Awwa C 208 PDF

~.
ANSijAWWA C208-12
(Revision of ANSijAWWA C208-07)
American Water Works

Association
The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water•
AWWA Standard
Ditnensions for
Fabricated Steel
Water Pipe Fittings
0 ~- I STANDARD
Ameri<•n I
~':;..~:~· Since 1881
Effective date: Nov. 1, 2012.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1959.
This edition approved June 10, 2012.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Aug. 21, 2012.
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AWWA Standard
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codes of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that
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action will be placed on the first page of the Official Notice section of Journal- American Water Works Association. The action
becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal- American Water Works Association publication
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ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-892-1 eiSBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-188-2

ISBN-10, print: 1-58321-892-0 eiSBN-10, electronic: 1-61300·188·6
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Copyright© 2012 by American Water Works Association

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( Committee Personnel
The Steel Water Pipe-Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) Task Group
on C208, which developed this revision, had the following personnel at the time:
John L. Luka, Chair
General Interest Members
R.]. Card, Manufacturing Consultant, Sugar Hill, Ga. (AWWA)

A . Collins, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA)
R.R. Collins, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA)
K. Couture, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Manufacturing Consultant, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
A. Fletcher, Tyco Water, Southbank, Australia (AWWA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Portland, Ore. (AWWA)
J.L. Luka, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R.N. Satyarthi, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif (AWWA)
D. Seals, JCM Industries, Nash, Texas (AWWA)
0 K.L. Shaddix, Smith-Blair Inc., Texarkana, Texas
B. Simpson, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala.
(AWWA)
{AWWA)
The Standa1·ds Committee on Steel Pipe, which developed this standard, had the following person-
nel at the time of approval:
John H. Bambei Jr., Chair

Dennis Dechant, Vice-Chair
John Luka, Secretary
General Interest Members
WR. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

R.]. Card, Lockwood Andrews & Newnam Inc., Sugar Hill, Ga. (AWWA)
R.L. Coffey, HDR Engineering Inc., Omaha, Neb. (AWWA)
H .E. Dunham, MWH Inc., Bothell, Wash. (AWWA)
S.N. Foellmi, Black & Veatch Corporation, Irvine, Calif. (AWWA)
R .L. Gibson, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
iii
M.B. Horsley,* Horsley Engineering, Overland Park, Kansas (AWWA)
J.K. Jeyapalan, Pipeline Consultant, New Milford, Conn. (AWWA) (
R.A Kufaas, Norske Corrosion & Inspection Services, Surrey, B.C. (AWWA)
J.L. Mattson, Corrosion Control Technologies, Sandy, Utah (AWWA)
W.J. Moncrief,* HDR Engineering Inc., San Diego, Calif (AWWA)
E.N . Olson,t Standards Council Liaison, Brown and Caldwell, Gold Hill, Ore. (AWWA)
R. Ortega,* Lockwood Andrews & Newnam, Houston, Texas (AWWA)
E.S. Ralph,t Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, AECOM, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
J.R. Snow,* MWH Americas Inc., Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
H.R. Stoner, Consultam, North Plainfield, N.J. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M HILL, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
WR. Whidden, Woolpert, Orlando, Fla. (AWWA)
Producer Members
S.A. Arnaouc, Hanson Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)

H.H. Bardakjian, Consultam, Glendale, Calif (AWWA)
R .R. Carpenter, American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Birmingham, Ala. (MSS)
D. Dechant, Dechant Infrastructure Service, Aurora, Colo. (AWWA)
W.B Geyer, Steel Plate Fabricators Association, Lake Zurich, Ill. (SPFA)
B.D. Keil, Northwest Pipe Company, Pleasant Grove, Utah (AWWA)
J.L. Luka,* American SpiralWeld Pipe Company, Columbia, S.C. (AWWA)
R.D. Mielke,* Northwest Pipe Company, Raleigh, N.C. (AWWA)
J. Olmos, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G.F. Ruchti,* Steel Plate Fabricators Association, Punta Gorda, Fla. (SPFA)
D . Walker, Tnemec Company Inc., Oakville, Om. (AWWA)
J.A. Wise, Canus International Sales Inc., Surrey, B.C. (AWWA)
User Members
G .A. Andersen, New York City Bureau ofWater Supply, Little Neck, N.Y. (AWWA)
J.H. Bambei Jr., Denver Water, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
B. Cheng, Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C. (AWWA)
R.V. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (USBR)
* Alrernate
t Liaison, nonvoring
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iv
G . George, Tacoma Water, Water Supply Section, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA)
T.J. Jordan, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, LaVerne, Calif. (AWWA)
M . McReynolds,"' Metropolitan Water District of Southern California,
La Mirada, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Oljaca,* Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C. (AWWA)
G.P. Stine, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA)
N.A. Wigner, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
J.V Young, City of Richmond, Richmond, B.C. (AWWA)
* Alternate
This page intentionally blank.
Contents
All A WWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 5 Verification ..... .... ... ..... ............ ....... 15

I Introduction.. .................. ................. ix
6 Delivery .. .. .. ... ........................ ........ 15
LA Background ...................................... ix
I.B History. ......... ................................... ix Figures
I.C Acceptance........................................ x 1A-1F Recommended dimensions
II Special Issues..................................... x for water pipe .fittings (except
elbows) ...................................... 10
III Use of This Standard .............. ........... x
2A-2B Recommended dimensions for
III. A Purchaser Options and Alternatives... x
water pipe elbows ........... ........... 11
III.B Modification ro Standard ....... .......... xi
2C- 2D Recommended dimensions for
IV Major Revisions. ........ ....................... Xl
water pipe elbows ...................... 12
V Corrunents .... ............ ... .......... ......... xii
2E-2F Recommended dimensions for
water pipe elbows ....... .... ......... .. 13
0 Standard
1 General
3 Tangential outlet ........................... .. 14
4 Lateral less than 30°..... .. .. ..... ........ .. 15
1.1 Scope..................... .............. ............. 1
5 Reducing elbow ............ ................... 16
1.2 Purpose ............................................. 2
Appendix A................................ .............. 17
1.3 Application ...... ..... ............................. 3
2 References ...... .... ............. ................. 2 Table

A-1 Dimensions of steel water
3 Definitions....................................... 2
pipe fittings .... .................. ......... 17
4 Requirements
4.1 Fittings.............................................. 3
vii
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Foreword
This fm·eword is for information only and is not a part ofANSJ*/AWWA C208.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. Steel pipe has been used for waterlines in the United States
since the 1850s. With the development of the Bessemer process in 1855 and rhe open-
hearth process in 1861, steel, the strongest and most versatile refinement of iron,
became available for water pipe.
Available records disclose installations of steel water pipe as early as 1858. The
pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel sheers or plates into shape and riveting the
seams. This method of fabrication continued with improvements into the 1930s. In
1905, lock-bar pipe was introduced and, by 1930, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe.
By the early 1930s, both riveted and lock-bar methods were gradually phased out and
welding dominated the pipe-making process. As welding became more universal in
pipeline construction and manufacturing, varying steel shapes able to accommodate
pipeline hydraulics and locations became more prevalent. Over the years, rigid speci-
fications have been developed and new product developments and improvements in
0 manufacturing techniques and processes have been established ro ensure the purchaser
a product of high standards.
I.B. History. This standard was first proposed in 1955 to provide standard
dimensions for steel water pipe fittings. It was approved as a "tentative" standard
on July 14, 1955. Revisions in the text were approved on Dec. 31, 1957, and were
incorporated in the fourth and later primings. The revisions consisted of the addition
of an explanatory paragraph, changes in the table for fittings for service in transmission
and distribution mains, and clarification of the figures detailing the various fittings.
The standard was approved without further revision on Jan. 26, 1959.
Revisions to the text were approved on June 21, 1983, and incorporated in the sixth
and later primings. These revisions include the following:
1. Addition of a foreword to provide the history of a standard and major
revisions.
2. Revision ofTable 1, delering 4-in. pipe size and extending pipe sizes to 144 in.
3. Revision ofTable 2.
4. Expansion of Figure 3 to include sizes to 144 in.
*American Narional Standards Insrirure, 25 Wesr 43rd Srreer, Fourrh Floor, New York, NY 10036.
ix
5. Deletion ofTable 4.
6. Deletion of alternate Table 3.
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7. Deletion ofTable 5.
8. Addition of reducing tees and deletion of smooth 90° elbow category from
Figure 1 and Table 1.
The information in Table 1 was changed from a tabular format to a formula format
in order to ascertain dimensions for tees, crosses, wyes, laterals, and reducers. A factor,
f, was introduced in the new Table 1 to facilitate the use of formulas for computing
fitting dimensions and provided formulas for elbow layout to facilitate the design of
elbows not tabulated.
Addendum C208-84 was approved on June 4, 1984. The addendum added a note
of caution to Tables 2A through 2D concerning hoop tension concentration in elbows
with a radius of less than 2.5D. ANSIIAWWA C208-83, including ANSIIAWWA
C208-84, was reaffirmed without revision on June 18, 1989. ANSIIAWWA C208-96
was approved by the Board of Directors on June 23, 1996. The major revision was to
clarify that the standard is a dimensional guide only and that design of fittings should
be in accordance with applicable sections of AWWA Manual Mll. Table 2 was deleted
from the standard. ANSIIAWWA C208-0l was approved on June 17, 2001. ANSI/
AWWA C208-07 was approved on June 24, 2007. This edition of ANSIIAWWA C208 (
was approved on June 10, 2012.
I.C. Acceptance. This standard has no applicable information for this section.
II. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this
section.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of che user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
liLA. Purchaser Optiom and Alternatives. The following informacion should be
provided by the purchaser.
1. Standard used- that is, ANSIIAWWA C208, Dimensions for Fabricated
Steel Water Pipe Fittings, of latest revision.
2. Type of fitting required (such as elbow, tee, reducer, wye, lateral, etc.).
3. Radius of elbows (such as lD, 1.5D, 2.5D, or other).
4. Number of pieces or segments for elbows.
5. Design pressure and specifications for pipe to which the steel fitting will
connect (i.e., ANSI/AWWA C200, AWWA Mll).
6. Type of end connection required (such as plain, beveled end for field butt
welding, bell or spigot for field lap welding, bell or spigot 0-ring, and flanged or
mechanical coupling).
7. Submittal of shop detail and assembly drawings.
8. Special handling, inspection, or testing requirements.
9. Lining and coating required.
III. B. Modification to Standard. Any modification of the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IY. Major Revisions. Major changes made to the standard in chis edition
include the following:
1. The standard was globally revised to become equation based rather chan
table based co bring the standard in line with industry practice.
2. Sec. 4.1.1 of the standard under Fittings was revised to allow some constrained-
end-type fittings to be provided subject tO construccability.
3. Several of the variables in Sec. 4.1.2, Symbols, were modified in this section
and throughout the document based on the standardization of notation in all steel pipe
standards and manuals.
4. A new section, Sec. 4.1.3, was added presenting formula factors as linear
0 equations replacing the values previously included in Tabl.e 1.
5. Table 1 was relocated to a new appendix A and revised co reflect overall
dimensions only, which are based on a pipe oucside diameter equal to the nominal
diameter.
6. In Sec. 4.1.6, Laterals, Case 1 (equal diameters), a note was added to address
laterals with deflection angles less than 30°.
7. Sec. 4.1.8, Wyes, was revised for clarity and to provide a clearer explanation
for che fitting configuration in Figure IE.
8. Sec. 4.1.11.1 was rewritten to remove the allowance for miter-cut weld-spigot
ends and provide additional information on the angular cut for miter-cue bells.
9. Sec. 4.1.12.3, Fabricated elbows, was modified to remove repetitive equa-
tions and include one sec of dimensional equations applicable ro any radius elbow. An
additional item (7) was added to the section to identify the multiplier that yields elbow
radius and provides informacion on minimum values.
10. Figures lD, IE, 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F were modified to reflect deletion of
incidental dimensions.
11. Figure 3 was modified to remove the flanged end and che reinforcing collar
to provide a more general example since other end configurations are possible.
xi
12. Figure 4 was modified m reflect the rooc lateral fin:ing in a more general
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matter.
13. A new appendix A was added as a quick reference for dimensions.
V. Comments. If you have any commems or questions abour this standard,
please call AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711, FAX at
303.795.7603, write to the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098, or email at standards@awwa.org.
xii
ANSI/AWWA C208-12
(Revi sion of ANSI/AWWA C208-07)
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American Water Works

Association
AWWA Standard
Dimensions for Fabricated

Steel Water Pipe Fittings
SECTION 1: GENERAL
0 Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard provides formulas to calculate overall dimensions of fittings for
steel water transmission and distribution facilities.
Many configurations of fittings are possible, and alternatives to this standard
may be agreed on between the purchaser and manufacturer. The firring dimensions
shown in Figures 1 through 5 are the minimum dimensions for fittings with plain
ends. In practice, fittings are seldom provided as individual pieces as shown but
are shop fabricated into full or special lengrhs of pipe or fabricated into assemblies,
combining a number of fittings.
1.1.1 Conditions not covered in this standard. This standard is intended to
serve as a dimensional guide only. h is nor a design standard for wall thickness,
pressure ratings, structural design, or hydraulic design. Reinforcement of fittings,
which may include increased wall thickness, collars, wrapper places, or crotch
plates, is not described in this standard. The design of fittings should be performed
in accordance with the applicable section(s) in AWWA Manual Mll, SteeL Pipe:
A Guide for Design and Installation .
./
2 AWWA C208-12
Sec. 1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide formulas for use in calculating the
general minimum requirements for the dimensions of fabricated steel water pipe
fittings.
Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard or sections of this standard can be referenced in the purchaser's
documents for dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings. The stipulations
of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to
dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings.
SECTION2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,

they form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the standard. In any
case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/AWWA C200- Steel Water Pipe, 6 In. (150 rom) and Larger.
ASME B16.9-Factory-Made Wrought Butrwelding Fittings.
AWWA Manual Mll-Steel Pipe: A Guide for Design and Installation.
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SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:

1. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces
materials or products.
2. Nominal diameter: The commercial designation or dimension by which
pipe is designated for simplicity.
3. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.
*American Narional Standards Instirure, 25 Wesr 43rd Srreer, Founh Floor, New York, NY 10036.
DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS 3
SECTION 4: REQUIREMEN TS
Sec. 4.1 Fittings

4.1.1 GeneraL. 1he formulas in this standard provide the flexibility ro cal-
culate dimensions for .fittings of any size pipe, based on the ourside diameter of the
pipe.
Values resulting from the formulas are general minimum dimensions of good
practice for fittings with plain ends or beveled ends for field welding. Alterna-
tive dimensions may be necessary for other types of joint connections, such as
mechanical couplings, bells, spigots, flanges, etc., or to maintain adequate distance
from a reinforcement collar to the pipe end. Other geometrically constrained ends,
such as ffanged ends, may be acceptable when furnished with dimensions shorter
than those contained herein, subject ro agreement of construcrabiliry between the
purchaser and manufacturer. See appendix A for a reference listing of select fitting
dimensions based on nominal pipe diameters.
4.1.2 Symbols. Symbols used in formulas and dimensions in this standard
are as follows:
0 A= Length of tee or cross from centerline to end (Figures lA, lB, and
I C).
B =Length of reducing tee from centerline to end (Figure I C).
d = Outside diameter of steel cylinder of a br.anch outlet of a reducing tee
or lateral of unequal diameter.
D =Nominal diameter of pipe.
D0 = Outside diameter of steel cylinder.
DL =Outside diameter of steel cylinder of large end of a reducer
(Figure IF).
Ds =Outside diameter of steel cylinder of small end of a reducer
(Figure lF).
D1 = Inside diameter of pipe at large end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
Dz, D4, DG, Dx = Intermediate inside diameter of right circular cone
segments of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
D 11 = Inside diameter of pipe at small end of reducing elbow
(Figure 5).
F = Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to the end of
the pipe (Figure lE).
/Do = Formula factor corresponding to D0 of a tee, lateral, wye, or elbow.
4 AWWA C208-12
/d = Formula factor corresponding to d of a tee or lateral.

G = Centerline length of lateral from point of intersection of lateral tO end
of run and end of leg (Figure lD).
G1 =Short side centerline length oflareral from point of intersection of
lateral to end of run (Figure lD) .
G0 =Centerline length ofleg in unequal diameter lateral from point of
intersection of lateral to end of leg (Figure lD).
Hy = Overall length of branch leg of wye from the point of intersection to
end (Figure IE).
k =Scalar variable for elbow dimension calculations.
L = Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow to the
end of the pipe (Figures 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, and 4).
LL =Overall run length of a lateral (Figure lD).
Lr =Length of a reducer (Figure IF).
Lt =Length of tangential type outlet, centerline to end of pipe (Figure 3).
n =Number of angular divisions of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
ne = Diameter multiplier for elbow radius calculation.
P.C. = Geometric point of beginning curvature of centerline for reducing
elbow (Figure 5).
P.I. = Point of intersection.
( \
P.T. = Geometric point of tangency of centerline for reducing elbow

(Figure 5).
R =Radius to centerline of elbow (Figures 2D, 2E, 2F, and 5).
r1 = Development radius for large end of reducing elbow
(Figure 5).
rn =Development radius for small end of reducing elbow
(Figure 5).
'"3· r5, rx =Intermediate development radius of reducing elbow
(Figure 5).
S =Length of inside segment of fabricated elbow (Figures 2D, 2E, and
2F).
T =Elbow length from point of intersection to tangent line (Figures 2D,
2E, 2F, and 5).
Y3, Y5, Yx = Intermediate offset dimension of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
Z1 =Offset dimension for large end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
Zn = Offset dimension for small end of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
{
\
<X. = Angle developed between vertical centerline of pipe run and

intersection of outside diameter of rop of outlet (Figure 3).
11 =Total elbow or fitting deflection angle (Figures lD, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D,
2E, 2F, 4, and 5).
4> = Miter-cut angle of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
8 =Angle of inclination of right circular cone (Figure 5).
p =Division angle of reducing elbow (Figure 5).
4.1.3 Formula factors. Dimensional formulas contained herein include fac-
tors to provide for adequate minimum clearance between various attributes of fabri-
cated fittings. The facrors represent good practice that will assist in maintaining the
roundness of pipe ends and are a function of the outside diameter of the pipe associ-
ated with the specific equation. The formulas for the factors are as follows:
/D 0 = O.l43D0 + 5
/d = 0.143d + 5
4.1.4 Tee and cross. Minimum dimension A for a tee or a cross is calcu-
lated using the formula below. (Refer to Figures 1A and B.)
A= 0.5Do + fD 0
0 4.1.5 Reducing tee and reducing cross. M inimum dimensions A and B for
a reducing tee or a reducing cross are calculated using the formulas below. (Refer
ro Figure lC.)
A= 0.5Do + fv 0
B = 0.5d + fd
4.1.6 LateraL, Case I (equaL diameters). Minimum dimensions G, G1, and
LL for a lateral of equal diameters and suitable for angle 11 of 30° to 70° is calculated
using the formu la below. (Refer ro Figure 1D, Case 1 [equal diameters].) For an angle
t:. greater than 70°, use the formulas provided for a tee. (Refer to Figure 1A.) For a
required effective angle 11 less than 30°, use a 30° or larger lateral with an elbow fab-
ricated into the outlet of the lateral (see Sec. 4.1.6.1). (Refer to Figure 4.)
G= (2ta~~/2)) + 2/Do
G1 = (D0 /2)tan(C:./2) + /D 0
Lr = G + G1
4 .1.6.1 Elbow fabricated into a lateral outlet. Due ro design, manufac-
turing, and installation constraints, a lateral should nor be furnished with branch
6 AWWA C208-12
deflections less than 30°. When a lateral with a deflection angle less than 30° is
desired, a combination fitting resulting in rhe desired angular deflection can be
used. One configuration of such a fitting is shown in Figure 4, where the elbow
portion of the lateral branch yields a resultam angle less than 30° for the fitting as a
whole. Various combinations of lateral branch deflection and!::. angles may be used
to yield the required effective deflection of less than 30°.
4.1.7 Lateral, Case II (unequal diameters). When the outlet diameter, d,
is less than D 0 , minimum dimensions G, G0 , Gt, and LL for a lateral suitable for
angle!::. of 30° to 70° are calculated using the formulas below. (Refer to Figure lD,
Case II [unequal diameters].) For angles greater than 70°, use the formulas pro-
vided for a tee. (Refer to Figure lC.) For a required effective angle!::. less than 30°,
use a 30° or larger lateral with an elbow fabricated into the outlet of the lateral (see
Sec. 4.1.6.1). (Refer to Figure 4.)
G= Do +
d
+ 2foo
2tan!l. 2sin!l.
Go= Do +
d
+ 2.fd
2sin!l. 2tan!l.
Gt* = d/(2sin!l.)- D 0 /(2ran!l.) + /D 0

( )
LL = G + Gt
*NoTE: For unequal diameter laterals with smaiJ values of d, G1 may be nega-
tive. Therefore, the intersection of the cenrerlines of the outlet and run pipe will not
be within the minimum length L[.
4.1.8 WJe. Minimum dimensions F and Hy for a wye are calculated
using the formulas below. (Refer to Figure lE for a wye with a 90° included
angle.) Other included angles from less than 90° to 30° may be used. When a
wye with an included angle less chan 30° is desired, a combination wye with
elbow fitting resulting in rhe desired angle can be used. A wye configuration
such as this would be similar on each side to the lateral outlet with elbow com-
bination shown in Figure 4. Various combinations of wye included angles and
elbow !::. angles may be used ro yield the desired deflection of less than 30°.
Where!::. = the included angle of the fitting as defined in Figure IE:
Hy= /Do 0.5D0

+
sin(!l./2) tan(!l./2)
4.1.9 Concentric and eccentric reducers. The minimum length of reducers,

Ln is calculated by the following formula. (Refer to Figure lf.)
L,.= 4 (DL-Ds)
NoTE: Iflength must be less than the prior formula, consult AWWA Manual
Mll for design stress considerations.
4.1.10 Tangential outlet. The minimum length of a tangential outlet, Lt.
is calculated by the formulas below. (Refer to Figure 3.) Lt should be kept as shorr
as possible to avoid damage during shipping and handling but long enough to
allow for flange clearance. If necessary to enable the valve operator to clear the
outside diameter of the run pipe, a flanged spool should be used to extend d1e con-
nection as required.
a. = arccos ( 0·5D0-d)
0.5D
0
Lt = 0.5D0 sin a. + /d
sin a.
4 .1.11 Miter-cut end.

4.1.11.1 Welded lap joint. A small deflection angle can be taken in a
0 welded lap joint using a miter-cur bell end, provided that the following are main-
rained: bell and spigot diameter tolerances, joint formation dimensional require-
ments, and joint engagement dimensional requirements. To form a miter-cut bell,
the pipe end is miter cut, and then the bell is expanded square with d1e face of the
miter cut (see Figure 2B). The limit for the maximum miter-cur angle of a weld bell
is a function of design requirements and manufacturing constraints and cannot
be defined explicitly in this standard. Although historically a value of 5o has been
a good practice limit, the actual value can be larger or smaller depending on spe-
cific design and manufacturing parameters. Ir is recommended that the designer
consult manufacturers regarding the acwallimit for specific design requirements.
4.1.11.2 Welded butt joint. A deflection angle can be taken in a welded
butt joint by miter-cutting one or both pipe ends, provided that the maximum
radial offset (misalignment) at any point around the resultant joint does not exceed
the maximum allowed by the governing purchaser's documents, standard, or code
to which the joint will be welded (see Figure 2A). It may be impractical to miter
cut both pipe ends, but both pipe ends shall be properly prepared for butt welding.
8 AWWA C208-12
4.1.12 Elbows.
( \
4.1.12.1 Dimensions. In specifying dimensions of an elbow, the designer
should consider the hydraulic characteristics, space requirements, manufacturing
constraints, stress considerations, and cost-benefic ratio over the expected life of
the pipeline. The optimum radius for a fabricated elbow based on these consider-
ations is 2.5 pipe outside cylinder diameters. This radius is recommended as a stan-
dard for water transmission lines where space requirements permit. For an elbow
in plant piping, where space is limited, a radius of less chan 2.5D0 may be used,
provided stress intensification factors are used. If the radius is less than 2.5D0 , the
thickness of the shell must be calculated using the method outlined in the AWWA
Manual M11.
4.1.12.2 Wrought steel. In small diameters (6 in. to 24 in. [150 mm co
600 mm]), steel butt-welding fittings in accordance with ASME B16.9 conform-
ing to ASTM A234 are available in schedules and grades suitable for the waterworks
service and are often an economical alternative to fabricated elbows. Larger fittings,
up to 48 in. (1,200 mm), may be advantageous for appLications where space is limited
and the smaller footprint of the wrought steel fitting would be more appropriate.
(Steel burr-welding fittings are available in sizes less than 6 in. [150 mm]. For these
smaller fittings, the application of dimensions for 6-in. [150-mm] fittings would be (_)
conservative.)
4.1.12.3 Fabricated elbows. The following guidelines for dimensioning
fabricated steel pipe elbows are recommended:
Referring to Figures 2C, 2D, 2E, and 2F,
1. R is the recommended elbow radius.
2. Tis the tangent length of the elbow.
3. Sis the elbow inside segment length. MinimumS= 1.5 in. (38 mm) or
6t, whichever is greater.
NoTE: This represents good practice to control welding stresses and dimen-
sional tolerances.
4. Recommended maximum deflection angle is 22S per miter weld. The
maximum deflection angle should not exceed 30° per miter weld.
5. Lis the minimum recommended length of the elbow leg.
NoTE: Depending on the size of the radius, L may be less than T
6. Recommended two-, three-, four-, and five-piece elbows:
For D. ~ 22S, use two-piece elbow; k* = 1.
For 22S <b.~ 4SO, use three-piece elbow; k* = 2 . ()
For 45o < !1 ~ 67S, use four-piece elbow; k* = 3.

for 67S < !1 s; 90°, use five-piece elbow; k* = 4.
*NoTE: For any elbow configuration k = (number of elbow segments) - 1.
7. ne is the diameter multiplier for calculating rhe radius of an elbow. Recom-
mended ne for water mains is 2.5 . In instances where ne is less than 2.5, stress inten-
sification factors need to be addressed as outlined in the AWWA Manual MIL
Values of ne shall not be less rhan rhar which achieves the minimum S value noted
above.
Where:
S = Do (2ne - 1) tan [!1/(2k)]

L = neDo tan[/1/2] - Do (ne - 0.5)tan [!1/(2k)] +/Do
T = neDo ran [!1/2]
Example: Given a 49.75-in. D 0 , three-piece, 45° elbow, with ne = 2.5.
22S < !1 s; 45°, therefore, k=2
R = 2.5(49.75) = 124.375 in.
S = 49.75[2(2.5) - l]ran{45/[2(2))} =39.6 in.
0 L = 2.5(49.75)ran(45°12)- 49.75(2.5- 0.5)tan{45°/[2(2)]} + 0.143(49.75) + 5=
43.8 in .
T = 2.5(49.75)tan[45/2] = 51.5 in.
In certain applications, compound elbows and reducing elbows may be used.
See Figure 5 for geometric relationships of a reducing elbow. For computational
methods and formulas for compound pipe elbows, refer to AWWA Mll.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
This standard has no applicable information for rhis section.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
This standard has no applicable information for rhis section.
10 AWWA C208-12
( )
1
i --t--
-,
, -D
r
La-l-a_j-
Figure 1A Tee Figure 1 B Cross Figure 1C Reducing Tee
I
Do
Lr-~----------~
~----G---~ 1-G,-4--- -L-LG - - - - - l
1-----LL-------1
Figure 1 0 Case I Figure 10 Case II (
Lateral (Equal Diameters) Lateral (Unequal Diameters)
Figure 1 E 90° Wye Figure 1 F Reducer
Figures lA-lF Recommended dimensions for water pipe fittings (except elbows)
(\--
---
-';---- ---
' -- ----
--- ---
--- ----;;
-T-t--
....
Figure 2A Miter-end cut-welded butt joint
0
r:.____ --- - - -
---
\
-'!---
\ .._-- ------
---
Figure 28 Miter-end cut- welded lap joint
Figures 2A-2B Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows
\..._)
12 AWWA C208-12
~-------L--------~
(To match field conditions)
P.l.
Figure 2C Two-piece elbow (0° to 22.SO)
~--------L* --------~
Tl
-------------rl
--------+-11' (
_________1-f-l
R
Figure 20 Three-piece elbow (more than 22S to 45°)
*NoTE: L may be less than T
Figures 2C- 2D Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)
( )
DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITIINGS 13
T-,
1--------L*------~
Figure 2E Four-piece elbow (more than 45° to 67.5°)

P.l.
1--T--1, -------!1
1---------- L*---------4
(To match field conditions}
0
- ---:-11°
(i)
c
g
'5
c
______LI-l
8 T R
L•i L
L l
I
II I1
______ 1_____ _
I
: I
I
I
II
I
:
Figure 2F Five-piece elbow (more than 67.5° to 90°)

Figures 2E-2F Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)
.)
14 AWWA C208-12
I
I
I
I
I
I
r--a
I
I
I I
I
I
---L--------- -- - - - - -- -
t
1:3
( )
•
~--- L
t -------..JJ
Figure 3 Tangential outlet
*Butt joint not required

but shown for dimensioning
I--
l~--1~,-- - - - - f - -- - -- - - - !
._.- .....:----+-------See Figure 1D - - - - - 1

"""'- See Figure 1D
Figure 4 Lateral less than 30° (See Figure 10 for specific dimensions oflateral of equal or unequal
diameters.)
_)
16 AWWA C208-12
6 =Angle of intersection (
9 = Inclination of a right circular cone
=Radius of bend
R
n =2x the number of deflections
D, =Inside diameter of large pipe
Dn = Inside diameter of small pipe
p = .Q.
n
. e = -::-:---::'D,-
Sin
Dn
-:-:::-:-.;__-:- tan~
sin2p
= ---=--'--~
2(n- 2)R(tanp) cos2p + cose
ft = 2D, z, = ----:r,:->(s_i_ne-')---:~
cos2p + cose
Dn
fn = 2
rn(sin9)
Zn = -~::-'-----'---:~
cos2p + cose
rx = r, - (x- 1)R(tanp)(sin8) rx(sin9)
Yx = ----':..:........---'--
_ D,- 2(x -1)R(tanp)(sin9) COSp
0 x- cose
T= Rtan ~
Where x = number of divisions from
P.C. to point under consideration.
Figure 5 Reducing elbow
0
APPENDIX A
Table A.l Dimensions of steel water pipe fittings
Nominal Diameter Tee or Cross Wye, 90• Equal Diameter Lateral, b. = 30•*
D A F Hy G G1 LL
--
in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm) in. (mm)
6 (65/s OD) (150) 10 (254) 8 (203) 12 (305) 25 (635) 7 (178) 32 (813)
8 (85/s OD) (200) 11 (279) 9 (229) 14 (356) 29 (737) 8 (203) 37 (940)
10 (103/4 OD) (250) 12 (305) 9 (229) 15 (381) 34 (864) 8 (203) 42 (1,067)
12 (123/4 OD) (300) 14 (356) 10 (254) 17 (432) 38 (965) 9 (229) 47 (1,194)
14 (350) 15 (381) 10 (254) 17 (432) 41 (1,041) 9 (229) 50 (1,270)
16 (400) 16 (406) 11 (279) 19 (483) 45 (1, 143) 10 (254) 55 (1,397)
18 (450) 17 (432) 12 (305) 20 (508) 49 (1,245) 10 (254) 59 (1,499)
20 (500) 18 (457) 13 (330) 22 (559) 54 (1,372) 11 (279) 65 (1,651)
..... 22 (550) 20 (508) 13 (330) 23 (584) 58 (1,473) 12 (305) 70 (1,778)
--1
24 (600) 21 (533) 14 (356) 24 (610) 62 (1,575) 12 (305) 74 (1,880)
30 (750) 25 (635) 16 (406) 29 (737) 75 (1,905) 14 (356) 89 (2,261)
36 (900) 29 (737) 18 (457) 33 (838) 88 (2,235) 15 (381) 103 (2,616)
42 (1,050) 33 (838) 20 (508) 37 (940) 101 (2,565) 17 (432) 118 (2,997)
48 (1,200) 36 (914) 22 (559) 41 (1,041) 114 (2,896) 19 (483) 133 (3,378)
54 (1,350) 40 (1,016) 24 (610) 45 (1,143) 127 (3,226) 20 (508) 147 (3,734)
1. All dimensions based on outside diameter of pipe equal co nominal diameter, D, except d imensions for 12" nominal and smaller pipe, which are based on pipe
OD nored.
2. For elbow dimensions, see Sec. 4.1.11.3 and Figure 2.
3. Add additional length co these dimensions when necessary for Aanged, mechanical couplings, or bell and spigot joints, or as needed to meet other design
conditions.
"'Lateral dimensions given are For an equal diameter, 30• angle fitting. For an angle go-eater than 30• through 70•, see equations in Sec. 4.1.6. For angles greater rha.n
70•, use dimension given for a tee.
(Continued on next page)
~
Dimensions of steel water pipe fittings (continued) 00
TableA.l
)>
Nominal Diameter Tee or Cross Wye, 90° Equal Diameter Lateral, 1::!. = 30o* ~
~
D A F Hy G G1 LL (")
in. (mm) in. (mm) m. (mm) in. (mm) in. {mm) in. (mm) m. (mm) "'000
~
60 (1,500) 44 (1,118) 27 (686) 50 (1,270) 140 (3,556) 22 (559) 162 (4,115) "'
66 (1,650) 48 (1,219) 29 (737) 54 (1,372) 153 (3,886) 24 (610) 177 (4,496)
72 (1,800) 52 (1,321) 31 (787) 58 (1.473) 165 (4,191) 25 (635) 190 (4,826)
78 (1,950) 56 (1,422) 33 (838) 62 (1,575) 178 (4,521) 27 (686) 205 (5,207)
84 (2,100) 60 (1,524) 35 (889) 67 (1,702) 191 (4,851) 29 (737) 220 (5,588)
90 (2,250) 63 (1,600) 37 (940) 71 (1,803) 204 (5,182) 30 (762) 234 (5,944)
96 (2,400) 67 (1,702) 39 (991) 75 (1,905) 217 (5,512) 32 (813) 249 (6,325)
102 (2,550) 71 (1,803) 41 (1,041) 79 (2,007) 230 (5,842) 34 (864) 264 (6,706)
108 (2,700) 75 (1,905) 43 (1,092) 83 (2,108) 243 (6,172) 35 (889) 278 (7,061)
114 (2,850) 79 (2,007) 45 (1,143) 88 (2,235) 256 (6,502) 37 (940) 293 (7,442)
120 (3,000) 83 (2,108) 48 (1,219) 92 (2,337) 269 (6,833) 39 (991) 308 (7,823)
126 (3,150) 87 (2,210) 50 (1,270) 96 (2,438) 282 (7,163) 40 (1,016) 322 (8,179)
132 (3,300) 90 (2,286) 52 (1,321) 100 (2,540) 295 (7.493) 42 (1,067) 337 (8,560)
138 (3,450) 94 (2,388) 54 (1,372) 104 (2,642) 307 (7,798) 44 (1,118) 351 (8,915)
144 (3,600) 98 (2,489) 56 (1,422) 109 (2,769) 320 (8,128) 45 (1,143) 365 (9,271)
l. All dimensions based on outside diameter of pipe equal to nominal diameter, D, except di mensions fo r 12" nominal and smaller pipe, which are based on pipe
00 noted.
2. For elbow dimensions, see Sec. 4.1.11.3 and Figure 2.
3. Add additional length to these d imensions when necessary fo r flanged, mechanica l couplings, or bell and spigot joints, or as needed to meet other design
condirions.
*Lateral dimensions given are for an equal diameter, 30• angle firting. For an angle greater than 30" through 70", see equarions in Sec. 4.1.6. For angles greater than
70•, use dimension given for a tee.
,.,..-
r
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wwwJac.org
MIX
Peper rrom
ruponalble souroet
FSG- C1 03525
AWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and
supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in
the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum
of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for
the greatest good of people and the environment.
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American Water Works

The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water•

Effective date: Nov. 1, 2012.

6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy

American National Standard

ISBN-13, print: 978-1-58321-892-1 eiSBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-188-2

Copyright© 2012 by American Water Works Association

John L. Luka, Chair

General Interest Members

R.]. Card, Manufacturing Consultant, Sugar Hill, Ga. (AWWA)

John H. Bambei Jr., Chair

General Interest Members

WR. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

S.A. Arnaouc, Hanson Pressure Pipe Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 5 Verification ..... .... ... ..... ............ ....... 15

2 References ...... .... ............. ................. 2 Table

American Water Works

Dimensions for Fabricated

0 Sec. 1.1 Scope

Sec. 1.2 Purpose

Sec. 1.3 Application

This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,

The following definitions shall apply in this standard:

Sec. 4.1 Fittings

/d = Formula factor corresponding to d of a tee or lateral.

P.T. = Geometric point of tangency of centerline for reducing elbow

<X. = Angle developed between vertical centerline of pipe run and

Gt* = d/(2sin!l.)- D 0 /(2ran!l.) + /D 0

Hy= /Do 0.5D0

4.1.9 Concentric and eccentric reducers. The minimum length of reducers,

4 .1.11 Miter-cut end.

For 45o < !1 ~ 67S, use four-piece elbow; k* = 3.

S = Do (2ne - 1) tan [!1/(2k)]

This standard has no applicable information for rhis section.

This standard has no applicable information for rhis section.

Figure 1A Tee Figure 1 B Cross Figure 1C Reducing Tee

Figure 1 E 90° Wye Figure 1 F Reducer

Figure 2A Miter-end cut-welded butt joint

Figures 2A-2B Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows

Figure 2C Two-piece elbow (0° to 22.SO)

Figure 20 Three-piece elbow (more than 22S to 45°)

*NoTE: L may be less than T

Figures 2C- 2D Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)

Figure 2E Four-piece elbow (more than 45° to 67.5°)

Figure 2F Five-piece elbow (more than 67.5° to 90°)

Figures 2E-2F Recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows (continued)

*Butt joint not required

._.- .....:----+-------See Figure 1D - - - - - 1

Figure 5 Reducing elbow

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