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Reworked Early Permian Palynomorphs and Tertiary Palynomorphs from the

Upper Bhuban Formation (Miocene), Nagaland, India

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Himalayan Geology, Vol. 37 (1), 2016, pp. 35-41, Printed in India

Reworked Early Permian Palynomorphs and Tertiary Palynomorphs from the

Upper Bhuban Formation (Miocene), Nagaland, India
Y. RAGHUMANI SINGH1*, B.P. SINGH2, SRIKANTA MURTHY3, KARUNG BOBOY KOM1,
KSH ATAMAJIT SINGH1, VENUS GURUARIBAM1
1
Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal 795003, India
2
Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
3
Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow 226 007, India
*Email(Corresponding author): yengmani@gmail.com

Abstract: The present investigation reports an assemblage of Tertiary palynomorphs and reworked Early Permian
th
palynomorphs from the Upper Bhuban Formation (Miocene) of 10 Mile Chumukedima Gate, Kohima (Nagaland). The
palynological assemblage consists of 17 genera and 26 species. Of these, 12 genera and 18 species are of the reworked
Permian palynofossils and 5 genera and 8 speices of Tertiary palynofossils, including 1 genus and 1 species of fungal spore.
The reworked Early Permian taxa are represented by Scheuringipollenites maximus, S. barakarensis, S. tentulus,
Primuspollenites obscurus, P. levis, P. densus, P. linterus, P. dicavus, Platysaccus densus, Plicatipollenites indicus,
Polypodisporites sp., Potonieisporites concinnus, Indotriradites sp., Cristastisporites sp., Striatites communis,
Densipollenites sp., Rhizomaspora indica, and Barakarites sp. The high frequency of reworked palynomorphs in the
assemblage suggests that the siliciclastic sediments of the Upper Bhuban Formation preserving palynomorphs were largely
sourced from the Gondwana succession or from the earlier deposited sequences of the Himalayan foothills. A warm and
humid freshwater depositional environment and tropical to subtropical climatic conditions are inferred for the Upper
Bhuban Formation, based on the occurrences of Striatriletes and fungal remains.
Keywords: Reworked palynomorphs, Upper Bhuban Formation, Striatriletes, Miocene, Nagaland.

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INTRODUCTION
Nagaland is largely a hilly state, located as a narrow strip
between the Brahmaputra valley of Assam and the Manipur
state. It is bordered on the north by Arunachal Pradesh and to
the south by Manipur. Geologically, Nagaland has been
divided into three distinct units, namely the schuppen belt, the
inner fold belt/or inner Paleogene fold belt, and ophiolite belt
from west to east (Fig. 1C). The inner fold belt is represented
by the Disang and the Barail rocks. In the Schuppen belt of
Nagaland, the Tertiary successions are made up of the Barail

35
Group (Oligocene), Surma Group (Miocene), Tipam Group
(Miocene), Namsang Formation (Pliocene) and Dihing
Formation (Plio-Pleistocene) in ascending order of
stratigraphy. It is exposed in the core of the Kohima
synclinorium and within the Schuppen belt. The Surma Group
has been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Bhuban
formations and Bokabil Formation (GSI 2011). The Surma
rocks are widely distributed and are well exposed in this
region.
The early geological accounts of the Naga hills are
available from the reports of the geological traverses made by
Mallet (1876), Oldham (1883), Pascoe (1912), Evans (1932),
Mathur & Evans (1964) Brunnschweiler (1966), Bhandari et
al. (1973), Das Gupta (1977), and GSI (2011). Foraminifers,
other invertebrates and trace fossils have been recorded earlier
from the Disang and Barail transitional areas in Nagaland
(Gaur & Chakradhar 1985; Mishra 1990; Lokho et al. 2004;
Singh et al. 2014). Few palynological investigations have
been carried out in the Barail Group (Singh et al. 1990; Kumar
1994; Mandal 1996; Dutta et al. 1998). Recycled palyno-
fossils from the Tertiary successions of Northeast India have
been recorded by Dutta (1978), Dutta & Singh (1980), Trivedi
(1985), Singh et al. (1990), and Kumar et al. (2001). Dutta
(1978) noted a few Lower Gondwana palynomorphs in the
upper part of the Bhuban Formation of Miocene age at
Nichuguard, Nagaland. Mandal (1996) reported the recycled
Gondwana palynofossils from the Barail Group of Nagaland
and advocated their source from Gondwana sequence
occurring in the foot-hills of Himalaya in Bhutan and
Arunachal Pradesh. However, so far there is no record of
palynomorphs from the Surma succession in this region
except the one by Dutta (1978). Palynofossil assemblage from
the successions coeval to the Upper Bhuban Formation
exposed in the neighbouring states of the Northeast India has
been significantly explored by earlier workers (Banerjee
1964; Nandi & Sharma 1984; Rao et al. 1985; Kar 1990;
Saxena & Rao 1996; Mandaokar 2000; Kumar et al. 2001;
Singh et al. 2011).
In this paper, we present palynological data from one
section of the Upper Bhuban Formation, which was not
examined for its palynological content so far. We are focussing
on the Tertiary and reworked Permain palynofloras,
discussing their palaeoenvironmental significance.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The studied samples represent a part of the Upper Bhuban
Formation, which is well exposed at 10th Mile Chumukedima
Gate (25047´47.35˝N : 93048´08.75˝E), Kohima (Nagaland)
and is composed mainly of alternation of shales and
sandstones (Figs. 1B and 2). In total, six samples (310-315)
from fine grained sandstones and shales were processed for
palynological analysis. Out of these, three (311, 314 and 315)
proved palynologically productive. For recovery of
palynomorphs, samples were treated with hydrochloric acid,
36
hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid followed by 10% potassium
hydroxide solution. The material was finally washed with
distilled water using 500 mesh sieve. The residue was mixed
with polyvinyl solution and was spread uniformly over cover
glass. The cover glass was allowed to dry at room temperature
and mounted with canada balsam (Saxena & Tripathi 2012).
Palynological study was carried out under Carl Zeiss
microscope Axioskop 40 and the photomicrography of the
reworked palynomorphs was done using Nikon Eclipse E 200
system.
PALYNOLOGY
The palynoflora documented here is the first such attempt
from the Upper Bhuban Formation of Nagaland State. The
palynological assemblage from the studied section is
composed mainly of Early Permian (reworked) and the
Tertiary palynofloras, which are listed here and some selected
indigenous and reworked palynomorphs are illustrated in
Plate I. The qualitative analysis of the investigated section of
the the Upper Bhuban Formation in the study area consists of 8
species referable to 5 genera of spores, pollen grains and fungi.
In addition, 12 genera and 18 species belonging to the Permian
reworked palynomrophs have also been recovered. A number
of unidentifiable palynomorphs are also present in the
assemblage. The palynofossils of reworked Permian flora and
Tertiary flora are listed below.
Reworked spores/pollen
Barakarites sp.
Cristastisporites sp.
Densipollenites sp.
Indotriradites sp.
Platysaccus densus Kar (1968)
Plicatipollenites indicus Lele 1964
Polypodisporites sp.
Potonieisporites concinnus Tiwari 1965
Primuspollenites densus Tiwari 1964
P. dicavus Tiwari 1965
P. levis Tiwari 1964
P. linterus Tiwari 1965
P. obscures Tiwari 1965
Rhizomaspora indica Tiwari 1965
Scheuringipollenites barakarensis (Tiwari) Tiwari 1973
S. maximus (Hart) Tiwari 1973
S. tentulus (Tiwari) Tiwari 1973
Striatites communis Bharadwaj & Salujha 1964
Tertiary Palynotaxa
Pteridophytes spores
Striatriletes susanae (vander Hammen) Kar 1979
S. microverrucosus Kar & Saxena 1981
Striatriletes sp.
Foveosporites sp.
Gymnosperm pollen
Podocarpidites meghalayaensis Rao 1986
Podocarpidites sp.
 Tibetan Plateau

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BE M A N I P U R
LEGEND # v #
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Nimi Formation
Tipam Group Thrust
Surma Group Sample location

C Barail & Disang Group

10 Km 0 Km

Fig. 1. A. Map of India showing the location of Nagaland State; B. Sampled Outcrop of the study area; C. Geological map of Nagaland (after GSI 2011).

Angiosperm pollen such as Scheuringipollenites maximus, S. barakarensis, S.

Inaperturopollenites sp.
Fungal remains
Phragmothyrites sp.
The vertical distribution and quantitative account of the
recovered palynolotaxa is presented in figure 2. The
occurrence of reworked Permian palynomorphs (Tiwari 1964)
is relatively higher throughout the studied succession. They
are recorded for the first time from this area and include forms
tentulus, Primuspollenites obscurus, P. levis, P. densus, P.
linterus, P. dicavus, Platysaccus densus, Plicatipollenites
indicus, Polypodisporites sp., Potonieisporites concinnus,
Indotriradites sp., Cristastisporites sp., Striatites communis,
Densipollenites sp., Rhizomaspora indica, and Barakarites
sp.
The Tertiary palynomorphs are relatively small in
numbers in all the samples. They comprise Podocarpidites

37
Plate 1. Reworked Early Penmian palynomorphs (1-19, 25-27) and the associated Tertiary palynomorphs (20-24) from the Upper Bhuban Formation of Nagaland.
1. Primuspollenites obscures, 2. Primuspollenites obscures, 3. Platysaccus densus, 4. Primuspollenites densus, 5. Primuspollenits linterus, 6.
Primuspollenites dicavus, 7. Plicatipollenites indicus, 8. Scheuringipollenites maximus, 9. Scheuringipollenites barakarensis, 10. Primuspollenites
densus, 11. Potonieisporites concinnus, 12. Scheuringipollenites tentulus, 13. Indotriradites sp., 14. Cristastisporites sp., 15. Striatites communis, 16.
Densipollenites sp., 17. Rhizomaspora indica, 18. Polypodisporites sp., 19. Barakarites sp., 20. Podocarpidites sp., 21. Striatriletes microverrucosus, 22.
Foveosporites sp., 23. Phragmothyrites sp., 24. Striatriletes susanae, 25. Podocarpidites sp., 26. Pollen grain, 27. Primuspollenites levis (Bars represent
10 µm).

38
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic column of the Upper Bhuban Formation at 10th Mile Chumukedima Gate showing the distribution of palynomorphs.

39
meghalayaensis, Podocorpidites sp., Striatriletes susanae,
S. microverrucosus, Striatriletes sp., Inaperturopollenites sp.
and Phragmothyrites sp.
DISCUSSION
The Pre-Mesozoic and Cretaceous sequences represented by
the Naga metamorphic and Ophiolite melange suite are
exposed in the Ophiolite belt, while the Paleogene
sedimentary successions of the Disang and Barail groups
occur within the inner Paleogene fold belt in this region. The
record of reworked palynofossils from the Surma-Tipam
groups of Upper Assam suggests that the Barail and Surma
sediments were derived from the northern side of Upper
Assam during Oligocene times as the Himalaya was not
sufficiently uplifted and became the main source for the Barail
sediments (Banerjee 1964). The Lower Gondwana rocks are
exposed at the foot hills of the Himalaya in Bhutan and
Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Assam (Dutta 1978).
Singh et al. (1990) suggested that the Cretaceous sediments,
containing recycled Permian palynofossils, acted as a source
for the Barail-Surma sedimentation. Further, it has been
suggested that the sediments of Barail and Surma groups of the
Lower Assam and Bangladesh might have been transported
from the foothills of the Himalaya in the north and northeast of
the UpperAssam (Kumar et al. 2001).
During the present investigation, the reworked Permian
palynotaxa, namely Scheuringipollenites maximus, S.
barakarensis, S. tentulus, Primuspollenites obscurus, P. levis,
P. densus, P. linterus, P. dicavus, Platysaccus densus,
Plicatipollenites indicus, Polypodisporites sp. ,
Potonieisporites concinnus, Indotriradites sp.,
Cristastisporites sp., Striatites communis, Densipollenites sp.,
Rhizomaspora indica, and Barakarites sp. have been
encountered in the measured section. Most of the reworked
palynomorphs found during the present study are well
preserved except some broken pollen (Plate I, Figs. 2, 5, 6, 7,
14, 16 and 22), indicating slight pre-depositional corrosion or
abrasion. Such good preservation of derived material may
reflect a rapid erosion of source sediments, transportation
within sediment clasts and good preservation in the younger
host sediment (McLean 1995). However, due to their
durability, reworked palynomorphs are commonly preserved
in pristine condition (e.g., Ravn & Benson 1988; Van de Laar
& Fermont 1989). The source of reworked Permian
palynomorphs is difficult to determine. However, their
presence in the Upper Bhuban Formation indicates that the
transported sediments in this area were most likely derived
from the Gondwana sequences, which are extensively
exposed in the neighbourhoods.
The coniferous pollen grains represented by
Podocarpidites signify highlands/high altitude provenance
for the sediments from the surrounding areas or around the
depositional terrain (Handique & Dutta 1981; Mandaokar
2000). These elements are indicative of subtropical-temperate
40
climate. Striatriletes, one of the major elements of the
assemblage, in association with fungal remains suggests
humid, warm, swampy/freshwater environment of deposition
(Handique & Dutta 1981; Mandal 1996; Kumar et al. 2001;
Singh et al. 2011). It indicates tropical – subtropical climate.
The fungal remains of Phragmothyrites sp. indicate
wet/humid climate. The dominance of spores of Striatriletes
spp. with fungal remains, in the present study, imply that a
warm and humid freshwater depositional environment and
tropical-subtropical climatic conditions prevailed during the
course of sedimentation of the Upper Bhuban Formation.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The Tertiary and reworked Permian palynomorphs are
recovered from the Upper Bhuban Formation exposed at
10th Mile Chumukedima Gate, Kohima (Nagaland). The
palynological assemblage consists of 18 species referable
to 12 genera of the Permian reworked palynomorphs. The
Tertiary palynomoprhs are represented by 8 species
refereable to 5 genera of spores, pollen grains, and fungal
remains.
2. Scheuringipollenites maximus, S. barakarensis, S.
tentulus, Primuspollenites obscurus, P. levis, P. densus, P.
linterus, P. dicavus, Platysaccus kingerensis,
Plicatipollenites indicus, Polypodisporites sp .,
Potonieisporites concinnus, Indotriradites sp.,
Cristastisporites sp., Striatites communis, Densipollenites
sp., Rhizomaspora indica, and Barakarites sp. have been
recorded for the first time from this area.
3. The occurrence of reworked Permian palynotaxa
indicates that the Gondwana sediments were exposed
nearby and were the source rocks for the Upper Bhuban
Formation.
4. Based on the occurence of Striatriletes and fungal
remains, a warm and humid freshwater depositional
environment and tropical to subtropical climate has been
interpreted during the sedimentation of the Upper Bhuban
Formation.
Acknowledgements: YRS and BPS would like to acknowledge the
Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (Grant
No. No. SR/S4/ES-577/2011) for financial support. We thank Prof.
Ibotombi Soibam, the Head, Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur
University, Imphal for technical help. The authors are grateful to Dr
M.R. Rao and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable suggestions
and comments that improved this paper.
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