English

4th Qtr. MT Reviewer

I. Philippine Literature: Contemporary Period
• reflects modern life and culture:
-rapidly changing, and
-full of contradictions.
• features a modern narrative
• set in a harsher reality:
-included personal cynicism,
-disillusionment, and
-frustration.
Characteristics:
-reflects the author's perspective and can come across as cynical or distrustful
-questions facts and historical perspectives.
-no longer "innocent," but ironic
-reflects our political, social, and personal views
-Contemporary Literature usually applies to anything written after World War II.
Realistic
-characters behave the way most readers would; believable;
-setting is a real place or at least seems like a real place;
-events could happen in real life; and
-dialogue is informal and conversational and often includes regional dialects.
The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
-The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating
American Army.
-On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously alone. The chains were
broken.
The State of Literature During This Period
-The early-post liberation marked by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the sudden emancipation from
the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.
1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poems by Manuel Viray
2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection of prose and poetry by Maximo Ramos and Florentino
Valeros
3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by the professors of UE, mostly in English (short stories,
essays, research papers, poem and drama) by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar The themes of most poems
dealt with the usual love of nature, and of social and political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep
emotional intensity.
7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
9. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia Villa’s HAVE COME, AM HERE won acclaim
both here and abroad
The New Filipino Literature During This Period
-Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese
brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese government and the brave guerilla exploits.
Period of Activism (1970-1972)
-Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the government. In the expression of this desire for
change, keen were the writings of some youth who were fired with nationalism in order to emphasize the
importance of their petitions.
The Literary Revolution
-The youth became completely rebellious during this period. This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations
and in the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once
aristocratic writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and wrote on placards in red paint the
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
Writing During the Period of Activism
-The irreverence for the poor reached its peak during this period of the mass revolution. It was also during this
period that Bomba films that discredit our ways as Filipinos started to come out.
Palanca Awardees for Literature in English
-Established in 1950, the Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature had been giving cash prizes for short story,
poetry and one-act play writing as an incentive to Filipino writers. The prizes come from La Tondena, Inc., the firm
founded by the late Carlos Palanca Sr.
Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
-The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give
annual awards. • Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the development or progress of the country –like the
Green Revolution, family planning, proper nutrition, environment, drug addiction and pollution. The New Society
tried to stop pornography or those writings giving bad influences on the morals of the people. All school newspapers
were temporarily stopped and so with school organizations.
Filipino Poetry During the Period of the New Society
-Themes of most poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs and the beauties of nature and
surroundings.
The Play Under the New Society
-The government led in reviving old plays and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela, Cenaculo and the Embayoka of
the Muslims which were presented in the rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk Arts Theater and the Cultural Center
of the Philippines.
Radio and Television
-Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD
KO, and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those without television.
Filipino Films
-A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film Festival) was held during this time. During the festival
which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were shown in all theaters in Metro Manila. 1. MAYNILA…SA
MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol Roco
was the lead role. 2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal performer here. 3. GANITO
KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz. 4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de Leon.
Comics, Magazines and Other Publications
-During this period of the New Society, newspapers donned new forms. News on economic progress, discipline,
culture, tourism and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape and robberies.
Overview of the Literature During the New Society
-Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early as 1958 and continued up to
the period of Martial Rule in September 21, 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of
education. The focus of education and culture was on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor
and a firm resolves to carry out plans and programs.
Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985)
-After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the Filipino which started under the New Society,
Martial Rule was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
Filipino Poetry
-Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their
criticism against the government. The supplications of the people were coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane
and insulting language.
Filipino Songs
-Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for
freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen.
Philippine Films During the Period
-The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to be held during this period. The people’s love for sex films also
was unabated.
Periods (1986-1999)
-History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained their independence which they lost twenty
years ago.
-In the span of four days form February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) prevailed.
Together, the people barricaded the streets petitioning the government for changes and reforms.
On Newspapers and Other Publications
-Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers became instant opposition papers overnight. This was
true of BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper.
On Books
-The Philippine revolution of 1986 and the fire of its spirit that will carry the Filipinos through another epoch in
Philippine history is still being documented just as they have been in the countless millions who participated in body
and spirit in its realization.
II. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Verbal Communication
- exchange of information by words.
- less chance of confusion and misunderstanding the message
- leads to a prompt interchange of information.
- doesn’t essentially require the presence of both the parties at the same place.
Nonverbal Communication
- exchange of information by wordless cues.
- more chance of confusion and misunderstanding the message.
- can take more time.
- requires the presence of both the parties at the same place.
Oral Communication
- originates from the Latin “oralis” meaning “mouth”
- spoken rather than written
Verbal Communication
- originates from the Latin “verbum” meaning “word”
- relating to or in the form of words
Body Language
- gestures, facial expressions and postures
- conveyed through the whole body
- vision and sight
Paralanguage,
- non-lexical components if speech such as pitch, tone, intonation, etc.
- conveyed through the mouth
- hearing
III. Outline
 A blueprint or plan before writing
 Way of developing and arranging ideas
 present relationships among main ideas, minor ideas and supporting details
Types of Outline:
Topic Outline
-summarizes using words or phrases for brief description
Sentence Outline
-summarizes using complete sentence as it is more informative
Outline Format:
TITLE
I. Main Idea #1
A. Minor Idea #1
1. Supporting detail #1
2. Supporting detail #2
B. Minor Idea #2
II. Main Idea #2
A. Minor Idea #1
B. Minor Idea #2
IV. Text Types
 different forms of writing:
-done for specific purposes, and
-given to specific audiences.
Narrative Text
-tells a story using a series of events,
-is set in a time and place,
-addresses problem of the characters, and
-gives message to the readers
-picture books, cartoons, mystery, fantasy, adventure, science fi ction, historical fi ction, fairy tales, myths, legends,
fables, plays
Expository Text
-a straightforward discussion of a topic
-uses easy-to-understand words and easy-to-follow structure
-information of a topic
 Explanation
-tells how things work or why something happens
-starts by naming the topic,
-describes items related to the topic in their right order, and may include visual images, eg flowcharts and
-diagrams, which support what is written in words
Recount
-retells past experiences, either real or imagined
-describes the series of events in time order
-journals, diaries, historical reports, summary of a story
Persuasive Text
-gives different points of view in order to make an informed decision
-gives reasons to convince other people to do it
-debate, advertisements, commercials
V. Lexical and Contextual Clues
Lexical Clues
- also known as ‘dictionary definition’
- clues from the word itself
Contextual Clues
- hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word
Context Clues can be found:
-in the same sentence or paragraph as the difficult or unfamiliar word.
-Context clues are called as such because they are found in the ‘context’ or ‘situation’ of the sentence or passage.
Synonyms or Restatements
- Words with similar meanings are used within the same sentence, or around the unfamiliar word
Example: Santa Claus was so portly that his doctor declared him overweight.
Antonyms or Contrast
- The unfamiliar word is defined by using the word’s opposite or contrasting meaning.
- This type of context clue usually includes the words: whereas, unlike, as opposed to, however, in contrast to, but,
on the other hand.
Example: Unlike Jen, who was easygoing, Jackie was fastidious.
Inference
- Word meanings are not directly stated in the text, but definitions of unfamiliar words can be assumed by both
prior knowledge and the context in which the word sits.
Example: She was so famished that people felt sorry for her and gave her food to eat.
Definition
- The unfamiliar word is directly defined in the sentence in which it appears.
- Definitions are usually set off by commas or dashes, and may include the use of the words, as, or, that is, and in
other words.
Example: Apples, red fruits that grow on trees, are my teacher’s favorite.
VI. Homonyms and Polysemy
Homonyms
- Derived from the word homo means the same and “nym” means name
- Words having the same spelling and pronunciation, but with two or more meanings
- refers to the existence of unrelated words that look or sound the same
- different meanings, different origins
Polysemy
- POLY- SEMY, MANY- MEANING
- The same word which has many RELATED meaning
- coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase
- related meanings, related word origins
VII. Analogy
 a comparison which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it.
 aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.
 uses symbols:
__ : __ :: __ : __ or
__ is to ___ as ___ is to ___
Types of Analogy:
Synonyms
- words that have similar meanings. scared: frightened :: happy: joyous
Antonyms
- words that have opposite meanings. push: pull :: give: take
 Part and Whole
- the first word is part of the second word. The order can also be whole to part. kitchen: house :: keyboard: computer
Member and Class
- the first word may be an element of the class that the second word describes, or vice versa. This category can also
be classified as “Type Of”.
Degree of Intensity
-two words express a similar concept, but one word is stronger, harsher, or more intense than the other.
-answer-pair must be the same as in the original pair.
Definition
- one of the words can be used to define the other. This is probably the most common type of analogy problem.
Lack of
- one word describes the absence of the other word. This sub-category of the definition type of analogy is
important and common enough to warrant a name. disheartened : hope
Manner
- it describes the manner, way, or style by which an action is accomplished. chatter : speak
Function
- it describes the purpose or function of something. mnemonic : memory
Action and Significance
- one word describes an action and the other word indicates the significance of the action. curtsy :
reverence
Pertaining to
- one word refers to the category or class the other word belongs to.
Symbol and Representation
- one word stands for or represents a concept, an action, or a thing. caret : insert
Cause and effect
- one word stands for the reason and the other for the result. drug : cure
Agent and Action
- one word is the agent to do the action. brain : thinking
Component and Product
- one word is the component of the other. butter : cake
VIII. The Small Key
Paz Latorena “Writer”
-one of the foremost writers of
-first generation of Filipino
-English writers, in both literary writing and education
-was a poet, editor, author, and teacher.
Born: January 17, 1908, Boac, Marinduque
Died: October 19, 1953, Tawi-Tawi
Education: University of Santo Tomas, University of the Philippines Manila
 “The Small Key” won third place in Jose Garcia Villa’s Roll of Honor for the year’s best short stories.
 Latorena transferred to the University of Sto. Tomas, from which institution she graduated in 1930
Main Characters:
Soledad Buhay
-wife of Pedro Buhay
-wonders why Pedro keep old clothing of his died wife
Pedro Buhay
-Husband of Soledad
-keeps the clothes of his wife
Summary:
1. One morning Soledad finds herself knowing that the farm will produce plenty but that she still had some inner
feeling of discontent. She planned to mend some of her husband's shirts, which were in a locked trunk. Pedro took
out from his pocket a string which held two keys, one large and shiny and one small and rusty. He gave Soledad
the large key to his trunk and put the small key back in his jacket pocket. 2. Since it was hot that morning, he
removed his coat before leaving to work in the field. When he was gone, Soledad began to fold the jacket and the
small key fell to the floor. It is obvious that Pedro values the small key while Soledad fears it. 3. Soledad knows that
the small key is a key to a different trunk. She wonders why it is that he keeps her old clothing and why he seems to
have a special feeling about them. She obviously fears that Pedro still loves his first wife even though she has been
dead for many years by now. 4. She reveals that she hates the things in the small trunk and worries that they will
destroy the relationship between her and her husband. Despite her attempts to not think about the contents of the
small trunk, Soledad opens it. 5. At this point, Pedro returns home to find Soledad in bed supposedly with a fever. It
turns out she does not. The next morning Pedro discovers a pile of ashes and half burnt clothing in the backyard.
He realizes what Soledad has done and rushes to look in the trunk to confirm it. Soledad has indeed, burned his
first wife's clothing. 6. Pedro is angry and bitter that this has happened, and he expects that Soledad will explain things later.
He thinks to himself that he will forgive her because he loves her but that even if she did it out of love for him, it will always
remain a matter of some resentment toward her for doing it.
Story Analysis
Symbolism:
Small key: has a big meaning in the story because it served as the object that reminds him of his first wife
Trunk: symbolized how Pedro tried to hide his memories of his dead wife
the remains served as the main memories of his past wife
Elements of the Story:
Setting- Pedro and Soledad’s house and backyard
Theme- Memory of love once
Moral of the story- Don’t do something today that you will regret tomorrow.