Lecture Notes in

Earth Sciences
Edited by Somdev Bhattacharji, Gerald M. Friedman,
Horst J. Neugebauer and Adolf Seilacher

37

A. Armanini G. Di Silvio (Eds.)

Fluvial Hydraulics of
Mountain Regions

Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewYork London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Editors
Prof. Aronne Armanini
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Trent
1-38050 Mesiano di Povo, Italy

Prof. Giampaolo Di Silvio

Institute of Hydraulics, Faculty of Engineering
University of Padua
Via Loredan 20, 1-35131 Padua

ISBN 3-540-54491-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork

ISBN 0-38?-54491-7 Springer-Verlag NewYork Berlin Heidelberg

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material
is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Dupli-
cation of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German
Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always
be obtained from Springer-Verlag.Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copy-
right Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Printed in Germany
Typesetting: Camera ready by author
Printing and binding: Druckhaus Beltz, Hemsbach/Bergstr.
32/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
 Preface

Following the economical and social development of the local communities,

mountain regions of temperate climates are increasingly becoming the site of
valuable infrastructures and important urban and industrial settlements. As
the catastrophic events of last years in the European Alps have clearly shown,
the vulnerability of these territories has correspondingly increased, in terms of
both property damage and losses of human life.
Until recently, the hydraulic scientific community has paid little attention
to mountain watersheds, except perhaps during the period if the hydropower de-
velopment. Nevertheless attention was then focused on problems and method-
ologies somewhat different from the issues of actual environmental concern.
More recently, however, hydraulic engineers have joined their colleagues
from forest and rural engineering, who have traditionally dealt with erosion
control in mountain areas, to bring in their own methodology, already experi-
enced in lowland rivers. At the same time, academic people focused an interest
in some phenomena, like massive transport, which is typical of mountain envi-
ronment.
To bring together all these contributions and to make the state of the art of
the mountain river science (oropotamology) and lechnology, an International
Workshop was called at the University of Trent (Italy), on October 1989, under
the sponsorship of Fluvial Hydraulic Section of the IAHR.
Three main topics have been recognized as particularly relevant from the
point of view of both research and professivnal people:
a) Hydrodynamics of steep channels and local scale process;
b) Sediment movement and sediment training, with special emphasis on massive
transporl;
c) Particular features of sediment transport related to non-uniform grain-size.
However, as it is the case in these circumstances, the contest of several
contributions often spread over more than one topic. In the following Introduc-
tion to papers, the three topics were split into 11 Sections, each one devoted to
a more particular aspect recurrently addressed during the discussion. The same
paper, thus, may be mentioned in different Sections of the Introduction.

Trento, march 1991

the editors
 Acknowledgements

The Organizing Committee of the Workshop and the Editors of this book are indebted
to the International Advisory Board, who have selected the papers:
Prof. Selim Yalin ( Chairman of the Fluvial Hydraulic Sec. LA.H.R.)
Prof. James C.Bathurst ( University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K)
Dr. Lianzhen Ding (I.R,T.C.E.S., Beijing, China)
Dr. Martin Jaeggi (E. T. H., Zurich, Switzerland)
Prof. Masanori Michiue ( University of Toltori, Japan)

and to the Moderators of the Sessions of the Workshop:

Prof. Matheus deI~ies, (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Dr.Gerrit £ Klaassen, (Delft Hydraulics, De Voorst Laboratory, The Netherlands)
Prof. James C.Bathurst (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K)
who have been fundamental for stimulating the discussion and for distilling the most relevant
aspects in which the following Introduction was articulated.

The Workshop was organized in the framework of the activities of the Italian Groups
for the Disaster Prevention (CNR-GNDCI)) and for Sediment Transport (MURST 40~).
Table of Contents

Introduction to the Papers

A . A r m a n i n i and G.Di Silvio

A Hydrodynamics of Steep Channels and Local-scale Processes.

A I . Flow Resistance over a Gravel Bed: its Consequence on Initial Sediment Move-
ment
W. Graf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A2. Turbulent Flow with Small Relative Submergence
H.Nakagawa, T. Tsujimoto and Y.Shimizu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A3. Flow Resistance and Sediment Transportation in Streams with Steep-pool Bed
Morphology
S.Egashira and K . A s h i d a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
A4. Modification of the Transport Rate Formula for Steep Channels
L.Suszka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A5. Continuous Simulation of Sediment Transport in the Case of Glacierized Water-
shed
F.Sch5berl 71
A 6. Determination of the Critical Conditions of Incipient Motion of Bed Load in Moun-
tain Rivers
W.Bartnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A 7. Bed-load Transport in Steep Channels
T. T s u j i m o t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
AS. Flume Experiments on Alternate Bars in Unsteady Flow
M. Tubino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
A9. River Bars and Non Linear Dynamics
G.Seminara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

B Sediment M o v e m e n t in M o u n t a i n Streams: Erosion-Deposition Models; Deposition in Reser-

voirs; Ordinary and Catastrophic Events; Debris Flow; Sediment Control Devices.

B1. Sediment Yield and River Bed Change in Mountain Rivers

T.Mizuyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
B2. A General Model for Intense Sediment Transport of Plane Bed
A.Lamberti and L.Montefusco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
B3. Model Investigations on the Sediment Transport of a Lower Alpine River
W.Bechteler, G. Vogel and H. Vollmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
B4. Sediment Movement on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan
T.Ishikawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
 Ytl~

B5. Simulation of Reservoir Sedimentation in Mountain Regions

M.Fujita, M.Miehiue and K.Ashida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
B6. Sediment Sluicing in Mountain Reservoirs
ILScheuerlein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
BT. Review of Disastrous Torrent Flood on the Vlasina River on June 26, 1988, Includ-
ing Analysis of Flood and the Obtained Results
Z.Gavrilovic and Z.Matovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
B8. Research of Fluvial Processes in Mountains: a Change of Emphasis
T.Davies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
B9. Mechanics and the Existence Criteria of Various Types of Flows During Massive
Sediment Transport
T. Takahashi 267
BIO. Numerical Analysis of Hillslope-Channel Interaction in First Order Basins
P.Ghilardi and G.Menduni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
B l l . Modelling Short- and Long-Term Evolution of Mountain Rivers: an Application to
the Torrent Mallero (Italy)
G.Di Silvio and M.Peviani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
BI2. Review of Mountain River Training Procedures in Switzerland
I L P . Willi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
B13. From the Check Dam to the Development of Functional Check Dams
A . A r m a n i n i , F.Dellagiacoma and L.Ferrari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

C Non-uniformity of Sediraent: Grain Sorting; Bed Armouring; Transport of Fine-Sediment Sus-

pensions.

CI. Downstream Variation of Grain Size in Gravel Rivers: Abrasion Versus Selective
Sorting
G.Parker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
C2. Morphological Changes and Grain Sorting in Mountain Gravel-bed Streams
D.Pianese and F.Rossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
C3. Diversion Structure for the "Vallabres" Water Project on the Tinee River - France.
Reinterpretation of 1953 Physical Model Studies in Light of Current Knowledge on
Grain Sorting
M.Bouvard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
C4. Mobile Armouring of Bed Surface in Steep Slope River with Gravel and Sand Mix-
ture
K.Suzuki and K . K a l o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
C5. Experimental Analysis of Armouring Process
A.Lamberti and E.Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
C6. Bed Load Transport and Hyperconcentrated Flow at Steep Slopes
D.Rickenmann 429
C7. Experimental Investigations on Bed-load and Suspended Transport in Mountain
Streams
G. Di Silvio and S.Brunelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
C8. Variation of Bed and Transport Mean Diameters in Non-equilibrium Conditions
A.Armanini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
List of Contributors

A r o n n e A r m a n i n i , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of

Trent, Trent, Italy
K a z u o A s h i d a , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyolo University, Gokasho, Uji,
Kyoto 611, Japan
W o j e i e e h B a r t n i k , Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Academy of Agriculture, Cra-
cow, Poland
W i l h e l m B e e h t e l e r , Laboratory for Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structure, University of the
Armed Forces, Munich, Germany
M a u r i e e B o u v a r d , Institut de M~canique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
S t e f a n o B r u n e l l i , Hydraulics Institute "G.Poleni", University of Padua, Padua, Italy
T i m R . H . D a v i e s , Natural Resources Engineering Department, Lincoln College, Univer-
sity of Canterbury, New Zealand
G i a m p a o l o D i Silvio , Hydraulics Institute "G.PoIeni', University of Padua, Padua, Italy
F r a n e e s e o D e l l a g i a e o m a , Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trent, Italy
Shinji E g a s h l r a , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji,
Kyoto 611, Japan
Luigi F e r r a r i , Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trent, Italy
M a s a h a r u F u j i t a , Department of Civil Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
Z o r a n G a v r i l o v i e , Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cerni',
Jaraslava Cernog, Beograd, Jugoslavia
P a o l o G h i l a r d l , Istituto di Idraulica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
W a l t e r H. G r a f , Laboratoire de Recherches Hydrauliques, Ecole polytechnique Fdddrale,
Lausanne, Suisse
T a d a h a r u I s h l k a w a , Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
K o i c h i K a t o , Department of Civil Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
A l b e r t o L a m b e r t i , Hydraulics Institute, University of Bologna, Italy
Z i v o r a d M a t o v i e , Institute for the Development of Water Resources "Jaroslav Cer~i',
Jarastava Cernog, Beograd, Jugoslavia
G i o v a n n i M e n d u n i , Istituto di Idraulica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
M a s a n o r l M i e h i u e , Department of Civil Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
T a k a h i s a M i z u y a m a , public Works Research Institute, Ministry of construction, Japanese
Government, Tsukuba, Japan
Luigi M o n t e f u s e o , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florence, Italy
H i r o j i N a k a g a w a , Department of Civil Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
E n n i o P a r i s , Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florence, Italy
G a r y P a r k e r , St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Min-
neapolis, Minnesota, USA
M a s s i m o P e v i a n i , LS.M.E.S. s.p.a. , Bergamo, Italy
D o m e n i c o P i a n e s e , Department of Hydraulics, Water Resources Management and Envi-
ronmental Engineering, University of Naples, NapoIi, Italy
D i e t e r R i c k e n m a n n , Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology, E.T.H.- Zen-
trum, Ziirich, Switzerland
Fabio R o s s i , Institute of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Penta di Faseiano,
Italy
 X

Helmut Scheuerlein , Obernach Hydraulics Laboratory, Technical University Munich,

Munich, Germany
Frledrich SchSberl Institut fiir Konstruktiven Wassebau und Tunnelbau, Universith't
Innsbruck, Austria
Giovanni Seminara tIydraulics Institute, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Yoshihiko Shlmizu Department of Civil Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama,
Japan
Lechostaw Suszka , Institute of Hydroengineering, Polish academy of Sciences, Gdansk,
Poland
Tetsuro Tsujlmoto , Department of Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa,
Japan
M a r c o T u b i n o , Hydraulics Institute, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
K o i c h l S u z u k i , Deparlmenl of Civil Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
T a m o t s u T a k a h a s h i , Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan
G. Vogel , Laboratory for Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structure, University of the Armed
Forces, Munich, Germany
I-I.3. V o l l m e r s , Laboratory for Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structure, University of the
Armed Forces, Munich, Germany
H a n s P e t e r W i l l i , Swiss Federal Office for Water Economy, Bern, Switzerland