I.

bINTRODUCTION

Living in a capitalist world, what people pay for their energy consumption is not

the actual cost of what they really consume. In the recently published Power

Development Plan 2017 to 2040, the Philippines has one of the highest electricity

tariffs in Southeast Asia as of end-2016, posting an average industry rate of P5.84 per

kWh. The country also accounts for having outstanding commercial and household

rates of P7.49 per kWh and P8.90 per kWh, respectively.(Powerphilippines,2016) The

reason is that before electricity enters their homes, it still runs through different types

of private institutions which basically profit from it. As electricity is passed from one

company to another, there are additional charges. This then makes electricity more

expensive. As a result, rich owners of these private institutions gain more profit and

are made even richer.

Setting aside economics, energy production does not just cost us much money, but

also incurs substantial cost in our environment. Typical energy production plants

nowadays not only produce electricity but at the same time, produce harmful toxic

materials that could harm the environment or the place in which we are living.

This research was conducted in order to solve these two key issues that plague our

society. First the economic issue and second the environmental issue as stated above.

In this study, the researchers would develop a wind turbine system that would help

Filipino houses located in urban areas like subdivisions to have electricity without

relying greatly on the grid owned by big power companies and at the same time,
reduce carbon emission produced by the thermal plants of these companies thus,

reducing pollution.

However, a challenge for urban wind energy is the lower mean wind speeds in the

urban environment. This is due to an increased surface roughness of the free stream

winds and reduced installation heights of small wind turbines. Next to lower mean

wind speeds, the incoming wind will have higher turbulence intensity. (Eng., 2011) In

order to respond to these challenges, the researchers have chosen to use a diffuser

augmented type wind turbine or commonly known as D.A.W.T.

D.A.W.T. will be best described as a wind turbine modified with a cone shaped

wind diffuser. In other words the rotor blades of the wind turbine are set inside a

diffuser. The addition of a diffuser to a wind turbine has been found to increase power

output for a given wind speed (Ohya et al, 2008) and to maintain the power production

capabilities in turbulent conditions, making a DAWT more suited to small scale

energy production in an urban environment than a traditional Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbine (Clausen, 2016).

Having known which type would best fit, this study would focus on improving the

design of the pre-existing DAWT designs in terms of its blade and diffuser design, in

order to improve further the efficiency of the turbine and suit the environmental and

climatic condition of the research locale.

In hopes of success, this research would help not just ordinary Filipino people to save

a lot of money but, also the planet we are living in maintaining it clean and green.
II. OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of this study is to develop a wind turbine system that will be

suitable for the conditions in an urban residential area.

1. To design a wind turbine that can provide and sustain electricity needed

using clean energy

2. To fabricate the proposed design of this study

3. To Test the output for its workability

4. To present a cost analysis of the study

5. To test the output of this study

 III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS FINAL OUTPUT

1. Designing
1.Gathering data
2. Fabrication Small scale
And calculation
diffuser
3. Evaluation
2. Material augmented wind
and testing
selection turbine
4. Cost analysis
of the project

This figure represents the conceptual framework of the study. The

framework suggests that the input of this study is the gathering of all the data needed

and calculations,wherein related literature of past studies is considered. It is also

suggests that the process would involve the manufacturing, evaluation and testing of

the study. In the testing phase, redesigning is considered if the study is a failure or not

functioning. When all the processes are already successful, the final output will be

revealed.
IV.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the studies related to the research after a comprehensive and

thorough search for information done by the researchers. This chapter will also

include a definition of terms for better understanding of the research to be done.

Related Literature

Wind energy is produced by the movement of air or wind and converted into

power for human use. Wind energy is produced with wind turbines. When the wind

turns the blades, the blades turn a generator and create electricity. Wind turbines can

either have a horizontal or a vertical axis. The following are studies relevant to the

topic of this research entitled “Development of a Wind Turbine System for Residential

Application”.

Wind Energy

Areview of wind energy technologies recommended the use of renewable

energy sources, such as wind energy, to help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.

This study focused on wind energy and provided a brief background of it. It also

incorporated a review on the different techniques and loads for design, control

systems and economics of wind energy conversion system. (Herbert, et. al, 2005)
Wind Energy in the Philippines

The total wind electric potential from areas with good to excellent wind resource is

conservatively estimated to be 76,000 megawatts of installed capacity or

approximately 195 billion kilowatt hours per year. Even if only a small fraction of this

potential can be readily developed, this still represents a substantial wind potential that

is much greater than estimated in previous studies (Elliott, 2000).

Wind turbine

The Case of Wind Turbines placed an emphasis on renewable energy systems

as a key asset for global sustainable future development. Wind energy was highly

recommended by this study due to its high conversion performances. However, the

use of large scale plants for wind energy may still affect the environment (Savino, et

al., 2016). A review on small scale wind turbines emphasized its preference on

decentralized small scale turbines over the installation large scale wind farms and

gives reasons in support of this. This study also reviewed the different types of small

scale wind turbines such as horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines. Also, the

positioning of wind turbines along with aero-acoustic aspects, and the lessons learnt

from various studies/countries on actual installation of small wind turbines were

presented (Tummala, et al., 2015). Design and State of Art of Innovative Wind

Turbine Systems proposed the improvement of wind turbines to increase efficiency

through an analysis of the factors relevant to the converted wind energy. This study

aimed to show a systematic methodology for innovation as an effective procedure to

enhance the capability of developing innovative products, to overcome the problems

of the main wind turbine designs and to eliminate the technical contradictions which

appear in the wind turbine systems. (Nikolic et al., 2016)

Wind Turbine Analysis

On Analyzing a Wind Turbine System from Simulation to Formal Verification,

looked into industrial systems that are hybrid in nature, specifically the wind turbines.

This study also considered the challenges involved in designing industrial control

systems like the wind turbines, and the methods used to address these challenges.

Relevant modeling and verification challenges encountered during their experiences

with the wind turbine system were also discussed. (Seceleanu, et al, 2016)

Wind Turbine Reliability Analysis categorized the main designs of wind

turbines in terms of reliability through comparison of data from selected major studies

in their literature. The results indicated that the crucial parts of wind turbines are the

blades and gear boxes, and that larger wind turbines fail more frequently than smaller

ones. This study then considered the probable increase in necessity of condition

monitoring for the improvement of the levels of reliability. (Perez, et al, 2013)

Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine

Theoretical Demonstration of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine Performance

aimed to find a theoretical demonstration of diffuser augmented wind turbine

(DAWT) with the use of theoretical analysis, mathematical models, assumptions, in

addition to computer program for calculations and drawings (Badawy&Aly, 2000).

One of the promising advanced concepts for overcoming the economic deterrents to

widespread use of wind power which is the DAWT(Diffuser-Augmented Wind

Turbine).The diffuser controls the expansion of turbine exhaust flow, producing a

highly sub atmospheric pressure at the turbine exit. The low static pressure induces

greater mass flow through the turbine in contrast to a conventional turbine design of

the same diameter. DAWT maximize the power output than the other unshrouded

turbine. (Foreman & Oman, 1977)

Development of a Shrouded Wind Turbine with a Flanged Diffuser developed

a wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with a broad-ring flange at the

exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. This flanged-diffuse shroud serves as a

device for collection and acceleration of the approaching wind. As a result, a shrouded

wind turbine equipped with a flanged diffuser has been developed, and demonstrated

power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed. In their field

experiment using a prototype wind turbine with a flanged diffuser shroud, the output

performance was as expected and equaled that of the wind tunnel experiment (Ohya,

et al, 2008).

Flow Analysis for DAWT

Design and Flow Velocity Simulation of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine

used CFD(computational fluid dynamics. Results show that each aspect from each

concept developed has perfection in diffuser efficiency and wind outlet velocity. The

velocity contour plot diagram of the redesigned concept shows that the high velocity

contours are actually occupying the mid area of the wind turbine blades. It is realized

that inlet shroud can provide a better flow direction and streamlines with the flanges at

the end of the diffuser. The back flow which produces vortices inside the diffuser is
also reduced (Saravana and Kannan, 2016). CFD Analysis of Flow Fields for

Shrouded Wind Turbine’s Diffuser Model with Different Flange Angles showed a

development and analysis of 2-D axisymmetric CFD model of flanged diffuser using

fluent package. The package shows the flow characteristics inside diffuser model and

around it for different flange angles, where the flowing conclusions are obtained.

First, there is a good agreement between numerical results by fluent package and

published experimental results. Second, the present numerical results validate the

presence of vortices behind diffuser flange that causes negative pressure region, and

consequently diffuser entrance air velocity increase. (Obiaa, n.d)

Computational Analysis of Flow Fields around Flanged Diffusers shows the

computation of flow fields around flanged diffusers to study small-type wind turbines.

Their calculations under various conditions of diffuser opening angle and the flanged

height, it is shown that the performance of a flanged diffuser strongly depends on the

opening angle and flanged height because it greatly affects the nature of the separation

appearing inside the diffuser.(Peyman and Meskinkhoda,2014).

V. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study primarily focuses on improving and redesigning the rotor blade and the

shape of the diffuser of a diffuser augmented wind turbine or commonly known as

DAWT that would best suit with the condition of the research locale. Navigation and

battery systems shall also be taken account into the redesigning process of the wind

turbine. The testing field would be subjected and be limited only to urban residential

areas, other fields of application like industrial plants, universities and company

buildings will be considered. The improved turbine shall only be a prototype for the

future used.

VI.METHODOLOGY
Research Design

This study is an applied type of research wherethe results from various

theoretical researches by the academe are used to give a probable solution to various

problems. This study is to provide solution for residential houses to minimize

dependence on the grid in producing electricity using clean energy. The proponents

will achieve this study by developing the design of a diffuser augmented wind turbine

system.

Research Procedure

The first part of the study would be the literature review. In This phase,the

proponents will do the data gathering, analyzing and review any existing articles,

papers, thesis, journals and documents that would be useful for the proponents in

establishing the most suitable design for this study. The environmental and climatic

conditions of the selected house in a subdivision shall be gathered. These are some

data needed; (1) average wind speed, (2) air temperature, (3) relative humidity. These

data would be gathered using proper instruments.Consultations of qualified advisers

are considered at this phase.

The second part of this study would involve calculation.The proponents will

consider all the data gathered in calculating the needed data. Getting Brainstorming is

also needed in this part considering all data to get a suitable design.

The third part would involve the designing process. Here, the researchers would

apply the data that they have gathered in the literature review in determining the
materials to be used and all components needed to form the blade, diffuser and

everything involve in designing the turbine. Autodesk Inventor and Solid works shall

be used in sketching and modeling the design.

Using the data gathered from the literatures and site conditions and exploiting the

design made by the researchers the next part would involve simulation using Autodesk

Inventor. In this part, simulation would be conducted in order to foresee any

abnormalities, defects and unwanted probabilities that may arrive from the design of

the researchers. This also is the stage where adjustment would be done in the design if

simulation results are not desirable. Designing and Simulation would be repeated until

the desired results would be achieved.

If desired design would already be determined by the simulation, the next step

would be the purchasing of the components, and materials to use in fabricating the

desired design of the researchers.

The next step would be the assembly and fabrication. In this step the purchased

materials would be fabricated solely by the researchers to cut cost.

After the fabrication process, testing and evaluation shall follow, alteration with

the turbine design shall commence when operation defects and a like shall be found.

This process shall be repeated again and again until the turbine is free of undesirables.
Design Procedure

The proponents shall use the results of their literature to help them design the

wind turbine. The following shall be designed by the researchers

Diffuser. The proponents shall design a diffuser that will produce a great

change between the inlet pressure and the exit pressure. The exit pressure should have

a lower pressure than the inlet pressure to produce vacuum. In designing this diffuser,

the researchers must know what the angle of the diffuser should be and what auxiliary

materials to be attached in order for the exit pressure to be lower than the inlet

pressure

Rotor Blade. The proponents shall design a blade that would revolve efficiently

in low wind speeds. However it should also handle a gear wing load in case of high

wind speeds

Gear Box. The researchers shall design a gear system that would be able to

convert the lower rotating blade velocity into high rotating velocity in the generator.

Turbine Structure.The proponents will find the suitable materials and structural

design which could handle the different stresses incurred by the winds and other loads.
Testing Procedure

The researchers shall perform thisin order to know the workability of the

turbine; the researchers shall commence three phases of testing. The phases are as

follows:

Theoretical phase.In here the design of the researchers has no tangible body yet, the

design of the researchers is still in paper and those designs shall be subjected into a

simulator like SOLID WORKS

Controlled phase. The researchers shall put their tangible output into a test with

controlled variable. These will be achieved by using the wind tunnel in the University

On-Site phase.The researchers shall subject their final output into their prospected

site, to determine its operation in real settings.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

This study would require the following instruments:

1. Anemometer

 Is a type of weather instrument used for measuring the wind speed

2. Psychrometer

 Two thermometers used to measure relative humidity

3. Tachometer

 Is a type of instrument measuring the rotational speed of a shaft or a disk

4. Wind vanes

 Is a device which determines the wind direction

5. Barometer

 An instrument usedto measure atmospheric pressure

6. Thermometer

 An instrument used to measure the air temperature

7. Strain gauge

 Device for measuring the changes in distance between points in solid bodies
that occur when the body is deformed

8. Accelerometer

 Is a device that measure proper acceleration

Research Constraints

This section presents the limiting factors that may occur in real worlds that the

researchers need to evaluate with respect to specific criteria, to compare the relative

strengths and weaknesses with, and toselect one or more of these concepts for further

investigation, testing, or development.

In this study the following constraints are Manufacturability, Economic, Safety

and Sustainability.

Manufacturability.The extent of which the wind turbine can be manufactured

with relative ease at minimum cost and maximum reliability.

1. Can be produced by existing Methods – This determines whether the

output can be easily manufactured by means of existing processes.

2. Availability of Materials- The difficulty of the materials needed for

fabrication to be obtained

3. Lesser Production Cost – It determines whether it would have a lesser

costing to manufacture the output.

4. Complexity on building the machine- How complex is the construction of

the machine

Sustainability.The ability of the wind turbine to be maintained in operation at a

certain rate or level and at a certain time span. The wind should also be durable.
 1. Expected Lifespan- How long the machine will last

2. Performance Under Heavy Usage- Is the ability of the output to perform

efficiently and durably when subjected to heavy loads

3. Maintenance – This determines the frequency of the output to be maintained.

Economical.This measures whether the wind turbine would yield better results

compared to the amount of money, time or effort spent.

Safety – This determines whether the wind turbine does not cause harm to the

operator or the surrounding area.

1. Components Remain Intact upon Operation – This determines whether the

output of this study will not have any material fly when in operation.

2. Free from fire and electric hazards – This determines whether the output

could easily caught or produce fire and if it could easily electrocute the

operators.

3. Ergonomically Designed – This determines if the output could interact with

the operators safely and without discomfort.

DESIGN 1

DESIGN 2
GEAR BOX DESIGN
Table 1. Pugh Chart

Constraint

Weight Weight
(%)
Pugh Concept Selection Matrix
s

(%)
Economic Manufacturability

Can be produced by existing

5.54
methods
Resouces are readilty available 5.17
18.17
Lesser production cost 6.00
1.46
Selection Criteria

Easier to build/s complexity

25.79 25.79
Is cost-efficient based on cost-
benefit analysis

Components remain intact upon 18.78

operation
Safety

44.37 Free from fire and electrical

13.23
hazards
ergonomically designed 12.36
Sustainabilit

Expected life span 4.00

11.67 4.24
y

Performance under heavy usage

Maintenance 3.42

TOTAL SCORE
WEIGHTED SCORE 100.00
COST ANALYSIS

The following are the tentative expense that will incur in the research. The
researcher also notes that the following expenses are cumulated expenses per
component and are mere estimations only.

Table 2. Cost Analysis

COMPONENT COST QUANTITY TOTAL COST

Brushed DC motor P1,000 9 P9,000

Fabrication of P1,000 500g P1,000

Propeller

Diffuser P500 9 P4,500

Tower Structure P500 1 P500

Planetary Gears P1,000 9 P9,000

Spur Gears P1,000 9 P9,000

Others P200 4(9) P5,000

(bearings, etc.)

Total= P38,000
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