Integument
Movement
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Integument Integument
Animal Coloration
Structural colors Melanins
Produced by the physical structure of the surface tissues Black or brown polymers responsible for earth-colored
shades
Pigments
Carotenoid pigments
Molecules that reflect specific light rays
Impart yellow and red colors
Crustaceans and ectothermic vertebrates
Often contained inside xanthophores
Pigments are in large cells with branching processes
called chromatophores Ommochromes and pteridines
Pigments may concentrate in center of cell or be Responsible for yellow pigments of molluscs and
dispersed throughout cell arthropods
Green coloration
Usually produced by yellow pigment overlying blue
structural color
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Animal Symmetry
Symmetry
Architectural Pattern Correspondence of size and shape of parts on
opposite sides of a median plane
of an Animal
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Radial symmetry
Body divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes Bilateral Symmetry
passing through longitudinal axis Organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into
Usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals two mirror portions
No anterior or posterior end Right and left halves
Can interact with environment in all directions Much better fitted for directional (forward) movement
Associated with cephalization
Differentiation of a head region with concentration of nervous
tissue and sense organs
Advantageous to an animal moving through its
environment head first
Always accompanied by differentiation along an
anteroposterior axis.
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With reference to location relative to the center AXIAL REGION = head + trunk
of the body × snout - most anterior portion of the head
× external nares - pair of openings at the tip of the snout
(a) medial – near the middle; × bulging eyes - upper and lower eyelids
(b) lateral – to the sides; × nictitating membrane – transparent structure, keeps the eyes
moist when underwater
(c) proximal – part of a structure that is
× tympanic membrane (eardrum)- covering auditory canal
nearer the origin; × paratoid gland / poison gland -large swelling at each side
(d) distal – part farther from the origin. of the head
× cloacal aperture – most posterior part of the trunk, on the
dorsal side
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MALE FEMALE
APPENDICULAR REGION = forelimbs + hindlimbs
FORELIMBS (anterior) - short The skin on the ventral side of the head The pigments are diffused; hence, there
× upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, near the angles of the jaw has a is no distinct dark pigmentation at
× hand/manus – four digits, rudimentary thumb (prepollux)
distinct dark pigmentation due to this area.
concentration of pigments.
HINDLIMBS (posterior) - long The thumb pads of inner fingers are The thumb pads of the inner fingers are
× thigh, shank, ankle/tarsus, enlarged or "swollen". These are not "swollen".
× foot/pes – five digits, sixth rudimentary toe (prehallux) used during amplexus or false
copulation.
× Note the webbed toes
Sexually mature male frogs are Sexually mature female frogs are
generally smaller than female. relatively bigger than males.
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TASK 1:
Observe live frog/toad and label the different
external structures. Both axial and appendicular
regions. Use colored pins and tape for labeling.
TASK 2:
Determine the sex of the toad based on the
following tabulated distinguishing external
characteristics.
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Skeletal Systems
Bone
Living tissue with significant deposits of calcium
salts in an extracellular matrix
A few bones are formed within connective tissue
membranes
Intramembranous bone formation
Ex: bones of face and cranium
Two types of adult bone: Spongy (cancellous) and
compact (lamellar)
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Task: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton
Appendicular endoskeleton – consists of all The Skull-Dorsal View
endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the nasal bones- a pair of flat, triangular-shaped bones just
region of the extremities or appendages. behind the nares
b.1 Girdles Frontoparietals - two long, slender, flat bones, posterior to
nasal bones
Pectoral girdle foramen magnum – posterior, large opening
Pelvic girdle Occipital condyle
b.2 Bones of the limbs Exoccipital
Anterior limbs or forelimbs
Posterior limbs or hindlimbs
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Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton
The Skull-Dorsal View
The Skull-Ventral View
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Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton
Lower Jaw or Mandible Hyoid Apparatus
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Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton
Vertebral Column Pectoral Girdle + Sternum
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Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton Task 2: Gross Anatomy of Toad Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle Bones of the Forelimbs
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Animal Movement
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Animal Movement
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Cardiac Muscle
Muscle fibers
Striated
Branched
Adjacent cells joined by specialized junctional complexes:
Intercalated discs
1 – 2 centrally located nuclei
Associated with myocardium and is fatigue resistant
Contraction is under autonomic control (involuntary)
The heartbeat originates within specialized muscle
fibers (nodal tissue)
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Animal Movement
× Cutaneous pectoralis
Origin – xiphisternum
Insertion - dermis of the skin at the pectoral region
Action - tense the skin which overlies the pectoral girdle
× Anterior Pectoralis
Origin - Sternum
Insertion - Humerus
Action - flexor, adductor, rotator of the arm
× Rectus Abdominis
Origin - pubic border
Insertion - Sternum
Action - support the abdominal viscera; hold the sternum in place
× External oblique
Origin - ilium, dorsal fascia of vertebrae
Insertion - on the linea alba
Action - help constrict the abdomen and support the viscera
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Animal Movement
Ventral Muscles of the Thigh and Shank
× Sartorius
Origin - Pubis
Triceps brachii Insertion - Tibiofibula
Action - flexes the shank and adducts the thigh
× Adductor longus
Origin - Ilium
Insertion - Femus
Action - adducts the thigh
× Adductor magnus
Origin - pubic and ischial symphysis
Insertion - distal end of the femur
Action - adducts the thigh and flexes or extends the shank
× Gracilis major
Origin - Ischium
Insertion - Tibiofibula
Action - adducts the thigh and flexes the shank
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