Abstract—Multiple Input Multiple Output (2x2MIMO) algorithm and encoding. The concept of MIMO
patch antenna for multiband applications has been technology was first studied by the pioneer Foschini in
proposed in this paper. The proposed design has reduced
the mutual coupling and enhance the bandwidth and
1998[1]. MIMO is also called multiple antenna
efficiency. The proposed 2x2 MIMO patch antenna is systems[2]. However the antenna is the interface of the
simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) MIMO wireless communication systems to the channel
. The isolation ,bandwidth and efficiency are enhanced which is the most sensitive part for the spatial degree
by using groups of rings around the stepped cut at four
corner and mid slot separation on the radiating path of of freedom[2]. In traditional antenna design for
the antenna. The bandwidth 1.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz, and communication system a single antenna at the
3GHz to 5.5 GHz are achieved. The rings used in this transmitter and another at the receiver is employed .
design are essential for having more new resonant
When the signal is travelling from transmitter to
frequencies. A novel concept of mid space separation on
the patch is used to improve the isolation. Coupling receive through various paths it will be affected by
coefficients of the simulated proposed antenna is found noise and multipath effects . In modern antenna design
lower than -10dB for all the desired frequencies(1.5GHZ, multiple input multiple output are employed so that
1.8GHz, 2.4GHz, 3.5GHz,5.2GHz and 5.5 GHz. 9.99 dB
Diversity gain of the proposed 2x2 MIMO antenna system the multipath effects is taken as advantage to transmit
is also achieved higher. Envelope correlation coefficient multiple data stream[1].Designing MIMO antennas
(ECC) is less than 0.007 at the desired frequency bands . have their own challenges such as mutual coupling
This results implies that the proposed antenna system is
because of electromagnetic interaction between
suitable for MIMO applications. Radiation efficiencies
are achieved above 70% for all desired frequencies . antenna elements . MIMO mutual coupling affects on
Hence the final design of 2x2 MIMO patch antenna can the efficiency of the antenna . Many techniques have
be used for GSM(1.5GHz), LTE (1.8GHz),WiFi (2.4GHz), been used to reduce the mutual coupling which
and WiMax (3.5GHz, 5.2 GHz and 5.5 GHz) applications.
explained in the next part . Small spacing between
Keywords -Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), antenna elements is one of the major issues of
Envelope correlation coefficient ( ECC),Single Input Single designing MIMO antennas. Besides that, Correlation
Output(SISO) , Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna between the antennas leads to reduction of the channel
(RMPA).
capacities.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CHALLENGES IN MIMO ANTENNA DESIGN
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is a
multiple transmitters and multiple receivers which have Mutual coupling is the special parameter in MIMO
antenna systems which refers to the electromagnetic
been employed due to the demand on services with
interactions between the radiators of an antenna array.
high data rate. MIMO is the key technology for the When the transmit antenna element transmits some
future wireless communication system which is used energy to the other elements, simultaneously a receive
by many broad band applications. In traditional Single antenna elements transfer a portion of the to the nearby
Input Single Output (SISO) antenna , low data rate, elements. When the mutual coupling is reduced, the
capacity and multipath propagation were the major array of the antenna should be good[3].
problems encountered, MIMO is one of the potential
For a long time many papers have been focusing on
technology which can bring high speed data rate for the area of correlation coefficient in order to reduce the
both uplink and downlink channel, mitigate the mutual coupling of the MIMO system . Many efforts
multipath fading, as well as increase the capacity has been done to reduce a mutual coupling between
without assigning more bandwidth. These multiple two nearby antennas . As well known that
input multiple output have to be with proper detection Improvement of mutual coupling will affect on return
(a) (b)
Figure 1:Structure of simulated design of Symmetrical 2x2MIMO
RMPA. (a) Front view. (b) Back view.
A. 2x2 MIMO Antenna
14
WiMAX application at frequencies 5.2GHz and
5.5GHz are obtained as a new resonant frequencies
due to parasitic elements added to the structure as
shown in fig. 4. Besides that mutual coupling is
changed as well . By using parasitic elements the
bandwidth is enhanced but mutual coupling needs
more reduction which will be explained in the next
parts.
Figure 4: The simulated results of reflection coefficients and Fig. 9 shows the geometric details of top and back
coupling coefficients of the 2x2 MIMO antenna system with rings. view of the proposed 2x2 MIMO antenna system.
Some dimensions has been chosen such as (D= 0.2mm,
C. Proposed With Mid Slot For Mutual Coupling D=5mm,D=10mm and D= 16 mm) in order to show
Reduction the variation of reflection coefficient and coupling
coefficient. As long as the width of the mid slot is
New ideas has been proposed on the structure for bigger, more resonant frequencies disappear.
mutual coupling reduction. Mid slot on the patch has
been designed with a parameter of D. Also rings have
been proposed in previous section to obtain new
resonant frequencies. Fig. 5 shows the Photographs of
the simulated design of 2x2 MIMO RMPA with Mid
slot.
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Table 1:Simulated return lose of 2x2 MIMO proposed antenna
Freq. S11 dB S12 dB S21 dB S22 dB
(Hz) Simulated Simulated Simulated Simulated
1.5 -11.7 -11 -11 -10.2
1.8 -24.2 -12 -11.6 -14.8
2.4 -11.5 -11.7 -11.2 -19.2
3.5 -15.9 -17.9 -17.6 -31.8
5.2 -19.4 -14.3 -13.8 -18.2
5.5 -11.6 -15.6 -15.2 -14.6
The Voltage Standing Wave Ration (VSWR) of the
desired frequency is under the acceptable rang .
Figure 8: The simulated results of coupling coefficients of the 1<VSWR<2 at both ports of the proposed antenna as
optimized 2x2MIMO antenna system. shown in fig. 11.Fig. 12 shows the radiation
efficiencies of the proposed 2x2MIMO antenna . It can
III PROPOSED 2X2MIMO ANTENNA be seen that the radiation efficiencies at all desired
frequencies are above 70%.
The final design of the proposed antenna contains of
both Mid slot separation with D=10 and a parasitic
elements as shown in fig 9.. The antenna simulation
shows an improvements in both reflection coefficient
and mutual coupling as shown in fig. 10. GSM
(1.5GHz),LTE(1.8GHz), Wifi(2.4) and WiMAX
(3.5GHz, 5.2GHz, 5.5GHz) have been covered as
shown in fig. 10. The bandwidth from 1.4 GHz to 2.5
GHz, and from 3GHz to 5.5 GHz is covered. Mutual
coupling has been reduced to below -10 dB for the
desired frequencies.
(a) (b)
Figure 9: Structure of Proposed 2x2 MIMO antenna system (a) Top
view (b) back view
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Table 2: Simulated radiation E-plane and H-plane patterns of 2X2
MIMO proposed antenna
Frequency Far field
1.5GHz
(a)
2.4Gz
(c)
3.5GHz
Figure14:Simulated Diversity gain of the proposed2X2 MIMO
17
four corners have been presented to obtain more
resonant frequencies for enhancing the bandwidth and
efficiency. The proposed antenna has been simulated
and compared with reference antenna . The diversity
gain of 9.98 dB and 0.007 ECC are achieved
respectively. Radiation efficiencies of 70% and above
are achieved for all desired frequencies . Finally the
proposed antenna can be used for GSM (1.5GHz),
LTE (1.8GHz),WiFi (2.4GHz), and WiMax (3.5GHz,
5.2 GHz and 5.5 GHz) applications.
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