Chapter 2 - 1 PDF

BUM1113 Techical Mathematics
Chapter 2:Functions
Laila Amera Aziz
Universiti Malaysia Pahang
September 19, 2016
Laila Amera Aziz (Universiti Malaysia Pahang)BUM1113 Techical MathematicsChapter 2:Functions September 19, 2016 1 / 25
Chapter Overview
1 2.1 Functions
Basic concepts of function
Domain and Range of a Function
2 2.2 The graph of a function
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Determine the domain and range of a function.
Graph the function and determine the domain and range of the
function from a graph.
Applications
Plant growth → depends on sunlight and rainfall
Traffic flow → depends on roadway design
Distance travelled → depends on time and speed of travel
Electric voltage → depends on current and resistance
Functions
A function is a rule which:

When given an input, produces a single output
input output
x Rule f(x)
function
Functions are relations which are:

(a) one-to-one f (x) = 3x
(b) many-to-one f (x) = x 2
√
f (x) = ± x is NOT a function because it produced more than one
output.
Basic Concepts of Function
Example
Given a function f (x) = 3x 2 + 1, find
(a) f (2)
(b) f (x + h)
(c) f (4α + 2)
Exercise
1 If f (x) = 8x − 1, determine

3
(a) f −
4
(b) f (1 − x)
(c) the value of k if f (k ) = 3
15 √ f (8)
2 For f (x) = and p(x) = 25 − x 2 , evaluate .
x −3 p(3)
f (x + h) − f (x)
3 For f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 7, find and simplify .
h
Solution
1 (a) −7
(b) −8x + 7
1
(c)
2
2
3
4
3 2x + h + 3
Domain and Range of a Function
Domain ⇒ The set of values that can go into the function.
Codomain ⇒ The set of values that may possibly comes out of a

function.
Range ⇒ The set of values that actually come out of the function.
Domain and Range of Functions
1 LINEAR:
Domain:(−∞, ∞) Range:(−∞, ∞)
2 QUADRATIC:
Domain:(−∞, ∞)
Range:For ax 2 + bx + c,
[min, ∞) for a > 0 (−∞, max] for a < 0
3 SQUARE ROOT:
Domain:all x values that make the function inside the root ≥ 0
Range:[0, ∞)
4 RECIPROCAL & RATIONAL:

Domain: all values of x for which denominator 6= 0
Range:
(a) Let y = f (x) and solve for x.
(b) The range is all y values for which denominator 6= 0
Domain and Range of Functions
Example
State the domain and range of each function.
(a) f (x) = 3 − 3x
3
(b) g(x) =
2x − 1
√
(c) h(x) = x + 1
√
(d) k (x) = − x + 1
(e) q(x) = x 2 + 4x + 1
(f) f (x) = −2x 2 + 8x − 4
Exercise
Find the domain and range of the following functions.

√
(a) f (x) = x − 5
√
(b) f (x) = − 10 − 2x
(c) f (x) = x 2 − 3
(d) f (x) = −x 2 + 4x − 4
5
(e) f (x) =
x −2
x
(f) f (x) =
3x − 1
Graph of a Function
In order to determine whether a graph is a function or not,

draw a vertical line (parallel to y-axis).
If the line cuts the graph at more than one point, then
the graph is not a function.
Graph of a Function
This is a FUNCTION.
This is a NOT a function.
Linear Function
The general form of linear function is
f (x) = ax + b
where a and b are constants.

y y
b
x b
x
a>0 a<0
Quadratic Functions
The general form of quadratic function is
f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c
where a and b are constants and a 6= 0.

y y
a>0 a<0
Cubic Functions
The general form of cubic function is
f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
where a, b,c and d are constants and a 6= 0.

y y
x x
a>0 a<0
Rational Functions
P(x)
Rational functions are in the form R(x) = where P(x) and
Q(x)
Q(x) are polynomial functions.
If the graph of a function approaches a straight line (but doesn’t
cross the line), the line is known as asymptote.
Asymptotes may be horizontal, vertical or oblique.
What do you need?
Linear Function
1 y-intercept
2 x-intercept
Quadratic Function
b b
1 Min/Max point (x = − 2a y = f (− 2a ))
2 y-intercept
3 x-intercept
Quartic Function
1 y-intercept
2 x-intercept
Rational Function
1 asymptotes
Example
Sketch the graphs of the functions defined by
(a) f (x) = 3x − 1
1
(b) f (x) = − x + 1
4
(c) f (x) = −2x 2 − 4
(d) f (x) = x 2 + 4x + 3
(e) f (x) = x 3 + 8
(f) f (x) = −(x − 1)3
1
(g) f (x) = −
x +2
2
(h) f (x) =
1+x
Exercise
Sketch the graph of each function and determine the domain and
range.
(a) f (x) = 7x − 3
2
(b) f (x) = −x
3
(c) f (x) = −x 2 + 5
(d) f (x) = x 2 − 6x + 5
1 3

(e) f (x) = x +
2
(f) f (x) = −x 3 − 4
3
(g) f (x) =
x
x
(h) f (x) =
x −1
Piecewise Function
A piecewise function is a function which is defined by multiple

sub-functions, where each sub-function applies to a certain interval.
Example
Sketch the graphs of the following piecewise functions

1 x <0
(a) f (x) =
−1 x > 0

x +5 x < −2
(b) f (x) =
x2 + 2x + 3 x > −2
Exercise
Sketch the graph of the following piecewise functions and determine

the domain and range.

2 −1 6 x < 1
(a) f (x) =
−3 1 < x 6 5


 1 x < −1
2x + 4 −1 6 x < 0

(b) f (x) =

 −2x +4 0<x 61
1 x >1


 x +1 x < −2
(c) (x) = 2x 2 − 5 −2 6 x < 3
13 x >3

(Final Exam Sem11516)

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BUM1113 Techical Mathematics

Laila Amera Aziz

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

September 19, 2016

2 2.2 The graph of a function

By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Plant growth → depends on sunlight and rainfall

Traffic flow → depends on roadway design

Distance travelled → depends on time and speed of travel

Electric voltage → depends on current and resistance

A function is a rule which:

Functions are relations which are:

(b) many-to-one f (x) = x 2

(c) the value of k if f (k ) = 3

Domain ⇒ The set of values that can go into the function.

Codomain ⇒ The set of values that may possibly comes out of a

4 RECIPROCAL & RATIONAL:

(f) f (x) = −2x 2 + 8x − 4

Find the domain and range of the following functions.

In order to determine whether a graph is a function or not,

This is a NOT a function.

The general form of linear function is

where a and b are constants.

where a and b are constants and a 6= 0.

where a, b,c and d are constants and a 6= 0.

A piecewise function is a function which is defined by multiple

Sketch the graph of the following piecewise functions and determine

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