Siri e-Kuliah PPPJJ, USM

JUE 100
Preparatory English
Dr. George Teoh Boon Sai

Title: Grammar
Part 1
 OBJECTIVE OF LESSON
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• Provide you with tips on how to improve

your grammar.
• Parts of Speech
 TIPS We l e a d

• Don't worry if you don’t have perfect grammar.

• The main point of learning a language is to be

able to communicate.

• using the wrong grammar can lead to

misunderstandings.

• So we need to learn grammar rules.

 TIPS We l e a d

• Learn on your own - using grammar books.

• Practise and test your grammar using grammar
books.
• Buy books with answers.
• Practise forming meaningful sentences.
• For example;
• I love learning English.
• Sally is striving to improve her English.
• We should all try to master the English
Language.
 TIPS We l e a d

• Make various statements.

– Learning English is easy.
• Change statements into questions.
– Is Learning English easy?
• Change active statements into passive ones.
– George is teaching English to his students.

– The students are being taught English by

George.
 Tips We l e a d

• Learn the different tenses.

• Present tense, Past tense, Continuous
tense, Future tense…
• Change sentences in present tense into
past tense sentences.
• She teaches at my school.
• She taught at my school
• Learn by heart a simple example sentence
using each tense.
 TIPS We l e a d

• Practise doing online exercises provided by

various websites.
• Keep a note of your achievements.
• Try to develop a feeling for English – you need
not really learn all the rules.
• Expose yourself to a lot of English materials and
you will be able to use English and you will ‘feel’
that something is right although you might not
know the rule about it.
The words of the English Language are classified
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as PARTS OF SPEECH.
The words are named
according to their functions
 PARTS OF SPEECH We l e a d

Every word, dependent on its use, falls into

one of the following groups:
• The Noun
• The Verb
• The Pronoun
• The Adjective
• The Adverb
• The Preposition
• The Conjunction
• The Explanation or Interjection
 1. The Noun We l e a d

• A Noun is the name of a person, animal,

place or thing.

• For example :
• mother, friend, teacher, client - person
• dog, cat, snake, elephant - animal
• university, kitchen, garden, toilet - place
• car, fruit, rose, pencil – thing
SOME EXAMPLES OF ABSTRACT NOUNS We l e a d

• beauty
• advice
• encouragement
• enjoyment
• fun
• goodness
• help
• information
• love
• joy
 COUNTABLE NOUNS
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• Countable nouns can be counted and are

preceded by a/an.

• For example :
• An apple a day is good for you.

• Note that you can count one apple and

one day.
 PLURAL FORMS
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• How do we add the plural forms to the

nouns apple and day?

• We add the ‘s’ to apple and day (these are

simple forms of nouns).

Apples and days.

 PLURAL FORMS
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• When the simple form of nouns

ends in s,ch,sh, x we add es.

For example :

• boss - bosses
• coach - coaches
• brush - brushes
• box - boxes
 PLURAL FORMS
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• When the simple form of nouns end in o

and is preceded by a consonant, add es.

For example :

• Tomato – tomatoes
• Potato – potatoes
• Hero – heroes
However, here are some exceptions. We l e a d

• auto – autos
• epoch – epochs
• dynamo – dynamos
• piano – pianos
• lasso – lassos
• silo – silos
• soprano – sopranos
• stomach - stomachs
 PLURAL FORMS We l e a d

• When the simple form of nouns ends in f

or fe, to v, add es.
For example :

• loaf – loaves
• shelf – shelves
• self – selves
• knife knives
• half - halves
However, here are some exceptions.
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For example :

• belief – beliefs
• chief – chiefs
• cliff – cliffs
• roof - roofs
 PLURAL FORMS We l e a d

• When the simple form of nouns end in y and is

preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and
add es.
• For example :
• Biography – biographies
• Century – centuries
• Copy – copies
• Library – libraries
• Entry – entries
• Summary – summaries
• Vacancy – vacancies
• Dictionary – dictionaries
• Party- parties
However there are exceptions. We l e a d

• Nouns which end in y with a vowel

(a,e,i,o,u) before y form the plural by
adding s.
• For example :
• airway – airways
• pathway – pathways
• essay – essays
• display – displays
• survey – surveys
• journey - journeys
EXERCISE : CHANGE TO THE PLURAL FORM
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• 1. I need five copy for the ten teacher.

• 2. Put up twenty shelf in the three library.
• 3. The five hundred entry for the writing
contest are causing our two boss a lot of
tension.
• 4. The twenty coach for the trip to Kuala
Lumpur have to be reserved for ten journey.
• 5. We are inviting eight famous soprano to
sing at the concert and we are getting eight
piano as well.
 PLURAL FORMS
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• 1. I need five copies for the ten teachers.

• 2. Put up twenty shelves in the three
libraries.
• 3. The five hundred entries for the writing
contest are causing our two bosses a lot of
tension.
• 4. The twenty coaches for the trip to Kuala
Lumpur have to be reserved for ten journeys.
• 5. We are inviting eight famous sopranos to
sing at the concert and we are getting eight
pianos as well.
 We l e a d

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Thank you!