NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Chapter 4
FORCE
-> cause of motion
-> either a push or a pull
-> interaction of two objects or of an object with its environment
-> vector quantity
-> SI unit (Newton, N)

Spring Balance -> common force-measuring device

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TYPES of FORCES
Contact Force -> causing motion by having physical contact
-> normal force, frictional force, tension force

Long-Range Force
-> causing motion without physical contact
-> electric force, magnetic force,
gravitational force (weight)

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SUPERPOSITION of FORCES

“Any number of forces applied at a point on a body have Ftot
the same effect as a single force equal to the vector
sum of the forces.”
   
Ftot   F  F1  F2  
“Any force can be replaced by its component vectors,
acting at the same point.


F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj
2 2
F  Fx  Fy

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SUPERPOSITION of FORCES
Example: F1 = 3N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Solution:

   Ftot
Ftot  F1  F2 60

F1  F1 x iˆ

F1  3N iˆ

F2  F2 x iˆ  F2 y ˆj

F2 x  F2 cos  F2 y  F2 sin  F2  1.5 N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj
 3N cos 60  3N sin 60
F2 x  1.5 N F2 y  2.6 N

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SUPERPOSITION of FORCES
Ex: F1 = 2N, F2 = 3N , Find the total force (magnitude & direction) on block A.

Solution:

Ftot
   

Ftot  3N iˆ  1.5 N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj 60
30

Ftot  4.5 N iˆ  2.6 N ˆj

 magnitude  direction

Ftot   4.5N  2   2.6 N  2   tan 1 2.6N

4.5N
Ftot  5.19 N   30

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NEWTON’S 1 s t LAW of MOTION
-> systems in equilibrium (zero net force on a body)
-> Law of Inertia

“An object at rest, remains at rest and an object in motion,

remains in motion, unless acted upon by a net external force”

-> A body acted on by no net force moves with zero acceleration

(constant or zero velocity) in a straight line.


F  0
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NEWTON’S 2 n d LAW of MOTION
-> non-zero net force on a system

“A net force acting on a body causes the body

to accelerate in the same direction as the net
force.”
 
 F  ma
x and y components

F x  ma x F y  ma y
equivalence of 1 Newton
m
1N  1 kg 2
s
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NEWTON’S 2 n d LAW of MOTION
Ex: A worker pushes a 40kg cargo box with a force of 20 N on
a smooth level floor. What is the acceleration of the box?

Solution:
Fx  ma x
Fx 20 N m
ax    0.5 2
m 40kg s

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NEWTON’S 3 r d LAW of MOTION
-> Law of Action and Reaction

“For every action, there’s always an

equal and opposite reaction.”

 
FA on B   FB on A

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MASS vs. WEIGHT
Mass -> amount of matter in a body
Weight -> force exerted by gravity on a body due to its mass m
w  mg
w  mg
Ex. A 60 kg person will experience a weight equivalent to:

w  mg
 (60kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
w  588 N

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NORMAL FORCE
-> force exerted by a surface on a body in contact with it
-> directed perpendicular to the surface




m m m


w w w

 0 w   w cos 
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TENSION
-> force exerted by a rope, cable or cord on a body 


F  
f T1
m1

T 
  T2
T w1
 m2
T


 w2
F   
F T1  T2

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FRICTIONAL FORCE
-> force experienced by a body due to friction
 
f F
-> always directed opposite to the direction of motion
-> directly proportional to normal force
 
f  
coefficient of friction

Static frictional force -> force that acts on a body at rest

-> minimum force needed to move a body from rest
-> coefficient of static friction μs

f s   s
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FRICTIONAL FORCE
Kinetic frictional force -> force that acts on a moving body
-> coefficient of kinetic friction μk

f k   k
Rolling frictional force -> force that acts on a rolling body
-> coefficient of rolling friction μr

f r   r

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FRICTIONAL FORCE
Example: How much pushing force must be given to the η
980 N cargo box, in order for it to start to move if the fs F
coefficient of static friction between the box & the floor 980N
is 0.4?
Solution:
w
f s   s
f s   s (maximum static friction)
w
f s  s w
 (0.4)(980 N)

f s  392 N In order to move the box, one must apply a force of at least 392 N.

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FRICTIONAL FORCE
Example: A constant force of 370 N is required to move
a 980 N cargo box on a level floor at a constant velocity. fk F
What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the 980N
box and the floor?
Solution:
F
 F 0 k 

fk  F
370N
 k  F 
980N
 k  0.38

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EXERCISES
1. A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of 80.0N to a block of ice on a smooth
horizontal floor. The frictional force is negligible. The block starts from rest and moves 11.0m
in 5.00s. (a) What is the mass of the block of ice? (b) If the worker stops pushing after 5.00s,
how far does the block move in the next 5.00s?

5.00s 5.00s

80 N

m m m

11.0m
x=?

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EXERCISES

Fx= ?
2. Superman throws a 2400-N boulder at
an adversary. What horizontal force must 2400N 12m/s2
Superman apply to the boulder to give it
horizontal acceleration of 12.0m/s2?

3. At the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io, the acceleration due to gravity is gIo = 1.81m/s2. A
watermelon weighs 44.0 N at the surface of the earth. (a) What is the watermelon’s mass on
the earth’s surface? (b) What are its mass and weight on the surface of Io?

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FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD)
-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body 
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin
f T
y
FBD for m1 : m1

T
f T1 w1
x m2

w1 w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating to the right, then
F x  T1  f  0 F T  f  m a
x 1 1 x

F y   w  0  F   w  0
y

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FREE BODY DIAGRAMS (FBD)
-> 2D analysis of forces acting on a body 
-> treat the body as a single point at the origin
f T1
y
FBD for m2 : m1
T2
T2
w1
x m2

w2 w2

If this system is in equilibrium, then If this system is accelerating downward, then

F x 0 F x 0

F y  T2  w  0 F y  T2  w   ma y

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