INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW
Seminar Report on

ADVANCE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ITS

CONTROL
Submitted by

MD. AFAQUE ANSARI

Under the effective guidance of

MR. MAHMOOD ALAM

Session
2018-2019

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
 LUCKNOW
CERTIFICATE

This is certify that seminar entitled

ADVANCE INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL

Submitted by

MD. AFAQUE ANSARI

Has completed as per requirement of

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

In partial fulfilment of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Mechanical Engineering)

For the academic year

2018-2019

Guide
(Er. Mahmood Alam)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to Mr. Mahmood Alam for his kind

guidance all along the way. I give my sincere regards to Mr. P.K Bharti (HOD)

Mechanical engineering department for his constant encouragement. I take this

opportunity to thank all the staff member of Mechanical engineering department of

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW for there cooperation and help during

this seminar work.

Last but not least, It goes without saying that I am indebted to my parents and a no

of friends who have extended their cooperation and help during the seminar work.

MD.AFAQUE ANSARI
B.tech 4th year (M.E.)
.
1500101164
CONTENTS

Chapter Topic Page No

1. Introduction 5

2. Pollution control 5

3. Air pollution and control 6

4. Water pollution and control 17

5. Noise pollution and control 22

Introduction
Advance industrial pollution means the pollution caused by industries
and then its is controlled by the use of advance applied sciences.
Nowadays the main cause of pollution whether it is any kind of
pollution (water, air, land, noise) is mainly the industries.
This all is due to poor management of harmful chemicals.
Industries causes
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Land pollution
 Noise pollution

Pollution control
Pollution control, in environmental engineering, any of a variety of means
employed to limit damage done to the environment by the discharge of harmful
substances and energies. Specific means of pollution control might
include refuse disposal systems such as sanitary landfills, emission control
systems for automobiles, sedimentation tanks in sewerage systems,
the electrostatic precipitation of impurities from industrial gas, or the practice
of recycling. For full treatment of major areas of pollution control, see air
pollution control, water pollution control, solid-waste management,
and hazardous-waste management.

6
Air pollution and control

Air pollution control, the techniques employed to reduce or eliminate the

emission into the atmosphere of substances that can harm the environment or
human health. The control of air pollution is one of the principal areas
of pollution control, along with water pollution control, solid-waste
management, and hazardous-waste management.

Air is considered to be polluted when it contains certain substances in

concentrations high enough and for durations long enough to cause harm or
undesirable effects. These include adverse effects on human health, property,
and atmospheric visibility. The atmosphere is susceptible to pollution from
natural sources as well as from human activities. Some natural phenomena, such
as volcanic eruptions and forest fires, may have not only local and regional
effects but also long-lasting global ones. Nevertheless, only pollution caused by
human activities, such as industry and transportation, is subject to mitigation
and control.

7
Most air contaminants originate from combustion processes. During the Middle
Ages the burning of coal for fuel caused recurrent air pollution problems in
London and other large European cities. Beginning in the 19th century, in the
wake of the Industrial Revolution, increasing use of fossil fuels intensified the
severity and frequency of air pollution episodes. The advent of mobile sources
of air pollution—i.e., gasoline-powered highway vehicles—had a tremendous
impact on air quality problems in cities. It was not until the middle of the 20th
century, however, that meaningful and lasting attempts were made to regulate or
limit emissions of air pollutants from stationary and mobile sources and to
control air quality on both regional and local scales.

The primary focus of air pollution regulation in industrialized countries has

been on protecting ambient, or outdoor, air quality. This involves the control of
a small number of specific “criteria” pollutants known to contribute to
urban smog and chronic public health problems. The criteria pollutants include
fine particulates, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone,
and lead. Since the end of the 20th century, there also has been a recognition of
the hazardous effects of trace amounts of many other air pollutants called “air
toxics.” Most air toxics are organic chemicals, comprising molecules that
contain carbon, hydrogen, and other atoms. Specific emission regulations have
been implemented against those pollutants. In addition, the long-term and far-
reaching effects of the “greenhouse gases” on atmospheric chemistry
and climate have been observed, and cooperative international efforts have been
undertaken to control those pollutants. The greenhouse gases include carbon
dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. In
2009 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ruled that greenhouse gases
posed a threat to human health and could be subject to regulation as air
pollutants.

The best way to protect air quality is to reduce the emission of pollutants by
changing to cleaner fuels and processes. Pollutants not eliminated in this way
must be collected or trapped by appropriate air-cleaning devices as they are
generated and before they can escape into the atmosphere. These devices are
described below. The emphasis of this article is air pollution control technology
as it is designed to remove particulate and gaseous pollutants from the
emissions of stationary sources, including power plants and industrial facilities.
(The control of air pollution from mobile sources is described in emission-
control system.)

8
Control of Particulates

Airborne particles can be removed from a polluted airstream by a variety of

physical processes. Common types of equipment for collecting fine particulates
include cyclones, scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and baghouse filters.
Once collected, particulates adhere to each other, forming agglomerates that can
readily be removed from the equipment and disposed of, usually in a landfill.

Because each air pollution control project is unique, it is usually not possible to
decide in advance what the best type of particle-collection device (or
combination of devices) will be; control systems must be designed on a case-by-
case basis. Important particulate characteristics that influence the selection of
collection devices include corrosivity, reactivity, shape, density, and especially
size and size distribution (the range of different particle sizes in the airstream).
Other design factors include airstream characteristics
(e.g., pressure, temperature, and viscosity), flow rate, removal efficiency
requirements, and allowable resistance to airflow. In general, cyclone collectors
are often used to control industrial dust emissions and as pre-cleaners for other
kinds of collection devices. Wet scrubbers are usually applied in the control of
flammable or explosive dusts or mists from such sources as industrial and
chemical processing facilities and hazardous-waste incinerators; they can handle
hot airstreams and sticky particles. Electrostatic precipitators and fabric-filter
baghouses are often used at power plants.

Cyclones

A cyclone removes particulates by causing the dirty airstream to flow in a spiral

path inside a cylindrical chamber. Dirty air enters the chamber from a tangential
direction at the outer wall of the device, forming a vortex as it swirls within the
chamber. The larger particulates, because of their greater inertia, move outward
and are forced against the chamber wall. Slowed by friction with the wall
surface, they then slide down the wall into a conical dust hopper at the bottom
of the cyclone. The cleaned air swirls upward in a narrower spiral through an
inner cylinder and emerges from an outlet at the top. Accumulated particulate
dust is periodically removed from the hopper for disposal.

9
Cyclone collector, for removing relatively coarse particulates from the air.
Small cyclone devices are often installed to control pollution from mobile
sources.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Cyclones are best at removing relatively coarse particulates. They can routinely
achieve efficiencies of 90 percent for particles larger than about 20 micrometres
(μm; 20 millionths of a metre). By themselves, however, cyclones are not
sufficient to meet stringent air quality standards. They are typically used as pre-
cleaners and are followed by more efficient air-cleaning equipment such as
electrostatic precipitators and baghouses (described below).

Scrubbers

Devices called wet scrubbers trap suspended particles by direct contact with a
spray of water or other liquid. In effect, a scrubber washes the particulates out
of the dirty airstream as they collide with and are entrained by the countless tiny
droplets in the spray.

Several configurations of wet scrubbers are in use. In a spray-tower scrubber, an

upward-flowing airstream is washed by water sprayed downward from a series
of nozzles. The water is recirculated after it is sufficiently cleaned to prevent
clogging of the nozzles. Spray-tower scrubbers can remove 90 percent of
particulates larger than about 8 μm.

10
In orifice scrubbers and wet-impingement scrubbers, the air-and-droplet mixture
collides with a solid surface. Collision with a surface atomizes the droplets,
reducing droplet size and thereby increasing total surface contact area. These
devices have the advantage of lower water-recirculation rates, and they offer
removal efficiencies of about 90 percent for particles larger than 2 μm.

Venturi scrubbers are the most efficient of the wet collectors, achieving
efficiencies of more than 98 percent for particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter.
Scrubber efficiency depends on the relative velocity between the droplets and
the particulates. Venturi scrubbers achieve high relative velocities by injecting
water into the throat of a venturi channel—a constriction in the flow path—
through which particulate-laden air is passing at high speed.

Electrostatic precipitators

Electrostatic precipitation is a commonly used method for removing fine

particulates from airstreams. In an electrostatic precipitator, particles suspended
in the airstream are given an electric charge as they enter the unit and are then
removed by the influence of an electric field. The precipitation unit comprises
baffles for distributing airflow, discharge and collection electrodes, a dust clean-
out system, and collection hoppers. A high voltage of direct current (DC), as
much as 100,000 volts, is applied to the discharge electrodes to charge the
particles, which then are attracted to oppositely charged collection electrodes,
on which they become trapped.

11
Electrostatic precipitator, a common particle-collection device at fossil-fuel
power-generating stations. Encyclopaedia like Britannica, Inc.

In a typical unit the collection electrodes comprise a group of large rectangular

metal plates suspended vertically and parallel to each other inside a boxlike
structure. There are often hundreds of plates having a combined surface area of
tens of thousands of square metres. Rows of discharge electrode wires hang
between the collection plates. The wires are given a negative electric charge,
whereas the plates are grounded and thus become positively charged.

Particles that stick to the collection plates are removed periodically when the
plates are shaken, or “rapped.” Rapping is a mechanical technique for
separating the trapped particles from the plates, which typically become covered
with a 6-mm (0.2-inch) layer of dust. Rappers are either of the impulse (single-
blow) or vibrating type. The dislodged particles are collected in a hopper at the
bottom of the unit and removed for disposal. An electrostatic precipitator can
remove particulates as small as 1 μm with an efficiency exceeding 99 percent.
The effectiveness of electrostatic precipitators in removing fly ash from the
combustion gases of fossil-fuel furnaces accounts for their high frequency of
use at power stations.

Baghouse filters

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One of the most efficient devices for removing suspended particulates is an
assembly of fabric-filter bags, commonly called a baghouse. A typical baghouse
comprises an array of long, narrow bags—each about 25 cm (10 inches) in
diameter—that are suspended upside down in a large enclosure. Dust-laden air
is blown upward through the bottom of the enclosure by fans. Particulates are
trapped inside the filter bags, while the clean air passes through the fabric and
exits at the top of the baghouse.

Baghouse employing an array of fabric bags for filtering the

airstream.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

A fabric-filter dust collector can remove very nearly 100 percent of particles as
small as 1 μm and a significant fraction of particles as small as 0.01 μm. Fabric
filters, however, offer relatively high resistance to airflow, which leads to
substantial energy usage for the fan system. In addition, in order to prolong the
useful life of the filter fabric, the air to be cleaned must be cooled (usually
below 300 °C [570 °F]) before it is passed through the unit; cooling coils
needed for this purpose add to the energy usage. (Certain filter fabrics—e.g.,
those made of ceramic or mineral materials—can operate at higher
temperatures.)

Several compartments of filter bags are often used at a single baghouse

installation. This arrangement allows individual compartments to be cleaned
while others remain in service. The bags are cleaned by removing the excess
layer of surface dust. This is done in several different ways: by mechanically
shaking them; by temporarily reversing the flow of air and causing them to

13
collapse; or by sending a short burst of air down through the bag, causing it to
briefly expand. After the dust is removed from the filters, it falls into a hopper
below and can be collected for disposal or further use. Care must be taken not to
remove too much of the built-up surface dust, or “dust cake,” when cleaning the
filters. In most filter types the filter itself is only a substrate that allows for the
formation of a layer of dust cake, which then captures the majority of the
particulates. Filters with an applied membrane coating such
as polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) do not require the use of dust cake to
operate at their highest efficiency.

Control of Gases

Gaseous criteria pollutants, as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and

other gaseous air toxics, are controlled by means of three basic
techniques: absorption, adsorption, and incineration (or combustion). These
techniques can be employed singly or in combination. They are effective against
the major greenhouse gases as well. In addition, a fourth technique, known
as carbon sequestration, is in development as a means of controlling carbon
dioxide levels.

Absorption

In the context of air pollution control, absorption involves the transfer of a

gaseous pollutant from the air into a contacting liquid, such as water. The liquid
must be able either to serve as a solventfor the pollutant or to capture it by
means of a chemical reaction.

Wet scrubbers and packed scrubbers

Wet scrubbers similar to those described above for controlling suspended

particulates may be used for gas absorption. Gas absorption can also be carried

14
out in packed scrubbers, or towers, in which the liquid is present on a wetted
surface rather than as droplets suspended in the air. A common type of packed
scrubber is the counter current tower. After entering the bottom of the tower, the
polluted airstream flows upward through a wetted column of light, chemically
inactive packing material. The liquid absorbent flows downward and is
uniformly spread throughout the column packing, thereby increasing the total
area of contact between gas and liquid. Thermoplastic materials are most widely
used as packing for countercurrent scrubber towers. These devices usually have
gas-removal efficiencies of 90–95 percent.

Co current and cross-flow packed scrubber designs are also used for gas
absorption. In the cocurrent design, both gas and liquid flow in the same
direction—vertically downward through the scrubber. Although not as efficient
as countercurrent designs, cocurrent devices can work at higher liquid flow
rates. The increased flow prevents plugging of the packing when the airstream
contains high levels of particulates. Cocurrent designs afford lowered resistance
to airflow and allow the cross-sectional area of the tower to be reduced. The
cross-flow design, in which gas flows horizontally through the packing and
liquid flows vertically downward, can operate with lower airflow resistance
when high particulate levels are present.

In general, scrubbers are used at fertilizer production facilities (to

remove ammonia from the airstream), at glass production plants (to remove
hydrogen fluoride), at chemical plants (to remove water-soluble solvents such
as acetone and methyl alcohol), and at rendering plants (to control odours).

Flue gas desulfurization

Sulfur dioxide in flue gas from fossil-fuel power plants can be controlled by
means of an absorption process called flue gas desulfurization (FGD). FGD
systems may involve wet scrubbing or dry scrubbing. In wet FGD systems, flue
gases are brought in contact with an absorbent, which can be either a liquid or a
slurry of solid material. The sulfur dioxide dissolves in or reacts with the
absorbent and becomes trapped in it. In dry FGD systems, the absorbent is dry
pulverized lime or limestone; once absorption occurs, the solid particles are
removed by means of baghouse filters (described above). Dry FGD systems,
compared with wet systems, offer cost and energy savings and easier operation,

15
but they require higher chemical consumption and are limited to flue gases
derived from the combustion of low-sulphur coal.

FGD systems are also classified as either regenerable or non-regenerable

(throwaway), depending on whether the sulphur that is removed from the flue
gas is recovered or discarded. In the United States most systems in operation are
non-regenerable because of their lower capital and operating costs. By contrast,
in Japan regenerable systems are used extensively, and in Germany they are
required by law. Non regenerable FGD systems produce a sulphur-containing
sludge residue that requires appropriate disposal. Regenerable FGD systems
require additional steps to convert the sulphur dioxide into useful by-products
like sulfuric acid.

Several FGD methods exist, differing mainly in the chemicals used in the
process. FGD processes that employ either lime or limestone slurries as the
reactants are widely applied. In the limestone scrubbing process, sulphur
dioxide reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate) particles in the slurry,
forming calcium sulphite and carbon dioxide. In the lime scrubbing process,
sulphur dioxide reacts with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), forming calcium
sulphite and water. Depending on sulphur dioxide concentrations and oxidation
conditions, the calcium sulphite can continue to react with water, forming
calcium sulphate (gypsum). Neither calcium sulphite nor calcium sulphate is
very soluble in water, and both can be precipitated out as a slurry by gravity
settling. The thick slurry, called FGD sludge, creates a significant disposal
problem. Flue gas desulfurization helps to reduce ambient sulphur dioxide
levels and mitigate the problem of acid rain. Nevertheless, in addition to its
expense (which is passed on directly to the consumer as higher rates for
electricity), millions of tons of FGD sludge are generated each year.

16
Wet scrubber using a limestone slurry to remove sulfur dioxide from flue
gas.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Adsorption

Gas adsorption, as contrasted with absorption, is a surface phenomenon. The

gas molecules are sorbed—attracted to and held—on the surface of a solid. Gas
adsorption methods are used for odour control at various types of chemical-
manufacturing and food-processing facilities, in the recovery of a number of
volatile solvents (e.g., benzene), and in the control of VOCs at industrial
facilities.

Activated carbon (heated charcoal) is one of the most common adsorbent

materials. It is very porous and has an extremely high ratio of surface area to
volume. Activated carbon is particularly useful as an adsorbent for cleaning
airstreams that contain VOCs and for solvent recovery and odour control. A
properly designed carbon adsorption unit can remove gas with an efficiency
exceeding 95 percent.

Adsorption systems are configured either as stationary bed units or as moving

bed units. In stationary bed adsorbers, the polluted airstream enters from the
top, passes through a layer, or bed, of activated carbon, and exits at the bottom.

17
In moving bed adsorbers, the activated carbon moves slowly down through
channels by gravity as the air to be cleaned passes through in a cross-flow
current.

Incineration

The process called incineration or combustion—chemically, rapid oxidation—

can be used to convert VOCs and other gaseous hydrocarbon pollutants
to carbon dioxide and water. Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes
usually is accomplished in a special incinerator called an afterburner. To
achieve complete combustion, the afterburner must provide the proper amount
of turbulence and burning time, and it must maintain a sufficiently high
temperature. Sufficient turbulence, or mixing, is a key factor in combustion
because it reduces the required burning time and temperature. A process called
direct flame incineration can be used when the waste gas is itself a combustible
mixture and does not need the addition of air or fuel.

An afterburner typically is made of a steel shell lined with refractory

material such as firebrick. The refractory lining protects the shell and serves as a
thermal insulator. Given enough time and high enough temperatures, gaseous
organic pollutants can be almost completely oxidized, with incineration
efficiency approaching 100 percent. Certain substances, such as platinum, can
act in a manner that assists the combustion reaction. These substances,
called catalysts, allow complete oxidation of the combustible gases at relatively
low temperatures.

Afterburners are used to control odours, destroy toxic compounds, or reduce the
amount of photochemically reactive substances released into the air. They are
employed at a variety of industrial facilities where VOC vapours are emitted
from combustion processes or solvent evaporation (e.g., petroleum refineries,
paint-drying facilities, and paper mills).

Carbon sequestration

The best way to reduce the levels of carbon dioxide in the air is to use energy
more efficiently and to reduce the combustion of fossil fuels by

18
using alternative energy sources (e.g., nuclear, wind, tidal, and solar power). In
addition, carbon sequestration can be used to serve the purpose. Carbon
sequestration involves the long-term storage of carbon dioxide underground, as
well as on the surface of Earth in forests and oceans. Carbon sequestration in
forests and oceans relies on natural processes such as forest growth. However,
the clearing of forests for agricultural and other purposes (and also the pollution
of oceans) diminishes natural carbon sequestration. Storing carbon dioxide
underground—a technology under development that is also called geo
sequestration or carbon capture and storage—would involve pumping the gas
directly into underground geologic “reservoir” layers. This would require the
separation of carbon dioxide from power plant flue gases (or some other source)
—a costly process.

Water Pollution Control

Surface Water Pollution Control
Definition of water pollution
Water pollution refers to the qualitative state of impurity or uncleanliness in
hydrologic waters of a certain region, such as a watershed. It results from an
occurrence or process which causes a reduction in the utility of the earth’s
waters, especially as related to human health and environmental effects. The
pollution process stresses the loss of purity through contamination, which
further implies intrusion by or contact with an outside source as the cause. The
term tainted is applied to extremely low levels of water pollution, as in their
initial corruption and decay. Defilement is the result of pollution and suggests
violation or desecration.
Hydrologic waters
The earth’s natural waters may be viewed as a continuously circulating system
as shown in figure 1, which provides a graphic illustration of waters in the
hydrologic cycle, including both surface and subsurface waters.
Figure 1. The hydrologic cycle

19
As a reference for water quality, distilled waters (H2O) represent the highest
state of purity. Waters in the hydrologic cycle may be viewed as natural, but are
not pure. They become polluted from both natural and human activities. Natural
degradation effects may result from a myriad of sources - from fauna, flora,
volcano eruptions, lightning strikes causing fires and so on, which on a long-
term basis are considered to be prevailing background levels for scientific
purposes.
Human-made pollution disrupts the natural balance by superimposing waste
materials discharged from various sources. Pollutants may be introduced into
the waters of the hydrologic cycle at any point. For example: atmospheric
precipitation (rainfall) may become contaminated by air pollutants; surface
waters may become polluted in the runoff process from watersheds; sewage
may be discharged into streams and rivers; and groundwaters may become
polluted through infiltration and underground contamination.

Figure 2 shows a distribution of hydrologic waters. Pollution is then

superimposed on these waters and may therefore be viewed as an unnatural or
unbalanced environmental condition. The process of pollution may occur in
waters of any part of the hydrologic cycle, and is more obvious on the earth’s
surface in the form of runoff from watersheds into streams and rivers. However
groundwater pollution is also of major environmental impact and is discussed
following the section on surface water pollution.
Figure 2. Distribution of precipitation

20
Watershed sources of water pollution
Watersheds are the originating domain of surface water pollution. A watershed
is defined as an area of the earth’s surface on which hydrologic waters fall,
accumulate, are used, disposed of, and eventually are discharged into streams,
rivers or other bodies of water. It is comprised of a drainage system with
ultimate runoff or collection in a stream or river. Large river watersheds are
usually referred to as drainage basins. Figure 3 is a representation of the
hydrologic cycle on a regional watershed. For a region, the disposition of the
various waters can be written as a simple equation, which is the basic equation
of hydrology as written by Viessman, Lewis and Knapp (1989); typical units are
mm/year:
P - R - G - E - T = ±S
where:
P = precipitation (i.e., rainfall, snowfall, hail)
R = runoff or watershed surface flow
G = groundwater
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
S = surface storage

21
Figure 3. Regional hydrologic cycle

Precipitation is viewed as the initiating form in the above hydrologic budget.

The term runoff is synonymous with stream flow. Storage refers to reservoirs or
detention systems which collect waters; for example, a human-made dam
(barrage) on a river creates a reservoir for purposes of water storage.
Groundwater collects as a storage system and may flow from one location to
another; it may be influent or effluent in relation to surface streams.
Evaporation is a water surface phenomenon, and transpiration is associated with
transmission from biota.

Although watersheds may vary greatly in size, certain drainage systems for
water pollution designation are classified as urban or non-urban (agricultural,
rural, undeveloped) in character. Pollution occurring within these drainage
systems originates from the following sources:
Point sources: waste discharges into a receiving water body at a specific
location, at a point such as a sewer pipe or some type of concentrated system
outlet.

22
Non-point (dispersed) sources: pollution entering a receiving water body from
dispersed sources in the watershed; uncollected rainfall runoff water drainage
into a stream is typical. Non-point sources are also sometimes referred to as
“diffuse” waters; however, the term dispersed is seen as more descriptive.
Intermittent sources: from a point or source which discharges under certain
circumstances, such as with overloaded conditions; combined sewer overflows
during heavy rainfall runoff periods are typical.

Water pollutants in streams and rivers

When deleterious waste materials from the above sources are discharged into
streams or other bodies of water, they become pollutants which have been
classified and described in a previous section. Pollutants or contaminants which
enter a body of water can be further divided into:

 degradable (non-conservative) pollutants: impurities which eventually

decompose into harmless substances or which may be removed by treatment
methods; that is, certain organic materials and chemicals, domestic sewage,
heat, plant nutrients, most bacteria and viruses, certain sediments
 non-degradable (conservative) pollutants: impurities which persist in the
water environment and do not reduce in concentration unless diluted or
removed through treatment; that is, certain organic and inorganic chemicals,
salts, colloidal suspensions
 hazardous waterborne pollutants: complex forms of deleterious wastes
including toxic trace metals, certain inorganic and organic compounds
 radionuclide pollutants: materials which have been subjected to a
radioactive source.

Water pollution control regulations

Broadly applicable water pollution control regulations are generally
promulgated by national governmental agencies, with more detailed regulations
by states, provinces, municipalities, water districts, conservation districts,
sanitation commissions and others. At the national and state (or province)
levels, environmental protection agencies (EPAs) and ministries of health are
usually charged with this responsibility. In the discussion of regulations below,
the format and certain portions follow the example of the water quality
standards currently applicable for the US State of Ohio.

23
Water quality use designations
The ultimate goal in the control of water pollution would be zero discharge of
pollutants to water bodies; however, complete achievement of this objective is
usually not cost effective. The preferred approach is to set limitations on waste
disposal discharges for the reasonable protection of human health and the
environment. Although these standards may vary widely in different
jurisdictions, use designations for specific bodies of water are commonly the
basis, as briefly addressed below.
Water supplies include:

 public water supply: waters which with conventional treatment will be

suitable for human consumption
 agricultural supply: waters suitable for irrigation and livestock watering
without treatment
 industrial/commercial supply: waters suitable for industrial and
commercial uses with or without treatment.

Industrial Noise Pollution

Industrial noise control options are listed below with associated photos and
descriptions. We have worked with many plant engineers, safety coordinators,

24
and plant managers to solve their in-plant noise control problems. Common
noisy equipment such as compressors, blowers, vacuum pumps, stamping
presses, air handling units and many others have been successfully treated with
the below listed options. Many of the options available come in standard
dimensions to accommodate industrial facility budgets and tight time
constraints. eNoise Control can also provide recommendations and product
sales for custom products that are engineered for your specific sound control
application. In addition to noise control products, eNoise Control also suggests
employing certain best practices to reduce the noise in your facility.

Sound curtains or sound blankets are an effective means of noise reduction

and soundproofing of process machinery, pumps, compressors and anything in a
facility that requires noise control and access to the equipment. Sound curtains
are a proven solution for industrial noise control.

SOUND CURTAINS
Sound curtains or sound blankets are an effective means of noise reduction and
sound proofing of process machinery, pumps, compressors and anything in a
facility that requires noise control and access to the equipment. Sound curtains
are a proven solution for industrial noise control.

SOUND ENCLOSURE
Sound Enclosures offer the highest level of sound control and noise reduction
utilizing modular steel panels with various constructions to meet your
equipment access, ventilation, and usable floor space needs. Manufactured to

25
your specifications and the best engineered solution for your industrial noise
control process or equipment.

Sound curtains or sound blankets are an effective means of noise reduction and
soundproofing of process machinery, pumps, compressors and anything in a
facility that requires noise control and access to the equipment. Sound curtains
are a proven solution for industrial noise control.

Sound Enclosure

Sound Enclosure

Sound Enclosures offer the highest level of sound control and noise reduction
utilizing modular steel panels with various constructions to meet your
equipment access, ventilation, and usable floor space needs. Manufactured to
your specifications and the best engineered solution for your industrial noise
control process or equipment.

26
Steel Sound Enclosure

Sound Barrier Wall

Sound barrier walls are used indoors and outdoors for the control of noise where
a roofed sound enclosure system is impractical or impossible. Constructed of
modular steel panels and typically structural steel columns. A sound barrier wall
is an effective solution for many industrial noise control equipment
applications.

Silencers

Silencers

Silencers, also known as attenuators or mufflers, are the most effective means of
solving airflow generated noise. Typically mounted inline with ductwork or
directly to the sound generating equipment itself, acoustical silencers offer the
highest level of sound reduction for air generated noise to exceed your industrial
noise control goals.

Baffles

27
 Acoustic Baffles

Baffles are an economical and unobtrusive method for adding sound absorption
to a noisy area where equipment access is at a premium and enclosures are not a
practical solution for sound control. Typically ceiling mounted and available in
many standard or custom sizes to meet your industrial noise control application
needs.

Composite Foam

Acoustic Foam

Composite foam is an easy and effective means of noise control for lining
existing machine cabinets or steel housings to reduce unwanted noise. Available
with or without protective facings, additional sound barriers, and PSA adhesive
backing. A simple solution for industrial noise control equipment.

Sound Blanket

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 Acoustic Sound Blanket

Sound blankets are removable sound barrier/sound absorber composites custom

fabricated to fit snugly to the noise source and reduce sound emissions.
Effective application where space and accessibility is at a premium. A true
source, noise control product for your industrial noise control application.

Duct Lagging

Duct Lagging

Unger’s DL-10LAG Acoustic Duct Lagging is a lagging, composite material

that is typically used to wrap noisy pipes and ducts to block the noise that
transmits through the walls of the pipe or duct a air or other contents move
through. Details can be found by clicking on the link above.

Quiet Room / Test Enclosure

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 Acoustic Test Chamber

Quiet rooms and test enclosures are efficient, in-process solutions to QC parts
and assemblies on a noisy shop floor. These acoustic enclosures keep out
unwanted sound to accurately test parts on the production line and meet your
industrial noise control needs.

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References

LIST OF FIGURES Page No

Fig-1 5

Fig-2 8

Fig-3 10

Fig-4 11

Fig-5 15

Fig-6 18

Fig-7 19

Fig-8 20

Fig-9 23

Fig-10 23

Fig-11 23

Fig-12 24

Fig-13 24

Fig-14 25

Fig-15 25

Fig-16 26

Fig-17 26

Fig-18 27

Fig-19 27

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