PAL Encoder

 The block diagram of PAL encoder is shown in figure, it uses the gamma corrected
RGB signals from the camera tube as input and produces the composite colour video
signal at its output.
 The gamma corrected RGB signals are applied to the Y matrix, which is a resistive
network. It will attenuate RGB signals in adequate proportions to produce the
luminance signal Y and its inverted version (–Y).
 The Y signal is applied to the delay line while -Y signal is applied to the (V-U)
matrix.
 The (V-U) matrix is a resistive network which combines the R, B and –Y signals in
appropriate proportion to produce the chrominance signal V and U. The relation
between V and U and RGB signals can be expressed using the following equations:
 Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B
 U = 0.477(R-Y)
 V = 0.895(B-Y)
 At the output of (V-U) matrix we get U and V signals as shown in figure, the 90
degree phase shifted colour subcarrier(CSC) and the U signal are applied to the U
modulator. The U and V signals are bandlimited to 1-2 MHz. The U modulator output
is denoted by a Fu.

 The CSC is also applied to the PAL switch controlled by the sync pulse generator to
obtain phase shift of zero degree and 180 degree on alternate lines. This CSC is
modulated by V signal to produce signal ±Fv at the output of the V modulator.
 The Fu and ±Fv signals are then added together to obtain the F signal, which is further
added to the delay compensated luminance Y and the sync and blanking pulses from
the sync pulse generator to produce the composite colour video signal.
PAL Decoder
 The block diagram of Pal Decoder is shown in figure. The modulated signal is applied at
its input and the primary colour signals R, G and B are obtained at its output. These
signals are applied to the colour picture tube to reproduce the coloured picture.
 The Pal Decoder is similar to the NTSC decoder with an additional 64 µsec delay line and
an electronic switch operated by a color burst which is separated from the received signal.
 Electronic switch will reverse the phase of subcarriers applied to the V detector on every
alternating line. The modulated signal received at the input is passed through a video
detector which modulates it to obtain the composite colour video signal.
 The luminance signal ‘Y’ is applied to the Y amplifier which is a wideband video
amplifier with a bandwidth of 5 MHz. It is further passed through a delay Network and
applied to the RGB matrix.
 The colours sub-carrier and its sidebands are separated by using 3-5 MHz amplifier. This
amplifier will allow only colour burst signal and the chroma signal to pass through it. The
signal is applied to the subcarrier generator to generate the phase synchronous color sub-
carrier.

 The colour burst is also applied to the line sync. identification circuit the output of which
controls the phase reverse switch the identification signal derived from the colour burst is
needed to synchronize the phase reversal switch.
 The Chroma signal is applied to 64 µsec delay line the output of which produces a
delayed Chroma signal by one H-line period.
 The direct and delayed chroma signals are combined in an add and subtract network is
also called as delay line matrix, and the output of adder and subtractor are applied to the
U and V detectors respectively.
 The regenerated CSC is applied directly to the U detector produce U signal. The
subtractor output and phase alternating CSC is applied to the V detector obtained V
signal.
 The detected U and V signals are applied to a resistive matrix to produce the (R-Y), (B-
Y) and (G-Y) signal which are applied to RGB matrix alongwith luminance signal ‘Y’ to
produce R, G and B signals.