Bachelor Thesis and Colloquium Proposal

ME184841 Bachelor Thesis and Colloquium

IDENTIFICATION OF FERRY VESSELS VULNERABILITY

TOWARDS FIRE CAUSED ACCIDENTS IN INDONESIA: BASED
ON ACTUAL SURVEY IN TANJUNG PERAK

Proposed by:
Putu Gede Andhika Nidyatama
04211541000051

DEPARTEMENT TEKNIK SISTEM PERKAPALAN

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI KELAUTAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
SURABAYA
2019
 LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Pengusul
Nama : Putu Gede Andhika Nidyatama
NRP : 04211541000051

Judul : Identification of Ferry Vessels Vulnerability Towards Fire-Caused Accidents

in Indonesia: Based on Actual Survey in Tanjung Perak

Grup Studi : Marine Operation and Maintenance

Tempat Pelaksanaan TA
a. Marine Operation and Maintenance Laboratory
b. Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak

Proposal tugas akhir ini telah disupervisi dan disetujui untuk diujikan pada periode
ujian semester 8 tahun ajaran Genap 2019.

Surabaya, 8 Februari 2019

Supervisor Proposal 1 Supervisor Proposal 2

Dr. Eng. Trika Pitana, S.T., M.Sc. Ir. Hari Prastowo, M.Sc.
NIP. 197601292001121001 NIP. 196510301991021001

Catatan:
1. Supervisor penulisan proposal tugas akhir tidak harus menjadi pembimbing
tugas akhir.
2. Keputusan penentuan dosen pembimbing akan ditentukan oleh Manajemen
Departemen Teknik Sistem Perkapalan – ITS setelah proposal Tugas Akhir
dinyatakan diterima.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Every maintenance list in a marine diesel engine maintenance list is commonly a
planned maintenance strategy. The fault and failure are determined by its operating
hour without considering its current condition. Marine diesel engine on the other
hand, works on its specific loads, and speed given. This makes every single engine
in a vessel will have different condition among the others. For example, a container
vessel which travels with higher sea margin will have a worst condition rather than
those which travels with lower sea margin. Even with approximately running the
same operating hours. This means, a condition monitoring system has to be installed
in order to optimize its performance based on its condition. By installing the
condition monitoring system, it also leads to developing condition-based
maintenance. The condition-based maintenance strategy is very uncommon in
shipping industry. Only 2% of shipping company apply this maintenance strategy.
This means the other 98% still apply the planned maintenance based on engine
manufacturer recommendation. In some cases, class society also play a vital role in
developing the condition-based maintenance. Class society controls and allow
shipping company to use and install condition monitoring systems in addition to
provide condition-based maintenance strategy. As for the output of this final
project, implementing condition monitoring will act as an input for developing
condition-based maintenance. By using 2 monitoring methods, which are used
engine oil monitoring, and exhaust gas monitoring, this final project may determine
any possible problems occurred inside the combustion chamber, along with any
damaged parts in it. The measured condition will act as a recommendation for
shipping company to fully substitute some activity from the marine diesel engine
maintenance list. After determining which maintenance list that can be replaced, it
is necessary also to determine the trend and develop a scheduling as for the
maintenance intervals.
Table of Contents

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 6

1.1 Background Overview....................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Research Problems ........................................................................................................... 7

1.3 Research Limitations ........................................................................................................ 7

1.4 Research Objectives.......................................................................................................... 7

1.5 Research Benefits ............................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER II LITERATURE STUDY .................................................................................. 8

2.1 Problem Overview ............................................................................................................ 8

2.2 Fire Theory ....................................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1 Fire Triangle ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Tetrahedron Theory........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Stages of Fire ................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 Fire Classifications ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2.5 Fire Extinguishers............................................................................................................. 12

2.3 Fire and Safety Appliances .............................................................................................. 12

2.3.1 Life Saving Appliance ....................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 On-board Fire Detectors .................................................................................................. 12
2.3.3 Fire Saving Appliance ....................................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 Fire Control Plan .............................................................................................................. 12

2.4 Regulations ..................................................................................................................... 12

2.4.1 SOLAS ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 IMDG Code ...................................................................................................................... 12

2.5 Survey ............................................................................................................................ 12

2.5.1 Checklist Sheet ................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.2 Survey Location ............................................................................................................... 13

2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process ........................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 14

3.1 Methodology Flow Chart ................................................................................................ 14

3.2 Statement of Problems ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 Literature Study .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER IV SCHEDULING......................................................................................... 15

REFERENCE............................................................................................................... 16
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Overview

Table 1 Domestic Shipping Passengers Departure in Indonesia Main Ports (2006 -2018)1

Total Domestic Shipping Passengers Departure in Indonesia

Main Port (2006-2018)
7000000

5804401
6000000
5345461

5000000

4000000
Number of
Passengers 3000000 2679828
2271164
2000000

925423
1000000

Belawan Tanjung Priok Tanjung Perak Balikpapan Makassar

Jenis Kecelakaan
Jumlah
Tahun Lain-
Tenggelam Terbakar Tubrukan Kandas Kecelakaan
Lain
2012 0 2 2 0 0 4
2013 2 2 2 0 0 6
2014 2 3 2 0 0 7
2015 3 4 3 1 0 11
2016 6 4 3 3 2 18
2017 6 14 6 6 2 34
Total 19 29 18 10 4 80

1
Total Keberangkatan Penumpang Dari Pelayaran Dalam Negeri di 5 Pelabuhan Utama, 2006-2018, Badan Pusat
Statistik – Indonesia.
1.2 Research Problems
Based on the background above, the problems are:

a. How to determine and measure ferry vessels’ vulnerability towards fire-

based accidents?
b. How much impact does each safety measures items has on the ferry vessels
ability to deal with fire-based accidents?
c. How to assess the risk of fire in ferry vessels?

1.3 Research Limitations

These final project limitations are:

a. The weather and environment caused accidents will not be in this research
consideration.
b. The research object is limited into ferry and ro-ro passenger vessels.
c. Guidelines used in this research will be SOLAS and IMDG Code.
d. The passengers’ behaviour will not be in this research consideration.

1.4 Research Objectives

Based on the problems mentioned above, the objectives of this final project are:

a. To determine and measure ferry vessel’s vulnerability towards fire-based

accidents.
b. To determine the impact of each safety measures items has on the ferry
vessels ability to deal with fire-based accidents.
c. To create an instrument to assess the risk of fire in ferry vessels.

1.5 Research Benefits

The final project is expected to give benefits for the various kind of parties. The
benefits that can be obtained are:

a. Provides an instrument which can be used to assess ferry vessels vulnerability

towards fire-based accidents.
b. Provides a knowledge of the impact in every safety measures items on a ferry
vessels ability to deal with fire-based accidents.
c. Provides an information on which party are liable for ferry vessels fire
accidents.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 Problem Overview
Date of
No. Vessel Name Location Cause
Occurance
Short Circuit Connection in Engine
Room and non-marine cable usage.
5.25 mile from
13 January KMP. Nusa Supported by dysfunction of safety
1 Padang Bai
2007 Bhakti fuse which burns fuel filter and
(Bali)
indicator panel in M/E no. 2 at
starboard.
40 mile from There is a fire spark which comes
22 February
2 KM. LEVINA Tanjung Priok from a passenger who smoke and lit
2007
(Jakarta) the dangerous goods on the truck
The fire and smoke in rolls of
KMP. windlass start spreading into the
18 May Sungai Mentaya
3 Dharma floor of the passengers deck which
2008 Hilir
Kencana was covered by vinyl, carpet and
wood for the passengers bed.
There is a possibility that a truck
with license plate 1610 starts the
fire. The inspection couldn't be done
29 October Dharma
4 Java Sea due to the vessel has sink and there
2017 Kencana II
are some nonconformity between
the ocean freight forwarding and the
manifest on-board.
The fire starts from a cargo inside a
truck. Distance between each vehicle
17 July was too narrow so the crew cannot
5 Gelis Rauh Lombok Straits
2014 reach the source of fire. There is also
a case where the height of the
vehicle blocks the sprinkle's work.
Fire spreads out from a refrigerated
truck. The number of truck crossing
from Tanjung Perak Port was over
volume. The trucks mostly have over
45 mile off
04 July Mustika mounted which potentially leads to
6 Masalembo
2011 Kencana II overload. These condition makes the
Besar Island
car deck really crowded and tight.
The sprinkle will not be effective due
to the height of the over mounted
trucks.
2.2 Fire Theory
2.2.1 Fire Triangle
There are 3 elements which must be present at the same time in order for a fire to
start. These 3 elements are:

1. Fire
Any combustible material (liquids, solids, and flammable gas). Most solids
and liquids will vaporize before they will burn.
2. Oxygen
Sufficient oxygen must be present in the atmosphere surrounding the fuel
for fire to burn. This oxygen must be present in the air, or may come in
oxidising substances.
3. Heat
Sufficient heat energy such as hot surfaces, electrical equipment, smoking or
naked lights must be applied to raise the fuel to its ignition temperature.

Figure 1 Illustration of Theory of Fire

(source: www.fireriskuk.com)

Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation (burning) of fuel. The

combination of these three elements is commonly known as “fire triangle”. Any
removal of these elements will be an extinguishers or even no fire at all. Fire
extinguishers may remove one or more elements of the fire elements. Figure 1
shows that the 3 elements that starts a fire.

2.2.2 Tetrahedron Theory

In further research of fire theory, it is determined that a fourth element, a chemical
chain reaction was an important element of fire. It can be described as a pyramid
which have a solid four plane faces.
 Figure 2 The Fire Tetrahedron
(Source: Fire Safety Infographic by PEC Safety)

As in Figure 2, the all four elements must be present for fire to occur. Any removal
of these elements will result in fire being extinguished. The four elements has its
own function such as:

1. Oxygen to sustain combustion.

2. Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature.
3. Fuel or combustible material
4. Exothermic chemical reaction.

Theoretically, fire extinguishers may put out fire by taking away one or more
elements of the fire tetrahedron.

2.2.3 Stages of Fire

In International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) there are 4 stages of fire.
These stages will be described in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Stages of Fire

(Source: www.journeytofirefighter.com)
 1. Incipient
The first stage begins when heat, oxygen, and fuel source combined and
begin having a chemical reaction. This phase is commonly known as
“ignition”. It is represented in a very small fire, which usually goes out on its
own before any following stages are reached. This stage of fire provides the
best chance at suppression.
2. Growth
The growth stage is when the structure fire load and oxygen are used as fuel
for the fire. There are numerous factor affecting the growth of fire. It is during
this stage where a deadly flashover may occur. Either trapping, injuring or
killing the firefighters.
3. Fully Developed
This stage occurs when the growth stage has reach its max and all
combustible materials have been ignited. This stage is the hottest phase of
a fire and most dangerous for anybody trapped within.
4. Decay
Decay is the longest stage of fire. This stage can be determined when a
significant decrease of oxygen or fuel. Two common dangers during this
stage are first, the existence of non-flaming combustibles, which can
potentially ignite a new fire if not fully extinguished. Second, the danger of
a backdraft when oxygen is reintroduced to a volatile, confined space.

2.2.4 Fire Classifications

Fire classifications commonly indicated as A, B, C, D and F (or K). According to IMO,
there are currently two standards which may define classes of fires according to the
nature of the material undergoing combustion, as follows:

International Organization for National Fire Protection Association (NFPA

Standardization (ISO Standard 3941)
Class A: Fires involving solid materials,
organic nature
Class B: Fires involving liquids or
liquefiable solids
Class C: Fires involving gases
10)
Class A: Fires in ordinary combustible
materials (i.e wood, cloth, paper,
rubber and many plastics)
Class B: Fires in flammable liquids, oils,
greases, tars, oil base paints,
lacquers and flammable gases
Class C: Fires which involve energized
electrical equipment where the
electrical non-conductivity of the
extinguishing medium is of
importance.
 Class D: Fires involving metals
Class F: Fires involving cooking oils
Class D: Fires in combustible metals
(magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
sodium, lithium and potassium)
Class E: Fires involving cooking grease, fats
and oils

2.2.5 Fire Extinguishers

Type of Fire
Extinguisher
Solids (wood, Flammable Flammable Electrical Cooking
Type
paper, cloth, etc.) Liquids Glasses Equipment Oils & Fats
Water Yes No No No No
Foam Yes Yes No No
Dry Powder Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Carbon
No Yes No Yes Yes
Dioxide

2.3 Fire and Safety Appliances

2.3.1 Life Saving Appliance

2.3.2 On-board Fire Detectors

2.3.3 Fire Saving Appliance

2.3.4 Fire Control Plan

2.4 Regulations

2.4.1 SOLAS

2.4.2 IMDG Code

2.5 Survey
2.5.1 Checklist Sheet

2.5.2 Survey Location

2.6 Analytical Hierarchy Process

 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methodology Flow Chart
The methodology flow chart shows all the steps for this final project research. The
steps for this methodology are shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2.
 CHAPTER IV
SCHEDULING
Month I Month II Month III Month IV
No Description
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1

10

11

12

13
 REFERENCE
[1] Engeler, M., Treyer, D., Zogg D., Wegener, D., Kunz, A. Condition-based
Maintenance: Model vs. Statistics A Performance Comparison. Procedia
CIRP 57 (2016) 253-258
[2] Windgrove, M. 2015. Shipping slow to adopt condition-based maintenance.
www.marinemec.com (accessed on 17th August 2018)
[3] Ahmad, R., Kamaruddin, S., 2012, An overview of time-based and
condition-based maintenance in industrial application. School of
Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia
[4] Jiang, R., Yan, X., Condition Monitoring of Diesel Engines
[5] Baglee, D., Jantunen, E., Can equipment failure modes support the use of a
Condition Based Maintenance Strategy? Procedia CIRP 22 (2014) 87-91
[6] The International Council on Combustion Engines, Used Engine Oil Analysis
– User Interpretation Guide, 2011
[7] Delvecchio, S., Bonfiglio, P., Pompoli, F., 2017, Vibro-acoustic condition
monitoring of Internal Combustion Engines: A critical review of existing
techniques
[8] Klutke, G., Kiessler, Peter., Wortman, M., 2003, A Critical Look at the Bathtub
Curve
[9] Rastegari, A., Bengtsson, M., Implementation of Condition Based
Maintenance in Manufacturing Industry – A Pilot Case Study
[10] Juric, T., Radica, G., Jelic, M., 2016, Experimental Method for Marine
Engine’s Emission Analysis
[11] Mobley, R., 2002, An Introduction to Predictive Maintenance
[12] Basurko, Oihane., Uriondo, Z., 2015, Condition-based Maintenance
for medium speed diesel engines used in vessel in operation.