan, yang berada di luar
individu, dan mem punyai kekuatan memaksa dan
mampu mengendalikannya.
 Yang dimaksud fakta sosial tidak hanya bersifat
material tapi juga nonmaterial seperti kultur, agama
atau institusi sosial.
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
Sosiologi Abad 20
 Fokus minat sosiologi bergeser dari structures ke
agency dari masyarakat yang dipahami terutama
sebagai seperangkat batasan eksternal yang
membatasi bidang pilihan yang bersedia untuk
anggota-anggota masyarakat tersebut, dan dalam
bebrapa hal menentukan perilaku mereka, menuju ke
arah baru; memahami latar belakang sosial sebagai
sumber daya yang diambil oleh aktor-aktor untuk
mengejar kepentingan-kepentingan mereka sendiri.
Dipelopori oleh Anthony Giddens.
 Sosiologi juga menerima pandangan heurmenetika,
menekankan bahwa realitas sosial secara instrinsik
adalah bermakna (diberi makna oleh yang
memproduksinya) dan untuk memahami realitas
tersebut maka seseorang harus merekonstrksi
makna yang diberikan aktor tersebut.
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004
4
 Era tahun 2000-an
 Perkembangan sosiologi semakin mantap diakui banyak pihak
memberikan sumbangan yang sangat penting bagi usaha
pembangunan dan kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat.
 Kajian sosiologi semakin variatif dan menmbus batas-batas
disiplin ilmu lain.
 Horton dan Hunt (1987) mencatat sejumlah kajian sosiologi
diantaranya :


Sosiologi industru
Perilaku kelompok Introduction to Sociology
 Sosiologi kesehatan
 Sosiologi hukum
 Sosiologi politik Chapter 1
 Perilaku menyimpang THE BASICS OF SOCIOLOGY
 Sosiologi perkotaan/pedesaan.
Kathy S. Stolley
 Sosiologi agama dsb.
Company
LOGO
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004

Introduction
 The study of sociology starts from the basic
premise that human life is social life (Rebach
and Bruhn 2001, 5).
 Most of us are constantly involved in
interactions with other human beings. From the
families we are born into, through school, work,
and play; retirements; and even the gatherings
that memorialize our deaths, we spend our
lives within a tapestry woven of interlocking
social arrangements.
 Sociology focuses on these arrangements,
including how they are created, how they
change, and how they impact our lives,
opportunities, and options (Rebach and Bruhn
2001, 5).
 The word sociology itself actually derives from
the Latin word socius (companion) and the
Greek word logos (study of ).
 Thus, sociology is most literally the study of
companionship (Abercrombie, Hill, and Turner
2000, 333).
 A textbook definition often expands that literal
definition of sociology to read something close
to the scientific study of the development,
structure, interaction, and collective behavior of
social relationships.
 But so what? What does that definition actually
mean? Why is sociology important? Why should
anyone study sociology? What does sociology
offer to us in our personal lives? And what does
it offer to wider society?

5

 People who practice sociology are called
sociologists. In his classic work Invitation to
Sociology, Peter Berger describes a sociologist
as someone who is “intensively, endlessly,
shamelessly interested” in the doings of
humans (1963, 18).
 To the sociologist, the social world is “a living
laboratory [and] a moving picture that never
stops” (Rebach and Bruhn 2001, 7).
 Because any aspect of the social world is fair
game for sociological study, the potential topics
of study are limitless. Simply put, “being a
sociologist means never having to be bored”
(Kimmel 1998, 8).
Sociology helps us understand the
workings of the social systems within
which we live our lives.
Sociologists put our interactions with
others into a social context. This means
they look not only at behaviors and
relationships, but also how the larger
world we live in influences these things.
Social structures (the way society is
organized around the regulated ways
people interrelate and organize social life)
and social processes (the way society
operates) are at work shaping our lives in
ways that often go unrecognized.
Because of this perspective,sociologists
will often say that, as individuals, we are
social products.
 Continue
WHAT SOCIOLOGY OFFERS
A sociological look at the world provides
a number of unique benefits and
perspectives.
Sociology provides an understanding of
social issues and patterns of behavior. It
helps us identify the social rules that
govern our lives.
Sociologists study how these rules are
created, maintained, changed, passed
between generations, and shared
between people living in various parts of
the world.
They also study what happens when
these rules are broken.
 continue
 Sociology helps us understand why we perceive
the world the way we do.
 We are inundated with messages in a variety of
forms about how we, and the world around us,
both are and should be. These messages come in
forms as diverse as guidance from parents and
teachers, laws handed down by religious and
political entities, and advertisements ranging
from pitches for athletic shoes to feeding hungry
children.
 Sociology helps us examine the types of
messages we are constantly receiving, their
source, how and why they influence us, and our
own roles in producing, perpetuating, and
changing them.
 Continue
6
  Sociology helps us identify what we have in
common within, and between, cultures and
societies.
 Sociologists know that, although people in
different parts of the city, country, or world dress
differently, speak differently, and have many
different beliefs and customs, many of the same
types of social forces are at work shaping their
lives.
 continue
 Sociology provides us theoretical perspectives
within which to frame these understandings and
research methods that allow us to study social
life scientifically.
 Sociology is a social science. That means
sociologists work to understand society in very
structured, disciplined ways.
 Like scientists who study the physical world,
sociologists follow scientific guidelines that
incorporate an assortment of theories and
methods that provide for accuracy in gathering,
processing, and making sense of information.
 Sociology helps us understand why and how
society changes.
 Obviously, the social world is constantly
changing. This change has been a major interest
to sociologists from the beginning of the
discipline.
 However, many sociologists believe that
sociology should not stop with only explaining
society and how and why the world changes.
 They argue that sociologists also have an
obligation to act, using their unique skills and
perspectives to work to improve the world.
 Sociology, they argue, is a “field of
simultaneously concerned with understanding,
explaining, criticizing, and improving (italics
mine) the human condition” (Restivo 1991, 4).
 Sociology is not just common sense.
 Results of sociological research may be
unexpected. They often show that things are not
always, or even usually, what they initially seem.
“People who like to avoid shocking discoveries,
who prefer to believe that society is just what
they were taught in Sunday School, who like the
safety of the rules and maxims of what Alfred
Schultz . . . has called ‘the world-taken-for-
granted’, should stay away from sociology”
(Berger 1963, 24).
7
 HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY
 Sociology is rooted in the works of
philosophers, including Plato (427–347 B.C.),
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), and Confucius (551–
479 B.C.).
 Some other early scholars also took
perspectives that were sociological.
 Chinese historian Ma Tuan-Lin developed, in
the thirteenth century, a sociological history by
looking at the social factors influencing history
in his general-knowledge encyclopedia Wen
Hsien T’ung K’ao (General Study of the Literary
Remains). Ibn
 Khaldun (1332–1406), profiled below,
conducted studies of Arab society (Restivo
1991, 18–19).
Term Sociology
 The term sociology was coined by French
philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857), who
would become known as the “Father of
Sociology.” Comte is profiled below. He first
publicly used the term in his work Positive
Philosophy (1896, orig. 1838; Abercrombie,
Hill, and Turner 2000, 67).
Enlightenment Thinkers
 Enlightenment thinkers also helped set the
stage for the sociologists that would follow.
 The Enlightenment “was the first time in history
that thinkers tried to provide general
explanations of the social world. They were
able to detach themselves, at least in principle,
from expounding some existing ideology and to
attempt to lay down general principles that
explained social life” (Collins 1994,17).
 Writers of this period included a range of well-
known philosophers, such as John Locke; David
Hume; Voltaire (the pseudonym of François-
Marie Arouet); Immanuel Kant; Charles-Louis
de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de
Montesquieu; Thomas Hobbes; and Jean-
Jacques Rousseau.
Three Intellectual Stages
Comte saw history as divided into three
intellectual stages.
The first, or theological, stage included
the medieval period in which society was
seen as reflecting the will of a deity.
The second, or metaphysical, stage
arose during the Enlightenment and
focused on forces of “nature,” rather
than God, to explain social events.
Comte considered his own time period
the third stage, which he termed the
positivistic, or scientific, stage.
8

 These “early founders of sociology all had a vision
of using sociology” (Turner 1998, 250).
 Sharing Comte’s belief, many early sociologists
came from other disciplines and made significant
efforts to call attention to social concerns and
bring about social change.
 In Europe, for example, economist and
philosopher Karl Marx (1818–83), teamed with
wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels (1820–95),
to address class inequality.
 In Germany, Max Weber (1864–1920), was
active in politics. In France, Emile Durkheim
advocated for educational reforms.
 Sociologists are also responsible for some of the
now familiar aspects of our everyday lives.
 For example, sociologist William Foote Whyte
(1914– 2000), improved restaurant service by
developing the spindles that waitstaff in many
diners use to submit food orders to the kitchen
(Porter 1962).
 Robert K. Merton (1910–2003), developed the
concept of what would become the focus group,
now widely used in the business world.
Sociology In the United States
 In the United States, social worker and
sociologist Jane Addams (1860–1935), became
an activist on behalf of poor immigrants.
 Addams established Chicago’s Hull House, a
settlement house that provided community
services such as kindergarten and day care, an
employment bureau, and libraries.
 Sociologists have also been actively involved
throughout the civil rights movement. Ida B.
Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) who is profiled below,
published and spoke out against lynching.
 W.E.B. Du Bois (1868–1963), was involved for
most of a century in studying race and social
activism.
 Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma (1944)
focused public attention on race.
 The voter-rights efforts of Charles G. Gomillion in
the 1940s and 1950s were in-strumental in the
U.S. Supreme Court decision that defeated
gerrymandering that had excluded almost all
Macon County blacks from voting (Smith and
Killian 1990, 113).
9
 SOCIOLOGISTS IN SOCIETY
 Contemporary sociologists are continuing the
early sociologists’ tradition of using sociology to
make differences in diverse areas of society.
 Many sociologists are, of course, teachers and
researchers. However, sociologists are actively
using their skills throughout society in ways
that extend well beyond academics and the
classroom.
 Beyond their accomplishments in the
entertainment and sports arenas, sociologists
have made many world-changing contributions
to society.
 Saul Bellow won the 1976 Nobel Prize in
Literature, and Jane Addams and Emily Balch
both won the Nobel Peace Prize.
 The civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
and the Reverend Jesse Jackson studied
sociology.
 So did Frances Perkins, an industrial sociologist
who fought to improve conditions in early-
twentieth-century textile mills. president of the
United States, also had a sociology degree
(Dreier 2001).
 A number of other notable politicians, including
Shirley Chisolm and Maxine Waters, studied
sociology.
Applied or Clinical Sociologists
Some sociologists, called applied or
clinical sociologists, use their skills to
find answers to practical problems. For
example:
 They apply their unique perspectives on
conflict and social life to finding new ways to
assist in mediation and dispute resolution.
 Improving community services (e.g., finding
ways to extend phone service to the
speechdisabled.
 Improving help for victims of violence or
even in designing more effective social
settings for human interactions from child-
care centers to offices to night clubs.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL
IMAGINATION
Sociologists talk about the connection
between learning to understand and
then change society as being the
sociological imagination. C. Wright
Mills (1916–62).
The sociological imagination is the ability
to see the interrelationships between
biography and history, or the
connections between our individual lives
and larger social forces at work shaping
our lives (e.g., racism or political
agendas).
10

 Mills urged us to understand that our own
personal fortunes or troubles (e.g., gain/ loss
of a job, divorce) must be understood in terms
of larger public issues (e.g., the health of the
economy, societal changes in the institution of
marriage). They cannot be fully understood
outside of this social context.
SOCIOLOGY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
 Economics was the first social science. It grew
out of the practical application of gathering
factual information for business and taxation
during the 1700s.
 In the early 1800s, history developed as an
academic discipline.
 Psychology then grew out of medicine,
philosophy, and pedagogy.
 Anthropology developed from the European
discoveries of the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
 Sociology is one of the youngest academic
disciplines, established as a distinct field of study
in Europe only during the 1800s.
 It was at first indistinguishable from political
science, and most early sociologists wrote about
political issues outside of academics (Collins
1994, 30–32).
Without a sociological perspective, we
might tend to think of these personal
experiences primarily in individual terms.
We might locate both the source of a
problem and the solution to that problem
as lying within individuals.
Unemployment, for example, is an
individual problem for the unemployed
person that may be due to his or her
characteristics such as work ethic, job
skills, or opportunities.
As Mills puts it, “The very structure of
opportunities has collapsed” (1959, 9).
Finding solutions to these large-scale
problems requires examining the structure
of society (Mills 1959).
The earliest sociologists discussed
throughout this book came to sociology
from a variety of disciplines.
 Emile Durkheim and Max Weber had studied
law.
 Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929), was an
econo-mist.
 Lester Ward (1841–1913), was a biologist.
 Georg Simmel (1858–1918), was a
philosopher.
 Even today, sociologists come to the
discipline from varying backgrounds, such as
Andrew M.
 Greeley (1928–), a Catholic priest turned
sociologist profiled in chapter 10.
11
 The Sociological Focus as Compared with Other Social Sciences SOCIOLOGY IN A CHANGING
Social Discipline Share Interests Differential Focus WORLD
Science Focus with Sociology Taken by
Discipline Sociology  Changes in our social world have required
Economic Structure of Materials Social Consequen- Focuses beyond a sociologists to focus attention in new ways.
Good, financial market, ces of production Single Structure
 Among these changes are the growth of
transaction and distribution
internationally connected systems and the
History Context of past event
relationship
Establishing Social
Context
Focuses on the
Present
technologies that increasingly allow our
interactions to be conducted in ways other than
Political
Science
Group Competition of
Power and scarce
Patterns and
Consequences of
Focuses beyond a
Single Structure
face to face (e.g., the Internet and e-mail).
resources of conduct in Government  Although more than 6 billion people now live on
politics or government Earth, many sociologists and others have
Anthropology Variations between Patterns of culture Focuses argued that the advent of jet airliners,
culture type and industrialized telephones, the Internet, and around-the-clock
consequences of rather than pra news services beamed by satellite around the
interaction and
communication
industrial society
world have made the world a smaller place, at
least in a social sense.
Psychology Individualistic Adjustments to life Influence external
Perspective situation to the individual

 They often argue that a process of globalization is

at work. With globalization, geographical
constraints on social and cultural patterns are
diminishing, and people are becoming
increasingly aware of those changes (M. Waters
2001).
 Globalization is demonstrated through events as
diverse as the growing popularity of soccer in the
United States—a sport largely imported from
outside—the demand for American movies, blue
jeans, and athletic shoes around the world, the
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
and even the attacks of September 11, 2001.
 Other terms that refer to forms of globalization
include the world-economy, world-market, and
world-system. These terms are often used to
refer to the economic aspects of globalization.
 Sociologists have been studying these networks
at least since the early 1970s (Chase-Dunn and
Grimes 1995, 387–88).
 The ways in which technologies change social interaction
has long been an interest for researchers.
 Communication and information technologies contribute to
globalization and increase the complexity of our social lives.
They also often lead to unanticipated effects.
 In recent years, sociologists have given much attention to
the innumerable implications of the Internet to society.
From its initial use by a relatively small, computer-literate
population of users, the Internet grew rapidly beginning in
the 1990s (Abbate 1999; Castells 2001).
 It is now used for social interaction, business and
commerce (legitimate and illegitimate), education,
research, news, propaganda, entertainment, and more.
 There is widespread agreement among sociologists and
others that the Internet and other communication
technologies are vastly changing society.

12
Metode-metode Dalam Sosiologi METHODS of STUDY
 Metode Kualitatif Observation (obtrusive and
1.Metode Historis unobtrusive)
2.Metode Komparasi
3.Metode Studi Kasus
Surveys
a. Interview Experiments
b. Questionnaires
Historical Comparison
c. Participant observer technique
 Metode Kuantitatif Cross-Cultural Comparison
 Metode Deduksi dan Induksi Archival Research
 Metode Empiris dan Rasional
 Metode Fungsionalisme
Arinto Nurcahyono 2004 Arinto Nurcahyono 2004

Next ………..
Perubahan
Sosial
Interaksi
Sosial

Arinto Nurcahyono 2004

13