b) Fire fighting: To allow the fire brigade to access the building in safe
conditions to locate victims and to locate the fire.
The design conditions are based on the assumption that a building shall
not be evacuated unless directly threatened by fire.
Therefore, it is unlikely that more than one door onto the protected space
(either that between the stair and the lobby/corridor, or the final exit
door) will be open simultaneously.
Class A System For means of escape. Defend in place.
1 Door open
2 Door closed
3 Air release path
The design conditions for Class C systems are based on the assumptions that the
occupants of the building will all be evacuated on the activation of the fire alarm
signal, that is, simultaneous evacuation.
The airflow due to the pressurisation system shall clear the stairway of this
smoke.
The occupants being evacuated are assumed to be alert and aware, and
familiar with their surroundings, thus minimising the time they remain in the
building
Class C System For means of escape simultaneous evacuation
1 Door open
2 Door closed
3 Air release
path
Differential pressure criteria Differential pressure Flow rate criteria
(all doors closed) criteria
Class D System For means of escape. Sleeping risk.
Class D systems are designed in buildings where the occupants may be sleeping,
eg. hotels, hostels and institutional-type buildings. The time for the occupants to
move into a protected area prior to reaching the final exit can be greater than
that expected in an alert or able-bodied environment, and occupants may be
unfamiliar with the building or need assistance to reach the final exit/protected
space.
1 Door open
2 Door closed
3 Air release
path
Differential pressure criteria Differential pressure Flow rate criteria
(all doors closed) criteria
Class E System For means of escape phased evacuation.
Systems used in buildings where the means of escape in case of fire is by phased
evacuation.
a) In the “phased evacuation” scenario it is considered that the building would still
be occupied for a considerable time whilst the fire is developing, creating greater
amounts of hot smoke and gas. (This can vary greatly according to the type of
materials, fire load involved and the geometry of the fire load).
1 Door open
2 Door closed
3 Air release
path
Differential pressure criteria Differential pressure Flow rate criteria
(all doors closed) criteria
Class F System : For fire fighting and means of escape
During Fire-fighting operations, the door between the area where the operations
are being carried out and the accommodation area will need to be opened, to deal
with a potential fire.
In some situations it may be necessary to connect hoses to a riser outlet below the
fire floor, and up through the stairs to the lobby of the fire floor. Therefore it is
often not possible to close the doors between these lobbies and staircase, during
the operation of fire extinguishing. If main exits to the stairs are found only in the
interior of the Hall, or in the accommodation area in front of the halls, the door
between the lobby and corridor or area of accommodation on the floor of the fire
must stay open, during the operation of extinguishing.
Class F System : For fire fighting and means of escape
CLASS A
Defend in place 1,24 m3/s ----------- 1,83 m3/s
CLASS C
Simultaneous evacuation 1,24 m3/s 5,99 m3/s 2,10 m3/s
CLASS D
Sleeping risk 1,24 m3/s 11,42 m3/s 7,51 m3/s
FANS
Double-leaf 0,03 m2
Ae = 8 x 0,01 = 0,08 m2
Symplified method
Q 1,15 v A
D D
Q Q Q
DO D DC
Airflow throuhg the open door in the fire floor:
Symplified method
Prescriptive method
2
2
Q Q Q
Q v A AVA D p DO
p p DO
0,83 A
LOB US
0,83 A
D D US
2,5 VA door
1
1
2
Q 0,83 Arem
1
1 p 2 Q 1,15 Q
LOB LOB SDO LOB
A2 A2
VA door
Airflow throuhg the open door in the fire floor:
Prescriptive method
PUS 9,07 Pa
0,83xAVA 0,83x0,48
Area of the open door in the fire level: Adoor
Adoor = 1,6 m2
Arem = 0,08 m2
Airflow leackage trouhg doors closed
To control the differential pressure in the pressurised areas, one of the following
methods should be used:
- Dampers opening to the outside, to vent excess airflow (the airflow rate of the fan
remains steady )
The standby fans should be of the same type and capacity as the duty fans.
The switch between the duty fan and the standby fan should be automatic.
AIR INLETS
Should be installed in a position where they will not be affected by a potential fire
or by smoke.
In case of risk of smoke entering the air inlet, two dampers provided with smoke
sensors has to be installed so that if smoke is detected in one of the air inlets this
is closed and the alternative one is open.
Installation options
ROOF
Test chamber
MOTORIZED DAMPER
To simulate opening/closing of
doors, and leackages.
RF DOORS
FAN
USE OF CFD
• Dimensions STAIRCASE
(High/Width/Depth): 30 x 6 x 4 metros
• Dimensions LEVEL
• High/Width/Depth): 3 x 10 x 12 metros
• Doors: 1,62 m2
• LEAK: 0,11 m2
44
• SMOKE
45
• OVERPRESSURE
46
• AIR VELOCITY
47
• TEMPERATURE
48
• VISIBILITY
49
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