ABSTRACT

In order to conserve natural resources and economize energy, weight

reduction has been the main focus of aerospace manufacturers in the present

scenario. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better

material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The turbine

blade is one of the potential items for weight reduction in aerospace as it accounts

for 10% - 20% of the unspring weight. This achieves the wind turbine blade with

more fuel efficiency and improved riding qualities.

The introduction of metal alloys was made it possible to reduce the weight

of blade without any reduction on load carrying capacity and stiffness. Since, the

composite has more elastic strain energy storage capacity and high strength to

weight ratio as compared with those of epoxy mixed hollow blade, it can used as

the blades for aerospace. Modelling and analysis of the composite blade done in

this project.

1
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Wind energy is one of the oldest source of energy used by mankind,

comparable only to the use of any animal force and biomass. A wind turbine
is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical
energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device
may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is
used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device
is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium, today's
wind turbine s are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis types.
The smallest turbine s are used for applications such as battery charging or
auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid- connected arrays of turbine s
are becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric power.

It's hard sometimes to imagine air as a fluid. It just seems so invisible.

But air is a fluid like any other except that its particles are in gas form instead of
liquid. And when air moves quickly, in the form of wind, those particles are
moving quickly. Motion means kinetic energy, which can be captured, just like
the energy in moving water can be captured by the turbine in a hydroelectric
dam. In the case of a wind-electric turbine , the turbine blades are designed to
capture the kinetic energy in wind. The rest is nearly identical to a hydroelectric
setup: When the turbine blades capture wind energy and start moving, they spin
a shaft that leads from the hub of the rotor to a generator. The generator turns
that rotational energy into electricity. At its essence, generating electricity from
the wind is all about transferring energy from one medium to another.

2
 Wind power all starts with the sun. When the sun heats up a certain
area of land, the air around that land mass absorbs some of that heat. At a
certain temperature, that hotter air begins to rise very quickly because a given
volume of hot air is lighter than an equal volume of cooler air. Faster-moving
(hotter) air particles exert more pressure than slower-moving particles, so it
takes fewer of them to maintain the normal air pressure at a given elevation
(see How Hot Air Balloons Work to learn more about air temperature and
pressure). When that lighter hot air suddenly rises, cooler air flows quickly in to
fill the gap the hot air leaves behind. That air rushing in to fill the gap is wind.

3
1.2 HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY

As early as 3000 B.C., people used wind energy for the first time in the
form of sail boats in Egypt. Sails captured the energy in wind to pull a boat
across the water. The earliest windmills, used to grind grain, came about either
in 2000 B.C. in ancient Babylon or 200B.C. in ancient Persia, depending on
who you ask. These early devices consisted of one or more vertically-mounted
wooden beams, on the bottom of which was a grindstone, attached to a rotating
shaft that turned with the wind. The concept of using wind energy for grinding
grain spread rapidly through the Middle East and was in wide use long before the
first windmill appeared in Europe. Starting in the 11th century A.D., European
Crusaders brought the concept home with them, and the Dutch-type windmill
most of us are familiar with was born.

Modern development of wind-energy technology and applications was

well underway by the1930s, when an estimated 600,000 windmills supplied rural
areas with electricity and water- pumping services. Once broad-scale
electricity distribution spread to farms and country towns, use of wind energy
in the United States started to subside, but it picked up again after the U.S. oil
shortage in the early 1970s. Over the past 30 years, research and development
has fluctuated with federal government interest and tax incentives. In the
mid-'80s, wind turbine s had a typical maximum power rating of 150 kW. In
2006, commercial, utility-scale turbine s are commonly rated at over 1 MW and
are available in up to 4 MW capacity.

4
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

[1]Silver surface enrichment of silver–composites: a limitation for the analysis

of ancient silver coins by surface techniques D. Bachtiar, S.M. Sapuan and M.M.
Hamdan Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, The surface enrichment of archaeological
silver–composites has been recognized for many years. However, the origin of this
enrichment is not well defined and many hypotheses have been put forward to
account for this behaviour: segregation of the components during casting, deliberate
thermal and/or chemical post-treatment, abrasion or corrosion.Among the hypotheses
mentioned above, we have focused our study on the first step of coin manufacturing.
Replications of silver–aluminium standards of various compositions ranging from
30% to 80% Ag, reflecting the composition of silver blanks, have been produced.
Metallographic examination, PIXE and SEM–EDS have been used for the
characterization of each sample. A model of the direct enrichment has been
established. This model allows us to propose a relationship between the surface
composition and the silver content of the core. Comparison with data of Roman coins
from the Roman site (France) and from the literature and consequences for the
analyses of ancient coins by surface methods are presented.

[2]Miravete.A, Castejon. L, Bielsa.J, Bernal.E - Analysis and Prediction of

large aluminium alloy Structures, 1990.Material properties and design of aluminium
alloy structures are reported in many literatures. Very little information is available
in connection with finite element analysis of material in the literature, than too in 2D
analysis of material. At the same time, the literature available regarding experimental
stress analysis more. The experimental procedures are described in national and

5
international standards. Recent emphasis on mass reduction and developments in
materials synthesis and processing technology has led to proven production worthy
wind turbine blade equipment.. In the paper, ‘Premature fracture in aerospace leaf
springs’ by

[3]J.J.Fuentes , H.J. Aguilar, J.A. Rodr´ ıguez , E.J. Herrera , the origin
of Premature fracture in materials used in Venezuelan buses is studied. To this
end, common failure analysis procedures, including examining the leaf spring
history, visual inspection of fractured specimens, characterization of various
properties and simulation tests on real components, were used. It is concluded
that fracture occurred by a mechanism of mechanic fatigue, initiated at the
region of the central hole, which suffered the highest tensile stress levels.
Several factors (poor design, low quality material and defected fabrication) have
combined to facilitate failure. Preventive measures to lengthen the service life
of materials are suggested .The paper by C.K. Clarke and G.E. Borowski on
‘Evaluation of a Material Failure’ gives the determination of the point of failure
during an accident sequence of a rear material in a sport utility wind turbine blade is
presented in terms of fracture surface analysis and residual-strength estimates. Marks
at the scene of the accident pointed to two possibilities for the point of failure: marks
in the roadway at the start of the accident sequence and a rock strike near the end of
the sequence. Evidence from rust and chemical contamination on the fracture pointed
to the spring having been cracked in half prior to the accident. Extensive woody
fracture and secondary cracking at the mid plane of the spring was evidence for
segregation and weakness in the spring. Stress estimates for the effect of both the
weakness and prior cracking on the residual strength of the spring revealed
reductions in strength of the spring that could produce fracture at the start of the
accident sequence.

6
 [4]Mr. V. K. Aher, Mr. P. M. Sonawane / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.comVol. 2, Issue4,
July-August 2012, pp.1786-1791The point of failure of the spring was placed at the
start of the accident sequence .‘Aerospace Compression Aluminium alloy Elliptic
Spring’ is studied by G. Goudah, E. Mahdi, A.R. Abu Talib, A.S. Mokhtar and R.
Yunus. An automotive turbine system is designed to provide both safety and
comfort for the occupants. When a wind turbine blade encounters a road surface
irregularity, the tire deforms and the turbine displaces. The result of such
disturbance will cause some energy lost which will be dissipated in the tires and the
shock absorber while the remainder of the energy is stored in the coil spring. In this
paper, Finite element models were developed to optimize the material and geometry
of the aluminium alloy elliptical spring based on the spring rate, log life and shear
stress. The influence of ellipticity ratio on performance of woven roving wrapped
aluminium alloy elliptical springs was investigated both experimentally and
numerically, the study demonstrated that aluminium alloy s elliptical spring can be
used for light and heavy trucks with substantial weight saving. The results showed
that the ellipticity ratio significantly influenced the design parameters. Aluminium
alloy elliptic spring with ellipticity ratios of a/b= 2 displayed the optimum spring
model .‘Analytical and experimental studies on Fatigue Life Prediction of aluminium
and aluminium alloy Multi-material for Light Passenger Wind turbine blades Using
Life Data Analysis’ are carried by Mouleeswaran Senthil Kumar, Sabapathy
Vijayarangan. This paper describes static and fatigue analysis of aluminium material
and aluminium alloy multi material made up of glass fibre reinforced polymer using
life data analysis. The dimensions of an existing conventional aluminium material of
a light commercial wind turbine blade are taken and are verified by design
calculations. Static analysis of 2-D model of conventional material is also performed
using ANSYS 7.1 and compared with experimental results. Same dimensions of

7
conventional material are used to fabricate a aluminium alloy multi material using E
-glass/Epoxy unidirectional laminates. The load carrying capacity, stiffness and
weight of aluminium alloy material are compared with that of aluminium material
analytically and experimentally. The design constraints are stresses and deflections.
Finite element analysis with full bump load on 3-D model of aluminium alloy multi
material is done using ANSYS 7.1 and the analytical results are compared with
experimental results. Fatigue life of aluminium material and aluminium alloy leaf is
also predicted. Compared to aluminium spring, the aluminium alloy material is
found to have 67.35 % lesser stress, 64.95 % higher stiffness and 126.98 % higher
natural frequency than that of existing aluminium material. A weight reduction of
68.15 % is also achieved by using aluminium alloy material. It is also concluded
that fatigue life of aluminium alloy is more than that of conventional aluminium
material. ‘Design and Analysis of Fiber Reinforce Polymer (FRP) Material - A
Review’ paper by Bhushan B. Deshmukh , Dr. Santosh B. Jaju tells about weight
reduction , the main issue in aerospace industries. Weight reduction can be achieved
primarily by the introduction of better material, design optimization and better
manufacturing processes. The introduction of FRP material has made it possible to
reduce the weight of spring without any reduction on load carrying capacity.

[5]The achievement of weight reduction with adequate improvement of

mechanical properties has made aluminium alloy a very good replacement material
for conventional aluminium. Selection of material is based on cost and strength of
material. The aluminium alloy materials have more elastic strain energy storage
capacity and high strength to weight ratio as compared with those of aluminium, so
multi-leaf aluminium springs are being replaced by mono-leaf aluminium alloy
springs. The paper gives the brief look on the suitability of aluminium alloy material
on wind turbine blades and their advantages. The objective of the present work is

8
design, analysis and fabrication of mono aluminium alloy material. The design
constraints are stress and deflections. The finite element analysis is done using
ANSYS software. The attempt has been made to fabricate the FRP material
economically than that of conventional material. Fatigue life prediction is based on
knowledge of both the number of cycles the part will experience at any given
stress level during that life cycle and another influential environmental and use
factors. The local strain-life method can be used pro-actively for a component during
early design stage. Fatigue failure always starts with crack-growth. The crack can
initiate from the surface or at a depth below the surface depending on the
materials processing conditions. Fatigue crack contact under cyclic tensile loading
was observed in Elbers work. This simple observation and crack-closure concept
began to explain many crack-growth characteristic .Research on fatigue continue
and in 2008, Fuentes et al. did a study which is subjected to material failure. They
make a conclusion, i.e. the premature failure in the studied leaf springs which
showed the fracture failure on a leaf was the result of mechanical fatigue and
it was caused by a combination of design, metallurgical and manufacturing
deficiencies. Fatigue test using constant amplitude loading is a commonly
practiced to predict the fatigue life properties of materials. Recently, only
fatigue test data or/and fatigue curve under constant amplitude loading have
been given in many handbooks of the fatigue and mechanical properties of
metals. To get more accurate fatigue life prediction, the actual case condition
also needs to be considered. Many models have been developed to predict the
fatigue life of components subjected to variable amplitude loading. The earliest
of these are based on calculations of the yield zone size ahead of the crack tip
and are still widely used.

9
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

 Conventional blade has high strength to weight ratio.

 Self-weight is more

 Wind turbine blade weight increases due to more self-weight of blade

 Fuel consumption of the wind turbine blade decreases

 Manufacturing of blade consists of many processes such as cutting, drilling,

heat treatment, forming and bending.

 Rust formation and corrosive

10
3.2 EXPERIMENTATION

Literature survey

Material selection

Process identification

composition

Modeling

Analysis

Comparison

CHAPTER-4
Result

4.1 METHODOLOGY

11
 ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate interactions of all
disciplines of physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and
electromagnetic for engineers.

So ANSYS, which enables to simulate tests or working conditions, enables to test in

virtual environment before manufacturing prototypes of products. Furthermore,
determining and improving weak points, computing life and foreseeing probable
problems are possible by 3D simulations in virtual environment.

ANSYS software with its modular structure as seen in the table below gives an
opportunity for taking only needed features. ANSYS can work integrated with other
used engineering software on desktop by adding CAD and FEA connection modules.

ANSYS can import CAD data and also enables to build geometry with its
"preprocessing" abilities.

12
 Similarly in the same preprocessor, finite element model (a.k.a. mesh)
which is required for computation is generated. After defining loadings and carrying
out analyses, results can be viewed as numerical and graphical.

ANSYS can carry out advanced engineering analyses quickly, safely and
practically by its variety of contact algorithms, time based loading features and
nonlinear material models.

ANSYS Workbench is a platform which integrates simulation technologies and

parametric CAD systems with unique automation and performance. The power of
ANSYS Workbench comes from ANSYS solver algorithms with years of experience.
Furthermore, the object of ANSYS Workbench is verification and improving of the
product in virtual environment.

4.2 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

Step1: Launch ANSYS, by going to the start-up menu and double clicking on
workbench file in the ANSYS 15.0 folder.

Step2: Once the program is launched it should look like as shown below. Go to
Analysis Systems Fluid Flow (CFX) and double click.

Step3: Next Double click on the Geometry. This stage is for getting the required
geometry read into the software; note that there is a blue question mark icon beside
the geometry text. Looking at the bottom of the window you will see two windows
one having the title of Messages, this title confirms that the imported geometry has
no problems with it, the next window has the title Progress and that is necessary to
prove that state of the progress and if there is a problem it will state the problem.

13
Step4: Once ANSYS Workbench window is active you will get a window asking to
specify working units for the model dimension chose meters and press ok. For the
user this step might seem secondary in importance but as a matter of fact it’s of great
importance, because at later stages you will have to specify the box size (discrete
element dimension). Box size dimension leads to finer mesh, the finer the used mesh
is the more accurate is the captured data. The captured data term refers to the fluid
flow structures. Depending on case the selection of serial or parallel is taken, also
depending on the hardware provided in the computer lab dual core or quad core etc.

Step 6: A window having a title open will be visible to the user, choose File type
Parasolid(*x_t;*xmt_txt;*x_b;*xmt_bin) then go to the folder that has the required
file .There are lots of software that are used to generate meshes, depending on the
software used the file extension text would be, to generate the mesh and then
exporting it in Parasolid format. A question comes to the mind of the student why do
I have to specify the file extension. The answer is that each mesh generation software
has its own structure in its generated data sets

14
Step7: Looking at the Design Modeler window, we can’t see the imported geometry
yet, what is required next is to press on the generate icon that is represented by a
yellow thunder icon. The Design Modeler will read in the imported data file, and will
construct the required mesh. The imported Geometry Domain should look something
like this, still that doesn’t give any hints to the user, relating to the inner structure of
the domain. The geometry domain is viewed in the shaded exterior style.

Step8: go to view and chose wireframe. This step is necessary to view the inner
structure of the domain.

Step 9a: Once the student gets to this stage, that means he has finished from the
Design Modeler and has to proceed to the Meshing part. Rotate the view and check
that the Geometry satisfies the design requirements.

Step 9b: Go to the workbench and check that there is a green tick sign beside the
Geometry and then double click on the Mesh Icon. After finished from Design
Modeler and now have started with the Meshing part.

Step 10a: The Meshing part of the project has started, notice that beside the Mesh
there is a yellow thunder icon. The scale shown at the bottom helps you make the

15
right decision on the box sizing, so that we can see that the largest value on the scale
is 0.200(m) which means we have to choose a value less than 0.050(m).

Step 10b: right click on Mesh and chose Insert and then chose Method.at this stage
we come to the point where we have to choose what kind of mesh are we going to
use wither regular or irregular or etc.

Step 10c: click on the positive sign beside the Mesh you should get a tree sub branch
have automatic Method using the left button click on the grey box domain, as a result
it should by highlighted in green, then you see that the geometry text is highlighted in
blue press the apply. Choose the parallel option in the projection mode, which will
come handy later on, when you want to use the measure command or choosing the
appropriate slice plane for your study.

Step 11: go to method and choose Tetrahedrons. This prepares the view for later
wanted operations.

Step 12: Go to algorithms and choose Patch Independent.

Now that you have specified the mesh properties, you can proceed to the next step.

Step13: press the Update icon and then press on the Generate Mesh icon. For our
case we will want to now the dimensions of the inflow section of the pipe.

Step14: click on mesh, now it’s visible to the user the generated mesh. Click on the
middle button to rotate the view to inspect your mesh.

Step15: Go to work bench, you will see there is a green tick beside the mesh
congratulations you can now proceed to the setup. Check the messages window if
there are any errors you will have to go back in steps and check where you went
wrong.

16
MESHING

Meshing involves division of the entire of model into small pieces called elements. It
is convenient to select the free mesh because the blade has sharp curves, so that shape
of the object will not alter. To mesh the blade the element type must be decided first.
Here, the element type is solid 45. The element edge length is taken as 5 mm. The
numbers of elements are taken 2225 and the total numbers of nodes are 8099.

4.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The front eye of the blade is coupled directly with a pin to the frame so that the eye
can rotate freely about the pin but no translation is occurred. The rear eye of the
spring is connected to the shackle which is a flexible link the other end of the shackle
is connected to the frame of the wind turbine blade. The blade is totally fixed at the
centre with the help of bottom plate to the axel of wind turbine blade. The force
applied at both the eye end of blade. The both eyes of the blade have the flexibility to
slide along the X-direction when load applied on the spring and also it can rotate
about the pin in Z- direction. The link oscillates during load applied and removed. So
the displacement at the both eye is constrained along the X and Z directions.

17
 CHAPTER-5

5.1 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

As wind strikes the rotor, the kinetic energy of the wind is converted into mechanical
energy as the rotor turns. We now ask this simple question: “How much kinetic
energy and power does the wind contain for our rotor diameterFrom physics, the
amount of kinetic energy a moving amount of air has is given by:
1 2
Ekinetic = mv
2
Where m = mass and v = velocity .
The mass of flowing air per unit time (mass flow rate) that strikes our rotor is given
by;
mass = air _ density � velocity = r Av
(area of rotor ) �

If we substitute our mass flow rate into our kinetic energy equation we get the
available power of the wind:

18
 1 1
Pavailable = ( r Av ) v 2 = r Av3
2 2
Answer the following:
What is the affect on the power available if we double our rotor’s radius? What is the
percentage increaseWhat is the affect on the power available if we double our wind
speed? What is the percentage increase?It is said “Use as tall a wind turbine as
possible.” Explain why that would be the case. Using our Wind Speed Power
Equation, show that our power equation from above can be written as;
3a
1 �h �
P = r Av 0 3 � �
2 �h0 �
v0 = known speed for height h0
Where h = desired height
a = wind shear exponent value

Suppose we currently have a wind turbine with hub height of 50 m on a flat grassy
plain. Furthermore we observe that at a height of 10 m the average wind speed is
10 m/s. If we swap out this turbine with one that is 100 m tall at the hub height,
what increase in power will the wind hold (assume same rotor diameter and air

1
density and a = )?
7

How Much Power Can a Wind Turbine Harvest From the WindIn 1919, Albert
Betz concluded that no wind turbine can convert more than 16/27 (about 59.3%) of
the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy at the rotor. What this means is
that the theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is about
59%. This is called the Betz Limit or Betz’ Law. In reality, current wind turbines are
only capable of extracting somewhere between 35 – 45% of the wind’s power by the
turbine. Taking into account the gearbox, bearings, generator, and other elements,

19
only about 30% of the wind’s power is actually converted into usable electricity.
Let’s derive the Betz Limit.

Consider the diagram shown below:

As wind moves from left-to-right, Betz proved that the mass of air passing through
the rotor S is given by;
�v + v �
m = r A �1 2 � (1)
� 2 �
v +v
Where r is the air density, A is the area swept out by the rotor, and 1 2 is the
2
wind velocity at the rotor (note: Betz showed that this is just the average velocity of
the undisturbed wind velocities before and after the rotor). The wind’s change in
kinetic energy is given by
1 1 1
KEin - KEout = mv12 - mv2 2 = m ( v12 - v2 2 ) (2)
2 2 2
Using equations (1) and (2) from above, show that the power extracted by the
rotor is given by.

20
 rA 3
Pextracted =
4
( v1 - v1v2 2 + v2v12 - v23 )

The equation above shows us that the power extracted from the wind is
determined by the density of the air ( r ), the area swept out by the rotor (A), and
the velocity of the moving air before and after the rotor ( v1 & v2 ).Suppose the
velocity after the rotor is zero. What implications does this have for the turbine’s
rotor and the volume of air after the turbine? Is any power extracted?
. Suppose the velocity of the air after the turbine is the same as the velocity of air
before the turbine. What implication does this hold for our model Show that the
ratio of the power extracted from the wind to the power of undisturbed wind is
given by:

Pextracted 1 � v2 2 v2 v23 �
C ( v1 , v2 ) = = �1- + - �
Pwind 2 � v12 v1 v13 �

We call C ( v1 , v2 ) the “power coefficient” and Betz established that this value is
maximal at 16/27. Each turbine design has a power coefficient associated with

v1
it. In Calc III we can show that C ( v1 , v2 ) is maximized when v2 = and thus
3

16
Cmax = .There is a simpler method to arrive at our result that Calc I students
27

can employ. Define the variable, t, as follows:

21
 v2
t ( v1 , v2 ) =
v1

Show that our above function C ( v1 , v2 ) can be written more compactly as:
Pextracted 1
C ( t) = = ( 1- t2 + t - t3 )
Pwind 2
Graph the function
1
C( t) =
2
( 1- t2 + t - t3 )

where 0 �t �1; 0 �C ( t ) �1 /* Do you know why ?

Taking the first derivative, show that the maximum of this function yields the same
results as #29. Does your graph of this new compact function illustrate this?

1
Pextracted = C phr Av3
2
where,
C p = turbine ' s power coefficient : C p < Betz Limit
h = the turbine ' s mechanical & electrical efficiencies : �75 - 85%

22
Dimensions

The turbine blades are developed at the length of blade = 1000mm

The width of the blade =120mm.

The diameter of the hub is 25mm

There are several design methods to size the aerodynamic blade configuration

23
parameters such as chord length and twist angle. This work uses both the vortex

theory and the blade element theory for this purpose. The turbine blade airfoil

configuration is an important factor to determine various performance parameters. In

this work, airfoil is selected for the design purpose.

Design inputThe blade diameter

Where, t Vis blade tip speed, Nis turbine rotational speed and D is turbine diameter.

The advanced ratio is defined as an important turbine design parameter in turbine

design

Power absorbed by the blade section profile drag is estimated by the following

expression

Where, Po is profile drag power, is turbine efficiency, P is turbine power delivered from engine,
turbine angular velocity, R is turbine radius,

24
Cd is blade section drag coefficient, Cl is blade section lift coefficient and Vf is

cruising speed. The slipstream velocity can be obtained based on the momentum

relationship to calculate the thrust. While the above relation is valid, it does not

account for the flow distortion due to spinner, cowl and nacelle. Based on the

complicated flow analysis results a simplified expression to consider the flow

distortion is given by the following correction factor in the actual operation;Where,

Kr is correction factor, r is turbine radius, E is spinner or nacelle radius, ' V is

corrected inflow velocity through turbine disc, a is induced velocity factor,

Vr is resultant velocity at turbine blade section, B is tip loss factor. Finally, chord

length, twisting angle and pitch angle of blade are determined by the following

expression;

25
5.2 CALCULATION RESULT

1. Rotation speed [RPM] = 980

2. Velocity[m/s] = 142

3. Thrust[kN] = 10.36

4. Power[HP] = 2229

5. Efficiency = 0.89

6. Diameter[m] = 4.07

7. Number of Blades = 2

8. Blade root chord [m] = 0.347

9. Ct = 0.239

10.Cp = 0.567

11.J = 2.12

26
5.3 ANALYSIS RESULT

Modeling of blade

27
5.4 BLADE ANALYSIS

28
29
5.5 ANALYSIS RESULT

30
Result

31
5.6 APPLICATIONS

Commercial and industrial applications of composites are so varied that it is

impossible to list them all. The major structural application areas, which include
wind turbine blade, space, automotive, sporting goods, and marine engineering. A
potential for weight saving with aluminium alloy s exists in many engineering field.

 More suitable for low duty

 These alloys were targeted for applications which included conductive springs.

 These alloy can also be used for making machine elements, contacts and
terminals for electronic, electric and automotive connectors and other
electromechanical components.

5.7 ADVANTAGES

 Less weight

 Acceptable mechanical properties.

 Good surface finish

 High machinability

 More flexible than aluminum

 More heat transfer.

 Simple manufacturing process

 Less manufacturing time

 No heat treatment

32
 CHAPTER-6

6.1 CONCLUSION

The maximum deflection for the blade is 0.89mm The maximum

deflection for the composite turbine blade is 0.052mm, 0.69mm and 2.17mm in X,
Y, and Z direction respectively. The maximum normal stress for the turbine is
9.988 N/mm2.The maximum normal stress for the composite turbine is
628.55N/mm2.Stress of a composite turbine in X, Y and Z directions are
606.49Mpa, 628.55Mpa and 519.62Mpa.

33
6.2 REFERENCES

[1] Tanabe K., Seino T., and Kajio Y. (1982) Characteristics of carbon/glass fiber reinforced
plasticmaterial. Society of Automotive Engineers.

[2] Mallick. P. K. (1997) Aluminium alloy Engineering HandBook, New York, Marcel Dekker.

[3] Shokrieh M., and Rezaei D. (2003) Analysis and optimization of aluminium alloy material
Aluminium alloy Structures.

[4] Watanabe K., Tamura M., YamayaK., and KunohT.(2001)Developmentofanew-type turbine

springfor rallycars. JournalofMaterials ProcessingTechnology, 111: 132-134.

[5] Al-QuershiHA. (2001) Aerospacematerialsfrom aluminium alloy materials. J ofMaterials

ProcessingTechnology; 108: 58-61.

[6] SardouA., and PatriciaD. (2000)Lightand low cost aluminium alloy compression C
springs for wind turbine blade turbine . SAE 2000-01-0100.

[7] De Goncourt L. and Sayers K.H (1980)A aluminium alloy aerospacefront end turbine .
Proc. 30thAMPE.

34