MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

School of EECE
Intramuros, Manila

Experiment #2
Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive Circuits with a Sinusoidal Excitation

Dotimas, Winvel P. Group No. 2

Date Submitted:
January 31, 2018
EE103L-B6
Score
Date Performed:
January 24, 2018

Engr. Ezperanza E. Chua

Instructor
Preliminary Data Sheet
Sample Computation:

I. Resistive Circuit
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼

4.2𝑉
𝑅=
44𝑚𝐴

𝑅 = 95.4545 Ω

I. Inductive Circuit
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿

𝑋𝐿 = (2)(𝜋)(50𝐻𝑧)(100𝑚𝐻)

𝑋𝐿 = 31.42 Ω

II. Capacitive Circuit

1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
1
𝑋𝐶 =
(2)(𝜋)(50𝐻𝑧)(2.2𝜇𝐹)

𝑋𝐶 = 1446.86 Ω
Graphs & Curves:

Resistive Circuit
120

100

80

60
Impedance

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Fig 1.1. Frequency has no effect.

Inductive Circuit
1200

1000

800

600
Impedance

400

200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Fig 1.2. As frequency increases, so does the reactance of the inductor.

 Capacitive Circuit
1600

1400

1200

1000

800
Impedance
600

400

200

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Fig. 1.3. As frequency increases, the reactance of a capacitor decreases.

Procedure:

I. VOLTAGE-CURRENT RELATIONSHIP (Phasor Relationship for Resistive,

Inductive, and Capacitive Circuit)

A. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.1.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 10 VAC peak-to-peak at 250 Hz as
shown in the oscilloscope.
3. Set an appropriate time base on the oscilloscope to have a good trace
of the waveform and draw the trace or waveform you see on another
sheet of paper.

NOTE: Although the passive elements are purely resistive, the probe 1 of
the oscilloscope is set as voltage monitor while probe 2 is set as current
monitor of the waveforms.
What is the phase difference or phase shift of the two traces or
waveforms?
There is no phase difference between the two waveforms for
they have the same angle.
What did you observe about the time in which the two waveforms started
and then reached their first peak value and so on?
The waveforms reached their first peak value and the rest at the
same time and with no phase difference.
What relationship can you establish between the voltage and current
waveforms for a purely resistive circuit?
The relationship established between the voltage and current
waveforms for a purely resistive circuit is “in-phase”.
4. Switch off the power supply unit.

B. INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.2.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 10 VAC peak-to-peak at 250 Hz as
shown in the oscilloscope.
 3. Set an appropriate time base on the oscilloscope to have a good trace
of the waveform and draw the trace or waveform you see on another
sheet of paper.

Based on the trace or waveform you draw, what is the phase difference or
phase shift (in degrees) of the two traces or waveforms?
The phase shift of the two waveforms is 57.518 degrees.
Which of the two waveforms monitor reaches its positive peak value first?
The inductor waveform reached its positive peak first than the
voltage waveform.
Which waveform monitor is leading? Which waveform monitor is lagging?
The inductor waveform is leading while the resistor waveform is
lagging.
What relationship can you establish between the voltage and current
waveforms for an inductive circuit?
The current waveform lags by 57.158 degrees compared to
voltage waveform.
When the two sinusoidal waveforms do not attain their maximum and
minimum values at the same time, they are said to be
Out of Phase.
4. Switch off the power supply unit.

C. CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.3.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 10 VAC peak-to-peak at 250 Hz as
shown in the oscilloscope.
3. Set an appropriate time base on the oscilloscope to have a good trace
of the waveform and draw the trace or waveform you see on another
sheet of paper.

Based on the trace or waveform you draw, what is the phase difference or
phase shift (in degrees) of the two traces or waveforms?
The phase difference is at 70.936 degrees.
 Which waveform monitor is leading?
The resistor waveform is leading.
What relationship can you establish between the voltage and current
waveforms for a capacitive circuit?
The current waveform leads the voltage waveform.
4. Switch off the power supply unit.

II. IMPEDANCE-FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP

A. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.4.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 50 Hz, with constant output
amplitude of 4 VRMS as measured on the voltmeter.
3. On Table 2.1, following the results table, record the readings of
current and calculate for the impedance.

Based on the results of Table 2.1, how do the voltage, current and
impedance (for purely resistive circuit) change with frequency?
The voltage, current, and impedance are not affected by the
change of frequency.
4. Plot a waveform of frequency against impedance on another sheet of
paper.

Based on the results of Table 2.1 or the waveform you plot, what
relationship can you establish between impedance (for purely resistive
circuit) and increasing frequency?
Impedance remains constant with increasing frequency.
5. Switch off the power supply unit.

B. INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.5.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 50 Hz, with constant output
amplitude of 4 VRMS as measured on the voltmeter.
3. On Table 2.2, following the results table, record the readings of
current and calculate for the impedance.
 4. Plot a waveform of frequency against impedance on another sheet of
paper.

Based on the results of Table 2.2 or the waveform you plot, what
relationship can you establish between impedance (for inductive circuit)
and increasing frequency?
As the frequency increases, the impedance also increases.
5. Switch off the power supply unit.

C. CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.6.
2. Set the sine wave function generator to 50 Hz, with constant output
amplitude of 4 VRMS as measured on the voltmeter.
3. On Table 2.3, following the results table, record the readings of
current and calculate for the impedance.
4. Plot a waveform of frequency against impedance on another sheet of
paper.

Based on the results of Table 2.3 or the waveform you plot, what
relationship can you establish between impedance (for inductive circuit)
and increasing frequency?
As the frequency increases, the impedance decreases.
5. Switch off the power supply unit.
Interpretation of Results & Conclusion:

In this experiment, we investigated about the characteristics of a resistive,

capacitive and inductive circuit when subjected to sinusoidal excitation.

In the first part of the experiment, we study the behavior of a resistive circuit

when applied with alternating current. In table 2.1, it shows that the frequency has no

direct effect on the circuit as both the current and voltage reaches their peak value

simultaneously (see Fig. 1.1), i.e. the voltage and current is the same all throughout at

4.2V and 44 mA, respectively. This concludes that it behaves the same way as when

direct current is applied; it still acts as purely resistive and therefore Ohm’s law still

applies with an AC supplied resistive circuit.

In the second part of the experiment, we study the behavior of an inductive

circuit when applied with alternating current. Inductance opposes any change in current

in a circuit and inductors are the one responsible for adding inductance to a circuit. Now

in an alternating circuit with an AC Inductance, the actual opposition flowing through a

coil in an AC circuit is determined by the AC resistance of a coil called as Reactance to

distinguish it to its counterpart value called Impedance in a DC circuit. So, the

reactance of an inductor, XL, is called an inductive reactance and given by XL=2πfL.

From table 2.2, it shows that as frequency increases, the current flowing through the

inductor decreases, i.e., a 50 Hz has 127 mA while a 100 Hz has 65 mA. This concludes

that voltage leads the current by 90O in a sinusoidal waveform represented by a phasor

diagram in a purely inductive circuit. It can also be concluded that if either the

frequency or inductance is increased, then the inductive reactance also increases (see
Fig. 1.2) and its reactance is comparable to the resistance in Ohm’s Law which is

directly proportional to the source frequency.

In the third part of the experiment, we study the behavior of a capacitive circuit

when applied with alternating current. A capacitor stores energy to its conductive plates

and when connected to a DC supply value, it charges up to the value of the applied

voltage at a rate determined by its time constant. A pure capacitor will maintain its

charge at the rate of a time constant even if the DC source was removed. However, in a

sinusoidal voltage circuit with an AC capacitance, the capacitors will charge and

discharge at a rate determined by the frequency of the supply. The capacitor also

opposes any changes in voltage and unlike a resistor which its opposition to current is

actual resistance, the opposition of current flow in a capacitor is called reactance and

the reactance of the capacitor, XC, is called Capacitive Reactance and is given by XC =

1
. From table 2.3, it shows that as frequency increases, the current flowing through
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

the capacitor also increases, i.e. 50 Hz has 61 mA and 100 Hz has 69 mA. This

concludes that current leads the voltage by 90O in a sinusoidal waveform represented

by a phasor diagram in a purely capacitive circuit. We can also say that capacitors

charges and discharges depending on the rate of voltage change across them, i.e. the

faster the voltage changes, the more current will flow and vice versa. In conclusion, the

capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sinusoidal supply

meaning as frequency increases the reactance of the capacitor decreases (see Fig. 1.3).

Also, as frequency increases, the current flowing into the capacitor increases in value

because the rate of voltage change across its plates increases.