CHE1002 - Process Calculations

Dr. S. K. Behera
School of Chemical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India – 632 014.
Module 2

Stoichiometry
 System
System : A quantity of matter or a region in space for study
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called boundary.
Anything outside the boundary is called surrounding.

The boundary can be real or

imaginary; fixed or
changeable, has no thickness
and volume , and does not
contain any substance.

3
Closed system:
A system in which only energy can cross the boundary but no
mass can enter or leave.

Open system:
A system in which both energy and mass can cross the boundary.
Isolated System

An isolated system is a system that cannot exchange either

energy or mass outside the boundaries of the system.

5
Law of Conservation of mass

• States that the mass of substances in a closed system will

remain constant, no matter what processes are acting inside
the system.

• It is a different way of stating that though matter may change

form, it can be neither created nor destroyed. The mass of the
reactants must always equal the mass of the products.

6
 Ammonium orthophosphate
One Phosphorus Atoms

(NH4)2HPO4
Four Oxygen Atoms

Two Ammonium groups atoms One Hydrogen Atom

Two Nitrogen Atoms Totals

N–2
Eight Hydrogen Atoms H–9
P–1
O-4 7
 Ammonium orthophosphate
(NH4)2HPO4

Totals
N–2 N 2 x 14.0067 = 28.0134
H–9 H 9 x 1.0079 = 9.0711
P–1 P 1 x 30.9738 = 30.9738
O-4 O 4 x 15.9994 = 63.9976
132.0559

8
• Avogadro’s Hypothesis – Equal volumes of gases
at constant pressure and temperature contain same
number of molecules.

9
 Mass & Volume relations for Gases

• All substances in the ideal gaseous state, 1 gmol of

material at std. conditions (00C, 760 mm Hg) occupies
22.4 lit.

– 1mol - 22.414 lit

– 1kmol - 22,414 m3

10
 Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationship between
elements in compounds and follow these relationships through

chemical reactions.

• It rests on the principle of the Conservation of matter.

2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(l)  Al2Br6(s) 11

 Chemical Equations

• Depict the kind of reactants and products and their

relative amounts in a reaction.

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Al2O3(s)

• The numbers in the front are called stoichiometric

coefficients.

12
Suggestions for Balancing Chemical Equations

– CANNOT change subscripts

– CANNOT add/delete
products or reactants

13
 Balanced Equation
• Since Matter is conserved both sides we have to have the same
number of atoms

Reactants  Products
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
1C 1C Carbon Balanced

4H 4H Hydrogen Balanced

4O 4O Oxygen Balanced

All elements are in equal amounts on both sides of the equation

Therefore this is a balanced equation
General Plan for Stoichiometry Calculations

Mass Mass
reactant product

Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
reactant product
How many moles of butane gas react to produce 0.125 mol
of water? How many moles of oxygen gas react?

13
C4 H10  O2 4CO2 5H 2O
2

1 mole of butane gives 5 moles of water

0.125 moles of water is produced by 0.125/5 = 0.025 moles of butane

1 mole butane reacts with 6.5 moles of Oxygen.

0.025 reacts with 0.025 x 6.5 = 0.1625 moles.
In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is obtained. It is desired
to produce 500 kg of dry ice per hour and that 50% of the
CO2 can be converted into dry ice. How many kg heptane
must be burned per hour?
Basis: 1 hr = 500 kg dry ice

C7 H16  11O2  7CO2  8H 2O

CO2 formed = 500/0.5 = 1000 kg = 1000/44 = 22.727 kmol

1 mole of CO2 is formed from 1/7 moles of heptane

kg heptane burnt = (22.727/7)*100 = 325 kg
How many grams of oxygen form when 8.91 g of KClO3(s)
decomposes?
KClO3(s)  KCl(s) + O2(g)