TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................................II
List of Tables
TABLE 1- OHSR AND ITS CAPACITY (KWA, 2019) ....................................................................... 7
List of Figures
FIGURE 1 - METHODOLOGY FOR EXISTING SITUATION ANALYSIS .......................................................... 2
FIGURE 16EXISTING DRAINS AND NATURAL STREAM ORDER (DEM, KERALA) ................................... 13
FIGURE 35 1KM AND 3KM SERVICE AREA- HOSPITALS (GOOGLE EARTH) ......................................... 29
FIGURE 57 - RANK ORDER FOR MOST URGENT NEED IN SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND
FIGURE 58 - SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSR-JHSS) ) .............. 42
FIGURE 59 - HOUSING CONDITION IN SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
(IOSR-JHSS) )................................................................................................................ 42
FIGURE 60 - TOILET SCENARIO IN SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSR-
JHSS) ).......................................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 61 - WATER SUPPLY AND GARBAGE FACILITY IN SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND
List of Photos
NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.
6.1 Introduction
Infrastructure is the stepping stone for the development of any city. Without proper
infrastructure, the growth of the city is difficult. And the type of infrastructure to some extend
depends on the region, topography, lifestyle of people, homestead pattern, availability of land
and water, etc. Infrastructure development in kerala is at present adequate, even though it is
underdeveloped considering many big cities. But due to the peculiar nature of topography and
homestead pattern, Kerala managed to have not much issue in the infrastructure. Since most of
the houses have enough land and most of the places have good ground water availability, there
is not much population concentration in the city centers as compared to the other north Indian
states where the people cannot have a home at any place, instead they have to consider the
water connection network and sewerage network provided by the ULBs. These factors
determine the size or extend of cities. Unlike this pattern, Kerala doesn’t have much
differentiation between urban and rural areas.
The existing situation analysis of physical and social infrastructure aims at studying the
current scenario, analyzing and identifying the issues and problem facing areas.
The analysis of each infrastructure is mainly done in a decentralised manner i.e. ward
wise.
Objectives of the study are -
To understand the present location-specific conditions
To identify the critical areas in terms of availability and accessibility of
infrastructure
To derive a cumulative score ward wise, rating each ward in terms of overall
infrastructure facility.
6.3 Methodology
% of connections
Municipal water (0.4)
Water supply (0.6)
supply (1) Frequency of
Ground water (0.4) supply (0.2)
Pre-schools (0.25)
Within 1 km
Specialty hospitals (0.4)
(0.6)
Health (1) Within 3 kms. (0.2)
Dispensaries
(0.4)
Within 1 km
Community halls and (0.4)
Socio-cultural auditoriums (0.6) Within 3 kms.
facilities (1) (0.2)
Cinema halls (0.4)
6.4.1 Introduction
Wells, tube wells, natural streams and ponds are the main sources of water in addition
to the water supplied by KWA. The water is supplied from Pazhassi reservoir at
Veliyambara which is 40 kilometers away from the municipality area. The yield from the
source is 30 MLD which is supplied to approximately 30,000 connections in the
corporation area. There are two sections operating the supply - Section office 2 and
Section office 3. (Corporation)
In the municipality area 25% of the population is dependent only on open wells and have no
KWA water connections.
The water is conveyed through gravity main from the TP sump to OHSR. Water tanks
have been strategically placed based on 2 factors –
1. Population density
2. Groundwater quality
Municipality area has the maximum water tanks due to its high population density.
Chelora panchayat has only one water tank which clearly indicates low municipal water
coverage in the panchayat. A major portion of 35% shortage can be attributed to HH in
Chelora. Also regions like pallikunnu and edakkad are well served by KWA due to its
saline ground water.
The current coverage of municipal connections is 65% for the whole corporation area
and the rest 35% are solely dependent on ground water. Most of this 35% lies in Chelora
panchayat due to non-availability of water supply network.
60000
50000
40000
No. of HH
30000
20000
10000
0
Total HH Served HH
HH 48673 31489
Percentage of Municipal
Connections
0.13%
10% Domestic
Non-
domestic
Industrial
90%
Municipality and
most areas of
edakkad and
pallikunnu (having
saline ground water)
are adequately
supplied with
municipal water with
above 90% HH
connections.
Water is supplied in two shifts of 6 hours in Kannur Municipality. After the completion of
the laying of new pipe line, 24 hours water supply can be achieved. 62% of the
corporation receives daily water supply. (Corporation)
Frequency of supply
38% Daily
62% Alternate
days
• Some connections not metered and some metered connections are not in use.
• Water supply lines are difficult to repair and impacts road and traffic movement.
As per URDPFI 135lpcd is the standard to identify the water requirement. Considering it
the quantity of water required for current population and the capacity of water tanks
was calculated. A huge amount of shortage was identified which does not persist due to
dependency of public on ground water sources. Current water usage in the corporation
is 95lpcd. Considering the ideal situation where the whole corporation is only dependent
on KWA water supply, this is the shortage identified -
35
31
29
30 27 27
25
19
20
15 15
15 12
9
10
6.5 DRAINAGE
6.5.1 Introduction
In the corporation region there are9 natural canals whichdrain all the storm water in the
city to the sea. Majority of these drain channels flows to sea except varamthodu which
flows to kakkad river. Main drain channels are chalathodu, kannampuzha,
thottadathodu, ammayithodu, anonnithodu. Most of these channels are in bad
condition with people dumping wastes into it and require rejuvenation. (Councillors,
2019)
6.5.2 Topography
Kannur Corporation has a hilly terrain in the east side and sloped to a nearly plain terrain
in the west. There are three hilly terrains with in the corporation limit, Highest hill
terrain on the north side and second highest next south to the former one and the third
far south extending from northeast of the corporation to the sea creating valleys in
between the three hilly regions. All the drains run through these valleys with paddy
fields on both sides. Edakkad, and Chelora zones are in the hilly areas and Pallikunnu and
puzhathi are in the low lying areas.
In the Corporation region, there is a high tendency to divert the natural flow direction of
drain channels or to fill the subsidiaries of these drains. Most of these conversions
happened in old Municipality, Pallikunnu and Chelora zones.
Most of the old municipality has good drainage facilities. Chelora and edakkad zones
have less no of road side drains. Most of these drains don’t have a proper connectivity
with each other. Most of the drains in the Corporation are open drains. Most of the
drains face blockage issue because of the illegal dumping of waste to the drains. There
are very less number of drains in the divisions, varam, athirakom, adikadalai, kottali, etc.
And in payyambalam and kannathur divisions most of the roads have drain facilities.
Water logging issues are more in the municipality, pallikunnu and puzhathi zones. In
chelora and edakkad, since both are hilly regions water will be drained easily. Most of
the waterlogging issues are found in the natural drains because of the illegal filling and
rerouting of these natural drains. Most of the drains are blocked because of the illegal
dumping of waste. Palliyamoola ward has the most waterlogging issue because of the
tidal effects from sea. And among the divisions this ward has very less road side drain
facility. Even though the road side drain facilities are less in the chelora and edakkad
divisions water logging issues are comparably low. (Councillors, 2019)
More drainage facilities are needed in the low lying areas since waterlogging issues are
more in these regions. Palliyammoola, Kokkenpara, Varam, Veliyanoor, Padanna,
Aryakkal wards need more drainage facilities to deal with the waterlogging issue. And
precautionary steps to be taken to avoid illegal filling and rerouting of existing drainage
canals.
6.6 SEWARAGE
6.6.1 Introduction
In the corporation area there is no proper sewerage network or treatment system. Most
of the households depend on septic tank and the sewerage is allowed to percolate to
ground through soak pits. Above 90% of the houses in the corporation have septic tank
within their plots. In the municipality area there is an issue of people connecting their
septic tank soak pit outlet to the city drains. This is mainly because of the lack of
adequate land available for digging soak pit where there is no ground water source
within 7.5m. There is a proposal for sewerage network. But the difficulty in
implementing is that proposed sewerage line goes along the existing roads through the
centre of the road. To lay the system all the roads have to be demolished. Since there is
a natural slope, Corporation has an advantage in setting a sewerage system.
dumping in the drainage canals which put these agencies under suspicion……….
(Councillors, 2019)
6.6.6 Inference
Lack of sewerage network or system is more affecting the municipality regions as there
is less land available for households. This land deficiency creates problems, in making
soak pits which leads to unhygienic disposal of waste water in to public drains. There
should be proper treatment systems for commercial shops, markets, hospitals etc. Policy
frameworks should be strong enough to prevent industries from discharging waste
water into public drains. Having a proper sewerage network and treatment system
should be in agenda for a long term planning.
6.7.1 Introduction
As per the DPR, total waste generated in the Municipal Corporation is 90 tons which
works out to be 1230 grams / capita / day. As per an extensive survey conducted by NSS
students, the amount of per day kitchen waste generated per household is 2kg and the
amount of per month per household plastic waste generated is 5 kg.
At present, there is no proper waste collection and waste disposal system throughout
the municipal corporation. The system is inconsistent and irregular, clearly showing the
disparity in management of solid waste. Chelora trenching ground located in chelora
panchayat is the only dumping yard in the corporation where all the waste collected by
contingency workers from illegal dumping sites is dumped. (Corporation)
There is no clear estimation or measurement for the amount of waste collected and
disposed at present. Haritha sena and some resident associations collect waste in some
areas and some HH have their own biodegradable waste disposal system like pipe
compost, biogas plant, etc. installed. (Councillors, 2019)
The primary sources of solid waste in Kannur town are local households, shops,
vegetable market, slaughter house and debris. Domestic and commercial establishment
are the main generator of waste. Major portion of the solid wastes is the organic. About
44 % is from residence and 22 % from vegetables and fruit markets. The density of waste
in Kannur town is estimated to be around 455Kg / m3. (Corporation)
Municipality has the major concentration of illegal waste dumping sites due to
inefficient waste collection and waste disposal system . Major portion of the waste
generated in municipality is not only from residential uses but a mix of uses like
commercial, industrial, etc.. (Councillors, 2019)
Edakkad panchayat has low per day solid waste generation due to its low density of HH.
There is less no. of illegal dumping sites in Edakkad as compared to other panchayats
due to –
1. Efficient working of Haritha Sena for plastic waste collection
2. Around 50% of HH have waste disposal system
There is no proper waste collection system in the corporation. Plastic waste is collected
by kudumbashree at some areas but not everywhere. Around 50 Rs. per month is the
average charge per HH incurred. Rest areas have predominant waste dumping on road
sides, vacant plots, etc. Contingency workers are appointed and given required tools and
equipments to collect waste at some places. Night squads also work in the municipality
area to avoid illegal waste dumping. But despite that there is n consistent and
corporation wide system for waste collection and segregation.
Absence of waste collection system can be attributed to highest illegal dumping sites in
municipality. 46% of the corporation has no waste collection system. Edakkad
panchayat has consistent plastic collection facility and more than 50% of HH have waste
disposal system which can be attributed to its less illegal waste dumping sites.
Only 50% of the HH have waste collection facility and 46% HH have no waste collection system.
A total of 1 dumper placer, 1 tractor, 2 tricycles are used for collection of wastes. About
21.04 metric tons were transported to Chelora dumping site. Earlier 4 loads per day sent
to the dumping yard, now due to peoples protest reduced to 13 tones, once in 3 days
with police protection (1 dumper placer + 1 lorry + 2 mini lorries). (Corporation)
There is no treatment plant in the corporation. the method adopted is open dumping in
the Chelora dumping yard. Plastic waste collected at some locations by kudumbashree is
collected but no efficient processing of that collected plastic waste is done. Material
Resource Recovery (MRF) and Resource Recovery (RR) centers at Chelora trenching
ground are not functioning at present.
Kannur Municipal Corporation had been dumping the waste in Chelora which is 10 Km
from the town which is functioning from 1954. Different vehicles are used to transport
the waste to the trenching ground at Chelora. The yard has an area of 23.29 Acres of
land. Out of the 23.29 Acres, 2 acres are used for filling waste. (Corporation)
At HH level, only 10% of the houses have waste disposal system, rest 90% are dumping it
illegally or is collected by contingency workers.
10%
HH with
waste
disposal
90% system
90% of the corporation has no HH level waste disposal facility, mainly concentrated in
municipality , pallikunnu and puzhati panchayat. These are the critical areas facing
situations of illegal dumping due to –
1. no HH waste collection system
2. less than 10% of HH with solid waste disposal system.
Solid waste generated is not collected from whole corporation, hence inefficient
in terms of disparity in collection.
Waste segregation is not done.
Plastic waste collected is not processed at MRF or RR centers.
Very few areas in municipality where waste is not collected is cleaned by
contingency workers.
Frequency of waste dumping by truck drivers is not regular.
There is no treatment process like land filling followed at Chelora Trenching
ground.
At some places waste is burnt by contingency workers creating pollution.
Solid waste is dumped in drains and canals, polluting them.
Out of the total plastic waste generated, only 50% households have plastic waste
collection system.
Only 10% house have HH level biodegradable waste disposal system installed.
No waste treatment plant in the corporation.
Plastic waste collected is not processed at present.
No waste disposal at Chelora Trenching Ground, waste is just dumped there.
Irregular trips of waste collecting vehicles creating illegal waste dumping sites
along roads and in vacant plots.
Table 5 - Gap analysis of solid waste management
COMPONENT STANDARDS EXISTING
Plastic waste collection 100% 50%
Bio-degradable waste 100% (except those HH which 0%
collection have disposal plant)
Waste Treatment Treatment plant must Not available
Waste Disposal Sanitary Land filling method Not Done
6.8.1 Introduction
Kannur corporation have several educational institutes most of them are concentrated
inside the old corporation area. Sufficency of educational facilities are checked in terms
of walkable distance from the school, and based on the population it is served.Number
of school within a walkable distance from the boundary of wards are calculated for the
analysis purpose.
There are 52 preprimary schools within the corporation limits mainly concentrated in
the municipal area. Population in divisions range from 3900 to 4600, from the
calculation of 1 preschool for 2500 students as per UrDPFi it is calculated that 2 school
should be available for each ward. Based on this, Most of the Divisions except chelora
and panjikkayilin elayavoor ,pallikunnu and chelora zones have sufficient no of school
access. In municipality padanna, neerchaal, and aryakal divisions doesn’t have any
preschools within a walkable distance. In puzhathi zone podikundu, kottali,andkakkadu
doesn’t have enough preschools within a walkable distance. Except kizhthuli, all the
divisions in edakkad zone is a concern area in terms of availability of preschools.
All of the corporation except macheri division have access to either up, highschool or
higher secondary school within walkable distance.
6.8.5 Colleges
All the divisions in the corporation have access to colleges within 2.5km distance. Most
of the colleges are concentrated with in the muncipality and along the NH to the
thaliparambudirection.Edakkad and chelora zones have less number of colleges.
As a whole Corporation doesn’t have much issue in the educational sector. More than
the quantity available Corporation should ensure the quality of educational facilities
provided.
As a whole Kannur corporation there is shortage of 2 LP school . Zone wise, puzhathi and
municipality is in shortage of LP schools, while pallikunnu zone is short of UP schools.
There is no shortage for colleges in Corporation.
6.8.8 Inference
6.9.1 Hospitals
Most of the hospitals are concentrated in the municipality region. 2 new big hospitals
are coming up in edakkad zone. All of Corporation except kuruva, attadappa, thilanoor,
pallipoyil have access to hospitals within 3km.
Most of the dispensaries, Phc andchc s are in the chelora, pallikunnu and municipality.
Major portion of Chelora and Edakkad are not served within the distance of 3kms. from
community halls and auditoriums.
Considering a distance of 3kms from cinema halls only 11% and 42% of the area of
Chelora and Edakkad panchayat is served respectively. Kannur municipality has almost
all cinema halls within the corporation.
6.11 HOUSING
Most of the municipality and pallikkunnu panchayat has less than 5% of dilapidated
houses due to –
1. More than 94% of the houses are pucca structures.
Edakkad panchayat has highest (20% to 40%) of dilapidated houses.
% of Dilapidated houses
Dilapidated houses Remaining
5%
95%
Housing conditions on the basis of materials and condition of housing is mostly good and
livable in whole corporation. The percentage of dilapidated houses is below 5% in the
whole corporation except some wards in Chelora and Edakkad Panchayat. On the basis
of materials, more than 90% of houses in Kannur Corporation area are pucca houses
except in Chelora Panchayat where the percentage is 87%.
More compact development can be seen in the center municipality region. Surrounding
this region also have high dense residential settlement pattern. Most of the vertical
mass housing projects are in municipality mainly concentrated in the payyambalam
division. Gated communities can be found outside the municipality region, mainly in
elayavoor, chelora, and edakkad regions. Most of these residential communities are
found in association with educational institutes. Slum communities are more in the
municipality region. Most of the slums are near to ayikakara harbour or to the
railwayline or coastal regions. These slums can account the high density of population in
neerchaal and aryakkad divisions
As per the survey conducted by Town and Country Planning Department on Private
Residential apartments in Kerala, there are 26 apartments in kannur. Out of the total 26
apartments 25 are within the municipality area. Most apartments are ranging from 7 to
11 floors indicating the presence of mid-rise apartments and absence of high-rise
apartments in Kannur corporation. (Survey, TCP Dept.)
Occupancy status
27% Vacant
Rental occupied
67% 6%
Owner occupied
27% of the apartments have no KWA supply, hence likely to face shortage during
summer months
Source of Water Supply
KWA Well/Bore well Both
19%
54%
27%
Sewerage System
42%
58% Septic tank
STP
4%
% of Slum HH in
municipality
Slum HH
Remaining
96%
RANK SERVICES
1 Housing
2 Water supply
3 Toilet
Figure 57 - Rank order for most urgent need in slums (IOSR Journal Of
Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )
As per Census 2011, there is no existing shortage of houses in the corporation. Instead
there is surplus houses which may be vacant/unused posing a bigger threat. Major
concentration of Surplus houses is in municipality and edakkad panchayat.