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SETS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Power set n[P(A)] = 2n(A)

2. Symmetric difference
i) XΔY = (X\Y)(Y\X)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
ii) XΔY = (XY)\(XY)
I) Arithmetic progression
3. Commutative property
1. General form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d…..
a) AB = BA
2. General term (or) th
n term T n = a + (n – 1) d
b) AB = BA
3. Common difference d = t2 – t1 = …. = t n – t n – 1
4. Associative property 𝑙−𝑎
4. Number of terms in an A.P n= +1
a) A(BC) = (AB)C 𝑑

b) A(BC) = (AB)C 5. Sum of n terms of an A.P

𝑛
5. Distributive property a) S n = 2[2a + (n – 1) d]
𝑛
a) A(BC) = (AB)(AC) b) S n = 2[a + l]
b) A(BC) = (AB)(AC) 6. If 3 terms in A.P are a–d,a,a+d
6. De – Morgan’s laws of set difference II) Geometric progression
a) A\(BC) = (A\B)(A\C) 7. General form a, ar, ar2, ar3, ……., arn.
b) A\(BC) = (A\B)(A\C) 8. General term (or) nth term T n = arn – 1.
𝑡2 𝑡3 𝑡𝑛
7. De – Morgan’s laws 9. Common ratio r = 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = ……. = 𝑡𝑛−1 .
a) (AB) = AB 10. Sum to n terms of a G.P
b) (AB) = AB 𝑎(𝑟 𝑛 −1)
a) If r > 1 Sn= 𝑟−1
8. Cardinality of sets 𝑎(1− 𝑟 𝑛 )
a) n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(AB) b) If r < 1 Sn= 1−𝑟
b) n(ABC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(AB) – n(BA) – c) If r = 1 S n = na
𝑎
n(AC) + n(ABC) d) Sum of infinite series S = 1−𝑟
9. One – one function 11. If 3 terms in G.P are
𝑎
, a , ar
𝑟
Every different element of A has a different image in B.
III) Special series
10. Onto function 𝑛(𝑛+1)
a) ∑𝑛1 𝑛 = 1 + 2 + 3 + …….+ n =
Every element in B has a pre – image in A. 2

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𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 17. Power rule m n
(a ) = a mn
b) ∑𝑛1 𝑛2 = 1 + 2 + 3 + …….+ n =
2 2 2 2
6
𝑛(𝑛+1) 18. (a×b)m = am × bm
c) ∑𝑛1 𝑛3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + …….+ n3 = ( ) 𝑎 𝑎𝑚
2 19. (𝑏)m = 𝑏𝑚
𝑙+1
d) ∑𝑛1(2𝑛 − 1) = 1 + 3 + 5 + …. + (2n – 1) = ( ) 20. Let α and β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then
2
12. Fibonacci sequence 21. α2 + β2 = (α+β)2 – 2αβ
F1 = F2 = 1 Fn = Fn + Fn+1 n = 3, 4, 5 ….. 2
22. │α – β│ = √(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 4𝛼𝛽
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89…….
23. α3 + β3 = (α+β)3 – 3αβ(α+β)
24. α3 – β3 = (α – β)3 + 3αβ(α – β)
ALGEBRA 1 1 𝛼+𝛽
1. 2 2
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b 2 25. 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝛼𝛽
2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2 𝛼
26. 𝛽 + 𝛼 =
𝛽 𝛼2 +𝛽 2
=
(𝛼+𝛽)2 −2𝛼𝛽
3. a2 – b2 = (a+b)(a – b) 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽

4. i) (a+b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 CO – ORDINATE GEOMETRY

ii) (a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a+b) 1. Distance between any two points
5. a3 + b3 = (a+b)3 – 3ab(a+b) 2 2
D = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1) units
6. a3 + b3 = (a+b)(a2 – ab + b2)
7. i) (a–b)3 = a3 + 3a2b – 3ab2 – b3 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
2. Area of a triangle A =
2
(𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦1
) sq. units
ii) (a- b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a+b)
8. a3 –b3 = (a–b)3 + 3ab(a – b) 1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
3. Area of a quadrilateral A = (𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1
) sq. units
9. a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2) 2
𝑙𝑥2+𝑚𝑥1 𝑙𝑦2+𝑚𝑦1
10. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac 4. Section formula internally is P = ( , )
𝑙+𝑚 𝑙+𝑚
11. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab 𝑙𝑥2−𝑚𝑥1 𝑙𝑦2−𝑚𝑦1
12. (x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + (ab + bc + ac)x2 + (a + b + c)x + abc 5. Section formula externally is P = ( , )
𝑙−𝑚 𝑙−𝑚
13. General form of a quadratic equation 𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
6. Midpoint formula M(x, y) = ( , )
i) ax2 + bx + c = 0 2 2
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑦3 𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
ii) x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0 7. Centroid of a triangle G(x, y) = ( , )
2 3 3
14. Let ax + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation then the value of x is
8. Slope of a straight line
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
x= 2𝑎
a) m = tanθ θ≠900 when θ is given
𝑦2−𝑦1 𝑦1−𝑦2
15. Product rule am × an = am+n 9. m = = 𝑥1≠ x2 when two points given
𝑎𝑚 𝑥2−𝑥1 𝑥1−𝑥2
m–n
16. Division rule =a m<n: an ≠ 0. −𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
𝑎𝑛 10. m = when ax + by + c = 0 is given
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
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11. Equation of a straight line 1
9. cosecθ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
a) General format ax + by + c = 0 1
10. secθ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
b) Intercept form y = mx + c
c) One point is given y – y1 = m(x – x1) 11. Pythagorean identities
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑦1 i) sin2 θ+ cos2θ = 1  cos2θ = 1 – sin2θ  sin2θ = 1 – cos2θ
d) Two points are given =
𝑦2−𝑥1 𝑥2−𝑥1 ii) coscec2θ– cot2θ = 1  cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ  cot2θ = cosec2θ –1
𝑥 𝑦
e) x intercept(a), y intercept (b) is given + =1 iii) sec2θ– tan2θ = 1  sec2θ = 1 + tan2θ  tan2θ = sec2θ – 1
𝑎 𝑏
12. Equation of x – axis y=0 12. Trigonometry θ value table
13. Equation of y – axis x=0 Θ 00 300 450 600 900
Sinθ 0 1 1 √3 1
14. Parallel to x – axis y=k 2 √2 2
15. Parallel to y – axis x=k Cosθ 1 √3 1 1 0
16. Parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + k = 0. 2 √2 2
17. Perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is bx – ay + k = 0. Tanθ 0 1 1 √3 
√3
Cosecθ  2 √2 2 1
√3
Secθ 1 2 √2 2 
√3
TRIGONOMETRY Cotθ  √3 1 1 0
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 √3
1. sinθ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2. cosθ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 MENSURATION
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
3. tanθ =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 I) Solid right circular cylinder
4. cosecθ = Reciprocal of sinθ =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 1) Curved surface Area = 2rh sq. units
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
2) Total surface Area = 2r(h + r) sq. units
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
5. secθ = Reciprocal of cosθ =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
3) Volume = r2h cu. units
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 II) Right circular hollow cylinder
6. cotθ = Reciprocal of tanθ = 1) Curved surface Area = 2h(R + r) sq. units
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
7. tanθ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2) Total surface Area = 2(R + r)(R – r + h) sq. units
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 3) Volume = h( R + r)(R – r)h cu. units
8. cotθ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
III) Solid right circular cylinder

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1) Curved surface Area = rl sq. units 𝛴(𝑥−𝑥)2
ii) Actual mean method σ = √
2) Total surface Area = r(l + r) sq. units 𝑛
1
3) Volume =3 r2h cu. units iii) Assumed mean method σ = √
𝛴𝑑2
− (
𝛴𝑑 2
) d=
𝑛 𝑛
IV) Sphere
𝛴𝑑2 𝛴𝑑 2 𝑥−𝐴
1) Curved surface Area = 4r2 sq. units iv) Step deviation method σ = √ − ( ) ×C d=
𝑛 𝑛 𝐶
4
2) Volume = 3 r cu. units
3
𝑛2 −1
4 v) Standard deviation for first n Natural numbers σ = √
V) Hollow sphere Volume = 3 (R3 – r3) cu. Units 𝑛

VI) Solid hemisphere vi) Standard deviation = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝜎
1) Curved surface Area = 2r2 sq. units vii) Coefficient of variance (C.V) = 𝑥 × 100
2) Total surface Area = 3r2 sq. units PROBABILITY
2
3) Volume = 3 r cu. Units
3
1. A random experiment is one which is the exact outcome cannot be
VII) Hollow hemisphere predicted before conducting the experiment.
1) Curved surface Area = 2(R2 – r2)sq. units 2. The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called
2) Total surface Area = (3R2+ r2) sq. units its sample space. It is denoted by S.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐴
2 3. P(A) =
3) Volume = 3 (R3 – r3) cu. Units 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝐴)
VIII) A sector of a circle converted into cone 4. P(A) = 𝑛(𝑆)
1) CSA of a cone = Area of the sector
5. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then AB = 
𝜃
rl = 3600 × r2 cu. Units 6. The probability of an event A lies between 0 and 1.
IX)
1
Frustum Volume = 3 h(R2 + r2 + Rr) 1  P(A)  1
X) Volume of water flows out through a pipe = (cross section area × Speed × Time) 7. P(A) + P(A) = 1.
8. Addition theorem on probability
𝑛(𝐴𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴) 𝑛(𝐵) 𝑛(𝐴𝐵)
STATISTICS 𝑛(𝑆)
= 𝑛(𝑆)
+ 𝑛(𝑆)
− 𝑛(𝑆)
1. Range = highest value – lowest value 9. Probability of sure event is 1.
𝐿−𝑆
2. The coefficient of range = 10. Probability of impossible event is 0.
𝐿+𝑆
3. Standard deviation
𝛴𝑥 2 𝛴𝑥
i) Direct method σ = √ − ( )2
𝑛 𝑛

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