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7/5/2017 Turnitin Originality Report

Turnitin Originality Report

My new REview by Sumaira S Similarity by Source


Similarity Index
From Thesis (Synopsis_And_Thesis) Internet Sources: 16%

Processed on 05-Jul-2017 11:33 PKT


28% Publications:
Student Papers:
6%
22%

ID: 829047130
Word Count: 9788

sources:

3% match (student papers from 16-Apr-2016)


1
Class: Quick Submit
Assignment:
Paper ID: 660344937

2% match (student papers from 13-Jul-2016)


2
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2016-07-13

2% match (student papers from 15-May-2017)


3
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2017-05-15

1% match (student papers from 11-Jul-2016)


4
Class: Quick Submit
Assignment:
Paper ID: 688964453

1% match (student papers from 03-Aug-2016)


5
Class: Quick Submit
Assignment:
Paper ID: 693452540

1% match (student papers from 06-Jul-2015)


6
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2015-07-06

1% match (Internet from 22-Feb-2016)


7
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/handle/177969

1% match (student papers from 26-Feb-2015)


8
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2015-02-26

1% match (Internet from 20-Jan-2017)


9
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/viewFile/30978/31810

1% match (Internet from 29-Jan-2016)


10
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/96935/4/6-Anjani-Kumar.pdf

1% match (Internet from 26-Apr-2016)


11
http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijaf.20120201.08.html

1% match (Internet from 03-Jul-2014)


12
http://www.sesric.org/files/article/272.pdf

1% match (Internet from 01-Apr-2010)


13
http://pruss.narod.ru/NEP_Apr_16_05_p2.txt

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1% match (Internet from 18-Aug-2016)


14
http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/agsaaea10/61339.htm

1% match (Internet from 08-Feb-2017)


15
http://etd.auburn.edu/handle/10415/4706?show=full

1% match (Internet from 18-Jul-2016)


16
http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/handle/132407

1% match (Internet from 16-Feb-2016)


17

http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/12%20Dr.%20Raza%20Ullahand%20Alam_29_1.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 04-Mar-2016)


18
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume15/3-Impact-of-Microcredit-on-Agricultural.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 07-Sep-2012)


19
http://pakjas.com.pk/upload/10760.pdf

< 1% match (student papers from 14-Jul-2016)


20
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2016-07-14

< 1% match (student papers from 17-Jun-2010)


21
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2010-06-17

< 1% match (student papers from 01-Jun-2016)


22
Class: Quick Submit
Assignment:
Paper ID: 680325046

< 1% match (Internet from 30-Sep-2016)


23
https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3476902511/socio-economic-effects-of-
microfinance-on-agricultural

< 1% match (publications)


24
Narayanan, Sudha. "The productivity of agricultural credit in India", Agricultural Economics,
2016.

< 1% match (student papers from 23-Jul-2012)


25
Eingereicht an Higher Education Commission Pakistan am 2012-07-23

< 1% match (student papers from 04-Jul-2017)


26
Submitted to CVC Nigeria Consortium on 2017-07-04

< 1% match (Internet from 23-Jan-2015)


27
http://www.gjournals.org/GJAS/GJAS%20Pdf/2013/January/Toluwase%20and%20Apata.pdf

< 1% match (student papers from 27-Sep-2012)


28
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2012-09-27

< 1% match (Internet from 07-Mar-2016)


29
http://pide.org.pk/pdr/index.php/pdr/article/view/1453

< 1% match (publications)


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Bruno Ribeiro, Don Towsley. "Estimating and sampling graphs with multidimensional random
30 walks", Proceedings of the 10th annual conference on Internet measurement - IMC '10, 2010

< 1% match (publications)


31
Chaudhary, M.. "Credit worthiness of rural borrowers of Pakistan", Journal of Socio-
Economics, 200312

< 1% match (student papers from 22-Jul-2011)


32
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2011-07-22

< 1% match (student papers from 25-Jan-2016)


33
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2016-01-25

< 1% match (Internet from 18-Dec-2012)


34
http://store.ectap.ro/articole/653.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 23-Jun-2017)


35
https://doaj.org/article/98a3d617c15e43108ce8c93c00e2b2f8

< 1% match (student papers from 12-Jan-2017)


36
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2017-01-12

< 1% match (student papers from 03-May-2010)


37
Submitted to University of Wales central institutions on 2010-05-03

< 1% match (student papers from 16-Mar-2016)


38
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2016-03-16

< 1% match (student papers from 28-Apr-2010)


39
Submitted to Informatics Education Limited on 2010-04-28

< 1% match (Internet from 23-Mar-2016)


40
http://fspublishers.org/published_papers/87380_..pdf

< 1% match (student papers from 13-Jul-2016)


41
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2016-07-13

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Jun-2014)


42
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2014-06-08

< 1% match (Internet from 22-Mar-2016)


43
http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/VOLUM_2_2013.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 12-May-2016)


44
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/download/272/156

< 1% match (student papers from 25-May-2015)


45
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2015-05-25

< 1% match (publications)


46
Ahmad , Shafqaat | Ahmad , Naveed | Ur Rehman , Haseeb | Shafique , Muhammad Nouman.
"A Critical Evaluation of Micro Credit Utilized by Small Farming Community : A Case Study of
Mandi Baha-Ud-Din", American University, 2015.

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< 1% match (student papers from 07-Jan-2012)


47
Submitted to Stockholms universitet on 2012-01-07

< 1% match (student papers from 23-May-2017)


48
Submitted to University Der Es Salaam on 2017-05-23

< 1% match (Internet from 29-Jan-2017)


49
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEDS/article/view/21467

< 1% match (Internet from 06-Dec-2016)


50
http://www.educationforallinindia.com/abstracts-of-research-studies-in-elementary-
education.PDF

< 1% match (Internet from 25-Apr-2016)


51
http://academicjournals.org/journal/JEIF/article-full-text-pdf/F1250DE5112

< 1% match (Internet from 01-Sep-2016)


52
http://old.oalib.com/paper/1365158

< 1% match (student papers from 19-Sep-2012)


53
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2012-09-19

< 1% match (student papers from 18-Apr-2013)


54
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2013-04-18

< 1% match (Internet from 02-Aug-2014)


55
http://www.waset.org/Publications/?path=Publications&p=42

< 1% match (student papers from 07-Oct-2013)


56
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2013-10-07

< 1% match (student papers from 07-Oct-2015)


57
Submitted to Ghana Technology University College on 2015-10-07

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Oct-2010)


58
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2010-10-08

< 1% match (student papers from 12-Apr-2013)


59
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2013-04-12

< 1% match (student papers from 04-Jun-2015)


60
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2015-06-04

< 1% match (student papers from 28-Jul-2011)


61
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2011-07-28

< 1% match (Internet from 19-Jan-2015)


62
http://www.pakinsight.com/pdf-files/aefr%20227-242.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 21-Mar-2014)


63
http://www.nei.nih.gov/nehep/research/REC_FocusGroupReport_10-25-05_wExec.pdf

< 1% match (student papers from 17-Dec-2011)


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Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2011-12-17


64

< 1% match (Internet from 15-Feb-2015)


65
http://www.sciencepub.net/rural/rural070115

< 1% match (student papers from 16-Jul-2013)


66
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2013-07-16

< 1% match (Internet from 25-May-2016)


67
http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/18511/thesis_chisasa_j.pdf?
isAllowed=y&sequence=1

< 1% match (Internet from 19-Mar-2015)


68
http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/4372/1/Agyarko%20Appiah.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 06-Apr-2016)


69
http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer_public/2015/09/18/gfr-ow31222-
credit_programme_for_the_tenant_farmers_in_bangladesh.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 26-Apr-2015)


70
http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/614S.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 27-Feb-2017)


71
http://www.ums.edu.my/mjbe/images/mjbe/2015/vol2/6.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 17-Mar-2015)


72
http://library.macam.ac.il/study/pdf_files/d9137.pdf

< 1% match (student papers from 26-Jan-2012)


73
Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2012-01-26

< 1% match (student papers from 22-Jul-2014)


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Submitted to Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2014-07-22

< 1% match (student papers from 27-Nov-2012)


75
Submitted to Iqra Uninversity, Gulshan on 2012-11-27

paper text:
Literature review Pervez at al. (2015) examined the

19impact of credit on the productivity of wheat in district

Jhang. Agriculture had a backbone of any economy it has major contribution of GDP, in generation of
employment and export earnings in the Pakistan economy. Credit has significant importance on the
productivity of any production it had increased the productivity due to increase the credit in formal and
informal sources. This

61study was based on the primary data which were collected in eight villages of
district jhang Pakistan. The

villages were divided in different zone and ten respondents were selected in each zone in equal number of
beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of credit. 160 respondents were selected randomly, and

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8Cobb Douglas production function was used for the analysis of data. The
results of this study showed that credit has positive impact on the productivity

of wheat. They concluded that 30 percent of the farmers of credit user spend the credit on the fertilizers
and seeds. 70 percent credit user farmer pended credit on the other purposes like marriages purchased
land and tractor etc. Most of credit users borrowed from the ZTBL. Thy suggested that government should
expand the institutions of credit and should minimized the credit constraints for the farmers. Girabi and
Mwakaje, (2013) studied that the impact of micro finance of the small farmers in the productivity in
Tanzania. The

48main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of microfinance


on the agricultural productivity of small holder farmers. Over the

last few decades there was promoted to the micro finance institutions (MFI). In 1990 there were only 825
(MFI) in 2005 which were increased in 1875. They believed that easy accesses to credit were reducing the
poverty of poor farmers. Now 5000 (MFI) were working in all over the country. 98 respondents were
selected randomly to collect Primary data. These respondents were credit beneficiaries and non-credit
beneficiaries. Multiple regression models and descriptive analysis techniques were used. They concluded
that (CB) have high agriculture productivity as compare to (NCB). Credit beneficiaries have better access
of good fertilize, seeds and technologies as compare to the non-credit users so the productivity were
increased credit users. Many constraints that were reported for the small farmers

62lack of information, inadequate credit supply, high interest rates and


defaulting.

Faruqee at al. (2003) studied the impact of agricultural farms credit in Pakistan. They said both formal and
in forma loans are more important factors of productivity in agriculture. Formal lenders provide more credit
as compare to informal lander however, formal loans have high cost.

7The agricultural development bank (ADBP) provided 90% formal loans

to the farmers in Pakistan. There was high risk of payback of agricultural loans but government of Pakistan
had support to the formal credit schemes and was subsidies the auricular loan to the farmers in rural
areas. The secondary data was used from the

7large household survey data from rural Pakistan (Rural Financial Market
Studies or RFMS) to estimate the effectiveness of credit scheme of (ADBP).

7A two-stage method that takes the endogeneity of borrowing into account


was used to estimate credit impact. They concluded that (ADBP) contributed to
household welfare and that its impact was higher for smallholders than for
large holders. Large

numbers of farmers get bulk of loan from the (ADBP). They also concluded that (ADBP) was not cost
effective institution it can be

7can be improved by reducing its loan default cost and partially by targeted
smallholders in agriculture where credit yields better results.

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Aliyu and Ammani, (2012) explored that the investigation and relationship of agricultural credit supply and
productivity in Nigeria. Nigerian agriculture was basically traditional and subsistence. Limited access to
credit facility of credit had been decrees the productivity.

52The federal government of Nigeria established the Agricultural Credit


Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) in 1977 to promote the formal credit for the

farmers. Nigerian government had given guarantee of the loan returns to the banks.

11The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of


between agriculture production and formal credit supply.

The

11time series data was used for the period 1981-2009 with SPSS

results were conducted. The methodology used three simple regression models were used to find out the
relationship of output of formal credit while all other explanatory variables constant. They

11concluded that formal credit was positively and significantly related to the
productivity of the crop, livestock and fishing sectors of Nigerian agriculture.

They

11recommended that government should continue to encourage the


expansion of formal credit sources to reach as much farmers as possible.

Daniel at al. (2015) studied that the contribution and assessment of commercial banks to agriculture
finance of the Nigerian economy. This study examined the contribution of commercial banks in agricultural
financing to the farmers of Nigeria. The commercial banks had significant role of agriculture credit. They
also discussed the number of challenges that had to face the farmers for getting loan. Secondary data was
used from (2002-2014) on the sectorial distribution, liquidity ratio, loans and advance to agriculture sector,
cash reserved ratio of commercial banks and money market minimum discount rates etc. the collected data
was analyzed with statistical model using multiple regression model of ordinary least square. They
concluded that the

26parameter of cash reserved and discount rate was not statistically significant,
and also the parameter of liquidity ratio is not statistically significant. They also
discovered that agriculture credit was found as a decreasing function of discount
rate liquidity ratio and cash reserve, this lower the volume of agricultural
credit. The

y suggested that commercial banks should rediscount their discount rate reserved ratio. Koenig et al.
(2003) stated that the market segmentations in farm credit markets. According to the agricultural credit
market was dominated on the two institutions the retailer lender group or the cooperative frame credit
system (FCS) and second institution commercial banks. About 70% credit was supplied from these two
sectors to the farmers. The secondary data was used from 2001-2002 from agriculture resource
management survey. The market segmentations were influenced on regulatory, legislative, structural and
competitiveness of agricultural credit. To compare these two credit institutions they used binomial logit
model for analysis of the data. When thy compared the commercial banks lending’s and (FCS) they
concluded that farm credit system
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16was more focused on the full time commercial farms, that were less heavily
indebted, more profitable, and had greater debt repayment capacities. They
also

suggested that the

16(FCS) was more likely to supply credit to young and beginning farmers and
to farms located in areas having access to a FCS office, but where few
agricultural banks were located.

Featherstone et al.

6(2010) examined the effect of credit constraints on the productivity and


household income

to the farmers of china. Agricultural production was converted to input to the output it have allot of time and
balance budget required during the session where high expenditure on the purchasing of inputs and
revenues was few. With Limited budget the productivity was lower to expand the production farmers need
to access the credit. Like other developing countries the chines economy was also suffering from the lack
of capital. China had most depend on the agriculture economy it had big area of agriculture fields.
Secondary

5data was used to examine the impact of credit on the productivity and the

income of the chines households. They concluded that

6that under credit constraints, production inputs, along with farmers’


capabilities and education, cannot be fully employed. They suggested that to
remove the credit

constraints can improve the household income and productivity of farmers of china. Jalil and Ying (2008)
investigated that the

12financial development and economic growth from Pakistan and china. This
study explored the relationships of

75economic growth and financial development in Pakistan and china. Secondary


data

was used for this study over the time period of 1960-2005. The methodology that was applied on this study
was the

47bound testing (ARDL) approach to co-integration is conducted to establish


the existence of a long run relationship. This study

used as proxy variables was

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12deposit liability ratio (DLR) and credit to private sector (CPS).

They find out different results from this study the

12(DLR) and (CPS) both had a significant impact on the economic growth of
Pakistan where as in the case of China, (CPS) was an insignificant impact while
DLR has an insignificant effect on growth. This result may be attributed to the
inefficient allocation of Pakistan.

60Tang et al. (2010) explored the formal and informal credit market and rural
credit demand in china.

Credit market had essential economic institution. Credit required all economies especially developing
countries that were rapidly growing they need more credit for the development. It should be necessary to
provided credit in a time of cropping sessions.

14This research focused on the evolving rural credit market in China, where
borrowing from the social network had been common but the recent economic
transition had made this informal credit market inadequate in addressing rural
credit needs. The objective of this

study was

65to identify the social and economic factors which switched the farmers to
informal credit

to the

73formal credit markets. The data was used from household survey and they

applied methodology on this data was

25both binary choice probit models and a multinomial probit model to explore
the determinants of credit market choice and credit constraints. They
concluded that demand for credit was significant on household production
capacity.

They also concluded

25that transaction costs have a significantly negative effect on formal credit


demand. They suggested that

there were three constraints

14off-farm employment, land size and the cost of the credit were the three
most important factors that increase the probability of being constrained.

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Sharma et al. (2005) examined the production and consumption of credit constrains in the pulpiness
economy. This study explores the credit constraints which are affected on the decisions of production and
consumptions of household. Rural household that were faced the credit constraints was 65%. If the credit
constraint removed the agricultural production was increase 37%. Lack of credit is also constraint for the

13family business production of 31% of the households operating such


businesses.

They studied that the credit constraints also limited to the consumption of household by 21%. They

13found that the presence of credit programs operating in the village and
proximity to commercial banks and rural banks reduced the probability of
credit constraints in production decisions. Some type of households

had experienced of

13credit constraints these households were with little education, households


that own little or no titled land, and sugar-producing households.

Hassan at

6al. (2010) examined the impact of agricultural credit on productivity of wheat in


Pakistan.

The requirement of finance in agricultural field was increasing in

19last few decades due to the use of fertilizers, biocides, improved seeds,
mechanization etc. the object of this study was to check the impact of credit on
the production of wheat crops in district Lahore.

Primary data was used and constructed a structural questionnaire to the data collections.

19United Bank Limited (UBL) was selected to the representative of


institutional credit sources

to get the credit list of the farmers of that area. The district was divided into the three strata and selects
two villages from each stratum ten credit user select from each village and non-credit user also selected
randomly for the comparison. The multiple regressions model was applied on the collected data for
analysis. They concluded

6that agricultural credit plays an important role in facilitating the


transformation of agriculture and raising the participation of farmers in
production process. Maning et al.

(1996) examined the informal credit

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29market for the rural development financing in developing countries like


Pakistan.

He explored that informal credit had crucial importance in any agricultural field especially in developing
countries like Pakistan. Government had subsidies formal loan and organizations who given the loans. The

29informal credit relations are embedded in the economic, political, and social
interaction networks of the inhabitants in the rural areas

this was main fact of informal credit. The direct relationship of farmers had become low cost of informal
credit. He concluded that the national development policy underestimate the importance of informal credit
even negated the significant importance of the informal credit. He suggested that that government should
improve the informal market in rural areas. Political action would be required for the initiative change for
this market. Kumar at

59al., (2010) studied that the institutional credit to agriculture sector in India.
The

74institutional credit played a vital role in the agriculture and development

in any field. Many agencies were

10involved in the disbursement of agricultural credit. The money

landers had major concern in the field credit distribution of rural area in India. The main objective of this
study was

10examined the performance of agricultural credit flow and had identified the
determinants of increased use of institutional credit at the farm household
level in India. This study was based on secondary data that compiled from
several sources, had revealed that the institutional credit to agriculture in real
terms has increased tremendously. The

major source of credit was commercial banks in this year. They concluded

10that the institutional credit flow to the agriculture had been increasing for
the past four decades.

The agricultural credit increased in the agricultural field and decreases the share in the investment. Saeed
at al., (2013) explored that the Islamic and conventional banks in agriculture fencing of

1Pakistan. The main objective of this study was

35to find out the financial agri-products that had been offered to the farmers in
Pakistan by different Islamic financial institutions (banks) and conventional
banks also. This

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study was discussed that the facility of agricultural financing to the farmers from the conventional and
Islamic banks in Pakistan. The

43main purpose of these agri-financial products to is to facilitate the farmer to


develop and manage their agricultural projects.

Thy collected secondary data from the one Islamic bank and four conventional banks randomly the data
was taken from their website and also personal interviewed from these bank managers. They concluded
that the lower availability of credit they had low quality of seeds and per acre yield would be low. Seemi
Waheed (2009) studied that does the micro finance improve the well-being of farmers in Pakistan? He
studied that consumption of farmers increased when credit facilities will increase. The productivity increase
also consumption increase when Punjab rural support programs supports were increase to the farmers.
The secondary data of six years (1999-2004) were used for this study. Also primary data was used year of
(2005). The techniques that were applied for collection of

58primary data was stratified random sampling of variables credit, income,


assets education and family size.

The multiple regression models were used to analysis. He concluded that micro loans were largely given to
the poor farmers and also this loan were given to the non-poor farmers. The results showed that micro
loans improve the income and education of the farmers. Akram at al (2013) examined that the study of
credit effect on the production of agricultural crops. In this study they explored that economic efficiency of
credit users and non- credit users in agricultural farming was estimated in form of production. The primary
data was collected through 152 respondents from district Sargodha, technique that was applied for data
collection simple random sampling. The methodology was used frontier production function approach.
They concluded that the technical efficiency of mean of credit user was 0.90percent and non-credit user
was technical efficiency 0.79 percent in this region. The result showed that there was high technical
efficiency of credit users because of inputs availability was timely managed. They suggested that credit
had to provide farmers at a time. Ayaz at

8al., (2011) examined the study role of agricultural credit on production of


farming sectors in Pakistan. The main objective of this study was to identify that the
sources of

66production of farming sectors in district Faisalabad. Primary data was used


from 300

respondents selected randomly through questionnaire in year 2009. Data envelopment analysis (DEA)
technique was used. They concluded that

55overall mean efficiency score was 0.78 percent. There was 22 percent
inefficiency of sample farmers. All the efficiency scores were

calculated and applied Tobit regression analysis on it. The variable that were used are

28farming experience, education, access of farming credit, herd size and


number of cultivation practices showed significant effect on the farmer
technical efficiency. Nawaz Ahmad (2011)

studied on the

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8impact of institutional credit on agricultural output. The main objective of this


study was to look at the role of credit in the agriculture

production. He studied that credit is indirect input in agriculture production.it helped to the farmers to
purchasing new technologies like tractors, tube wells etc. the secondary data was annual data for the
period of 1972

34-2008. All the data were obtained from the Ministry of Finance Division
Statistical year Book of Pakistan, Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan, and World
Development Indicators.

71Unit root test, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test,

(ARDL) model specification techniques were used to analysis. They concluded that

21credit has positive relation with agricultural output but has insignificant
impact of credit on agricultural output and, practically, there is no sense of the
direct use of credit. Credit always helps to buy various inputs for this sector,
therefore it has indirect role.

69Hossain et al., (2016) examined the assessment and Impact of credit program for

tenant farmers in Bangladesh. This study discussed the small marginal and landless tenant farmers that
were used credit in agricultural productivity for their livelihood based on the randomized control trial (RCT)
field experience in the Bangladesh. The secondary data were used for analysis. 20 percent of eligible
household from the treatment of credit utilization and 60% loans were utilized on the agricultural
production. They concluded that credit increased the adoption of modern seeds variety and farming
productivity and income of tenants would be increased.

3Michal et al (2008) reported that agricultural loan increased the productivity


in the state of Nigeria. The study based on primary data which was collected
from local government areas. Four villages were selected randomly from
these areas. Structural questionnaire were used for collection of data 150
respondents were used for information. The study used simple descriptive
statistic for instance percentage counts, tables and frequencies. Chow test
were used for the analysis and regression analysis categories in two
equations which are beneficiaries and non- benefices of agricultural loan. The
findings revealed more than 63% farmers had access of agricultural loan and
there age was 40-49 and they had educated and farming experience is 11-15
years. There are 93% farmers are non-benefices of loan from informal sources
there age was 50- 59 years and they was uneducated people and they had 20
years of farming experience. They had not aware of agricultural credit
guarantee scheme. They had recommended that highlight and expanded the
awareness of auricular credit guarantee scheme to the rural farmers.

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45Ayaz and Hussain (2011) demonstrated the productivity of production of the


farming sector in district Faisalabad in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

The data were collected from 300 farmers for the year 2009. To analyze the data, Stochastic Frontier
Analysis (SFA) method had been applied. The total mean productivity score was 0.84 that had been
indicated that 16 percent ineffectiveness founded in farmers sample. The SFA technique also showed the
limits for the effectiveness. The experience of farmers regarding farming, awareness, availability of farming
credit and farming performs displayed positive and vital impacts on the technical efficiency of farmers. The
highest coefficient value was (-0.14) that indicated the importance of credit in the field of agriculture and
showed that the access of credit availability played a significant role in the improvement of efficiency than
any other factor. Turvey and Kong (2010) explained the association between formal and informal loaning in
China and informal loaning might influence microcredit. Lending association had been connected with
trust. The data were collected from 1500 household. Econometric technique approved that there was a
relationship between expectations and informal lending.67% of farmers had been borrowed from their
families and relations. Yuan and Xu (2015) explained the conditions and limits regarding formal credit
market. The author said that poor were often disqualified for formal loaning. The resent study was
conducted in rural China to replay this statement. An active variable technique was used to explain the
possible endogeneity problems. The findings of the study highlighted that the poor households had lower
chances to inter and get informal credit. The results also revealed that the poor people had imperfect
social networking. The poor people had not any form of financial resources to finance in their public capital
to enhance their public network. Alam et al., (2014) examined the effect of

17microcredit on social, economic level and living style of rural farmers in district
Gujranwala. Majority of

the people of Pakistan belonged to the agricultural sector. Due to this reason, there was highly need to
develop rural areas for the economic development. The data were collected from the farmers who acquired
the

17loan from the Punjab Rural Support Program in district Gujranwala for
agricultural

aims. Random sampling technique had been used to collect the data from 185 farmers. Descriptive and
statistics techniques had been applied to analyze the data. The descriptive analysis

17showed that there was a positive relationship between the microcredit and

socio-economies rank of farmers after getting the loan. The microcredit availability had played a positive
role in the improvement of living standard.

17Chi square technique was applied to check the proposed hypothesis of the
study. The results of the

chi square also demonstrated that the microcredit was very beneficial for improvement of farmer’s Living
standard.

56Bashir and Azeem (2008) demonstrated that agriculture sector was the
largest donor to the national income (GDP).

It donated 21% to the GDP and affords 43% employment to the worker .It provided raw material to the
industries

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17of Pakistan. Credit played an important role for achieving inputs in time and
increased the

production especially at a small scale. The aim of the

9current study was to highlight the hurdles tackled by the small farmers. The

main findings of this study showed that small farmer faced many constraints in receiving and returning the
debt which must be eliminated for better consequences and for the betterment of the quality and quantity
of products in agricultural fields.

46Bashir et al., (2007) examined the impact of credit disbursed by commercial


banks on the productivity of sugarcane in Faisalabad

District. For this purpose, they collected data from 114 loanee and non-loanee farmers from Faisalabad
District. The

5objective of this research was to see the impact of credit disbursed by UBL
on the productivity of

sugarcane. For this analysis they used Cobb Douglas production function .From this research, they

64found that credit had a positive impact on productivity of sugarcane.

38Khan et al., (2011) examined the review of past literature on agriculture credit
in rural areas of Pakistan. The review was conducted in December 2009. The

aim of this study was

22to examine 25 agriculture credit studies impacts in rural areas of Pakistan ii)
to observe the shortfall and success in the field iii) to study the monitoring cell
of the institution to what extent they were working properly in the project
areas iii) suggestions and recommendations for further

improvements. The

9study was based on secondary data and was obtained from books and

journal. Due to lack of time, 23 studies were selected for critical review on random basis from sampling
frame in District, December 2009. From this study, they found that credit

8not only solve the problems of food crisis but also increase the economic
growth, saving employment and industries etc. in the country.

S.O.W and

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57Apata (2013) examined the impacts of farmer’s cooperative on agricultural


productivity in Ekiti state, Nigeria.

For this research, they collected data from

27multistage random sampling technique to select three government areas


from which two villages were selected.

For the analysis of data, they used descriptive analysis

27tools, t-test, and correlation analysis to determine the cooperative on


farmer’s productivity.

From this research, they found

27that farmer’s cooperative was a viable tool towards improving farmer’s


productivity.

Narayanan (2015) examined the productivity of agriculture credit in India. For this research, he collected
data from period 1995-96 to 2011-2012. They used medination

24analysis framework map the pathways through which institutional credit


relates to agriculture GDP, relying on a control function approach to tackle the
problems of

endogenity. They found

24that over this period, all the inputs are highly responsive to an increase in
institutional credit to agriculture.

Shah et al., (2015) studied the impacts

18of microcredit on agriculture development in District Mastung Balochistan: A


case study of Balochistan rural support programme

(BRSP0. For this research they collected data from 90% male and 10% females. The objectives of this
research were to investigate the

18BRSP micro credit scheme on agriculture development, to study the role of


micro credit in increasing agriculture production in the study ara and to
examine the appropriate utilization of micro credit.

Pre-testing questionnaire was used for this research. For analyzing the data social sciences (SPSS)
software 17.0 was used and to

18examine the relationship between dependent and independent variables.

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From this research they found that microcredit had positive impact on agriculture production, household
living and economic status of the farmers. Noonari

9et al., (2015) examined the impact of credit on agriculture productivity: A case
study of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL) Loans in District Kashmore at Kandh
kot, Sindh, Pakistan.

For this research they collected data

49from 30 loanee farmers to three selected (ZTBL) branches and 30 non-


loanee farmers in the same villages

For this purpose, they used pre teting questionnaire and 5 loanee and 5 non-loanee farmers were
selected to check the sensitivity of questionnaire.. They used regression technique to check the results by
using SPSS software from this study they

9found that credit had a positive impact on agriculture productivity and loanee
farmers had more margins than non-loanee farmers.

33Javed et al., (2006) examined the impact of micro-credit scheme of NRSP on


the socio- economic conditions of female technique. Munity in District Rawaalkot,
Azad Jamu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

50For this study data was collected from100 females selected from simple random
sampling and

pre testing interviews were held and results were found by using SPSS software. It was found

42that 48% of the respondents had received information about credit scheme
from field. 87% respondents received credit from organization and 42% of the
respondents were credit for

livestock.

40It was concluded that micro-credit scheme had impacts” to some extent” on
the socio-economic conditions of female community. NSRP was

68served as a better tool for empowering female.

Saad (2014) analyzed the

23Socio-economic effects of Micro-finance on agricultural sector: An analysis of


farmer’s standard of life Multan.

For this study he collected data from 120 respondents

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23with the help of systematic random sampling. Interview scheduled was used
as a tool of data collection.

The survey method was used to study the reason that presented study respondents were of explanatory
nature than of exploratory. For the analysis simple percentages were calculated and hypotheses were test
for this purpose and it was found that micro-finance

23is the source of socio-economic development of farmers. Adebayo and

Adeela (2008) investigated the source

51and uses of Agricultural credit by small scale farmers in Surulere local


Government Area of Oyo state.

For this research they collected data from 120 respondents

37were randomly selected from twenty villages and were interviewed structural
questionnaire.

From this study they

37found that most of respondents obtained loans through informal sources


with co-operative societies being the most popular source.

44Also mobilization of farmers into formidable groups in order to enjoy the


benefit of collective investment of group saving was also recommended.

Chaudhary and Ishfaq (2003) analyzed

31the credit worthiness of rural borrowers

in Pakistan. For this research they collected data from 224 rural households for the analysis of data they
used logit technique. The aim of

31this study was to estimate the probability of loan repayments by borrowers.

They found

31that interest rate do not affect the repayment behavior significantly.

Quaye et al., (2015) studied the farmer credit delinquency in Southeastern US: Factors and behavior
prediction. For this research they collected data 10 years (3003-2012)

15cross- sectional data from the USDA ARMS survey data 9phase iii). A probit
approach was used to regress delinquency against different borrowers -specific,
long -specific, lender specific, macroeconomic and climatic variables for the

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first part, while logistic approach was used to regress farmer’s coverage ratio
on financial variables.

From this research they found that

15particular farmers in what satiates are more likely to be credit worthy based on
their financial variable information.

5Shah et al., (2008) examined the impacts of agricultural credit on farm


productivity and income of farmers in mountainous agriculture in Northern
Pakistan: The objectives of this research were to find the impact of agriculture
credit from productivity and income of farmer in

research area.

67A case study that was selected villages in district Chitral.

They collected

6data were collected from both borrowers and non-borrowers from the
selected villages in the district of Chitral during the year 2007.

They used t-test for the analysis of data used SPSS software for the analysis of data. They found from the
research that there was

5positive relationship between productivity and agriculture credit. Abdullah et


al., (2015) studied the Agriculture credit in

Pakistan: Post trends and future prospects. The aim of this study was to delve the historical trend of
agriculture credit flows from formal banking and informal sector to Pakistani farmers. For this study they
collected data from the data were collected from secondary sources since 1960-61 till 2012-13. For the
analysis they used t-test to check the significance of results. They

28found that credit played a significant role in the development of the

economy, adoption of new technology, farm mechanization, increase in productivity, increase in standard of
living of farmers and eradication of poverty with respect to Pakistan. Soeleman (2015) investigated the the
role of Sukut financing for sustainable development of smallholder farmers. For this study they

50collected data from primary and secondary sources. The primary data was

obtained specially designed for the purpose of study such as direct measurement of diameters and heights
of teak trees whereas the secondary data was used from the existing information such as research
publications. For the analysis, they used NPV and AEV values. They concluded that Sukruk-based profit
sharing among the stakeholder’s i.e. investor, skilled-worker, farmers, and land-owners give a better output
than common fully-paid arrangement. Chapter no: 3 Data and methodology A good study has depended
on the suitable analysis technique and appropriate methodology. Without adopt appropriate methodology
the study would be useless and it will be no importance. The

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54main objective of the methodology is to define or describe the tools and


techniques that are used in the collection of data. It also describes the

analysis and interpretation of data related to research problems. The scientific methodology gives us a
clear guideline upon which research is based. It should be necessary to select the study area, select
sample size, data collection, application of statistical and econometrics techniques to analyze, verify the
results, carefully applied all these practices. The

1major aim of this chapter is to describe all those tools and technique along
with statistical

test that are used and applied in this research study. The research methodology used in this study is as
under. 3.1 study area Study area is that area from which sample is taken for research. The area was
selected district Sargodha because Sargodha has great potential of growing citrus orchards. In this area
mostly people are farmers and they are growing citrus (kinnow). About 70% citrus are produced in this
area so this is selected for research study. District Sargodha has 7 tehsils and 186 unions. Table 3.1
tehsils and union councils of district Sargodha are: Tehsils Union councils Kotmomin 23 Bhalwal 16 Sahiwal
23 Sargodha 62 Shahpur 21 Silanwali 16 Bhera 15 Source: The Express Tribune Out of all these tehsils of
district Sargodha 3 tehsils are more famous of growing of citrus orchards. These tehsils are Sargodha,
Kotmomin and Bhalwal, so these tehsils are selected for data collection for this research study. Data was
collected from those farmers who are using credit/loan and who are not using credit or non-credit user
farmers through a structural questionnaire. 3.2 Population The population of area will be known in which
research study is conducting. The definition of population is as including all the people that are living in
specific area or place. It is very default to get information from whole population.it will take allot of money
and time taking process. So we select sample from whole population of specific study area. This sample will
be selected randomly from the population and this sample will be representing the whole population. The
study also selects credit user and non-credit farmers in this study area. Many formal and informal
institutions give loan to the farmers for the production of citrus orchard. These institutions are Zarai-
Tarqiati-Banks, commercial banks, commission agents and factories that are working in this area. They
give loan to the farmers before session of citrus under different securities. These institutions were selected
on the basis of their credit disbursement of last year.

533.3 Sample size Sampling is part of statistical practice, in which the selection
of subset of individuals from whole population.

Sample represents the

30characteristics of whole population. Researchers cannot survey the whole


population because of

39two reasons: 1. the cost of survey is very high and 2. The population is
dynamic in the way that individuals making up population may change over
time. So the

easy process is to select the small sample that will represent the whole population. There are three most
important

30advantages of sampling are The cost will be low, Data collection will be faster,
and data will be smaller

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these advantages

30improve the accuracy and quality of data. The

sample was taken for this study from top three tehsils of district Sargodha in which citrus are more
producing. Top producing tehsils are Sargodha, Kotmomen and Bhalwal the data collected in these tehsils
through structural questionnaire and well plan interviewed. 130 respondents were selected from this area
65 respondents are credit user and 65 respondents are non-credit user. The list of borrowers was
obtained from representative branch of banks of these tehsils. 3.4 data collection To achieve the aim the
primary

1data was collected with the questionnaire and interviewed. According to the

1objectives of the present study a well design questionnaire or interviewing


schedule was prepared to collect the information from the respondents. The
questions that are included in this questionnaire were covered the main issues
like socio-economic characteristics of respondents and the impact of

36credit on the productivity of citrus orchards in district Sargodha. The

1information was collect with the help of interview and save in the questionnaire.
In the interview schedule both qualitative and quantitative data or questions were
formulated to get required information. The questionnaire was written in the
English however the questions were asked from respondent in their local
language i.e. Urdu and Punjabi. The researcher has most effort on that not to
change the meaning of questions. Before asking the question to the respondent
it

will be clearly define the object of this research study that it is only use for educational propose, So the

1respondents might not have any doubt in their minds in this way the
researcher won the confidence of respondents. During the

interview it will be frank environment provide for the respondents to get actual information from them.
However researcher face allot of difficulties which are not explained in words. 3.5 Interview schedule An
interview is another technique of primary data collection that involved the oral questions which are asked
to the respondents. Collection of primary data was based on the questionnaire, but the questionnaire was
written in English most of the rural farmers are illiterate so they could not read questionnaire, so

32answers to the question posed during study were recorded by interview. 3. 6


pre-

test of questionnaire

1Pre-testing is essential for trial and error procedure in which the trial are
repeated and error are avoided in the final questionnaire. Before proceeding

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of this questionnaire in the

1field for actual data collection it was necessary to

fill some questionnaires to check the accuracy and validity of this interview schedule. This is very important
step for the data collection to

70pre-testing of the questionnaire. In the light of pre- testing the errors and

difficulties were avoided for the respondents. After avoiding all mistakes and errors the questionnaire was
finalized for collection of data. 3.7 Field experience Data collection is very difficult task for researcher
because most of the people were uneducated. The researcher has to face much uncertain condition to get
accurate information from the respondents. The researcher had to introduce herself to the each
respondent individually. He explained the purpose of survey of the study that it was only used for
educational research. Most of the respondents are not willing to give information about them. They feel
hesitation because they think that researcher is a government agent and want to get information of their
income and expenditure. Sometime they considered that researcher will be

4might create problem for them by giving the correct information about their
income level to the income tax department so they

give false information of their income. The researcher has to win their trust and explain the purpose of his
educational research. 3.8 Limitations During this study many problems and constrained were face to the
refresher. Some limitations are given below as: 1. Resources constraints 2. Time constraints 3. Lack of
farm records 4. Social and psychological Barriers 3.8.1 Resource constraints The resources were limited
to get information to all the people of study are so small sample was selected to get information of this
study. 130 respondents were selected randomly in the study area which is district Sargodha. The travelling
expenses were very high and difficult to bear the researcher to collect primary data. 3.8.2 Time constraints
Time factor was among foremost problem to the researcher because most of the time farmers were busy in
their farm operation and they are not willing to give information to the researcher. Researcher gets
information on the free time of the farmers and has to face the problem of time constraints. 3.8.3 Lack of
farm records Most of the respondents were illiterate in the study area and they are not recording their
information of farms income and expenditure. So it was difficult to get exact information of expenditure and
income of the farmers. Due to the lacks of the data was depending on their memories. 3.8.4 Social and
psychological barriers Most of the farmers were feel hesitation to given their personal information to the
researcher. They have fear why so personal information was to be asked from them. They did not give the
true answer of their family members their chattels, farm size, income and consumptions. It was very difficult
convince them to get such type of information. Mostly farmers do not trust on the stranger and even they
did not want to talk to them. 3.9 Descriptive Analysis In order to analyze the descriptive results from the
collected data was find out the basic factors of respondents. These factors are called Scio-economic
factors that are

4analyzed by descriptive analysis. The table was constructed through SPSS and
excel. The

4data was collected and tabulated in the form of percentages frequency

of each individual factor. 3.10 Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents Some of the Scio-
economic characteristics were used in this study as indicators which are as follows:

631. Gender 2. Age 3. Education 4. Marital status 5. Family size 6.

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Income 3.10.1 Gender Gender is important indicator of Scio-economic characteristics of any research
activity.it showed that the comparison of household head responsibilities between male and female. In this
research study hundred percent respondents were male. In the study area the citrus grower or producers
were male so for the collection of data males are selected in this area. 3.10.2 Age Age of respondent is
also important factor of Scio-economic indicator. Household head has different age and has different
experience according to the age in production of any crepe. The age was asked on the time of interviewed.
3.10

1.3 Education Education is measured to be very important indicator which


influenced respondent behavior as it is a method of influencing the human
behavior. For the present study the level of education was determined by the
number of years completed by the respondents in the educational institutions.
The education of the respondents has been categories as under: 1. Illiterate 2.
Primary 3. Middle 4. Matric 5. Intermediate 6. Graduation 7.

Masters Marital status The marital status of the respondents has been categories as under:

721. Single 2. Married 3. Divorced 4. Widow

4Family size Family size is important indicator as it is affected the socio-


economic activities. It means how many members are in households. As how
much it affects the health expenditure of the households. Income Income level
of respondent is also played an important role in socio-economic
characteristics of households. Income level of the respondent

plays significant role of household

4also impact health expenditures. Households whose income level is high


spent more money on health

expenditure.

1In the resent research income means the total gross earnings of respondents
from all sources, as well as from other subordinate sources if any. The income
of respondents and household head was income categories as follows: 1. Less
than 15000

2. 15000-25000 3. 26000-30000 4. More than 30000

5Data analysis On the basis of objectives the

9data was collected from the respondents of the study area. This data is
collected from credit user farmers and non-

credit user farmers. The collected data was statistically analyzed and converted into the tables these are
called descriptive analysis. The technique that applied was averages, percentages, Mode, and standard
deviation. Averages Average is

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5current study were calculated through following formula: Avg. = ∑xi / n


Where ∑xi = sum of individuals variables n= number of observation in a
particular activity Percentages

The percentage that are used in to calculate

32by using following formula: P= n/N Where P= percentage n=Number of


observation

N=total number of respondents Results and discussions: In social scientific research the interpretation,
analysis and discussion have more importance. The data has leading role in

2social scientific research. The main objective of this research was to identify
the impact of agriculture credit in productivity of citrus in district Sargodha.

The second objective of this study was to

36find out the revenues from citrus orchard and also some policy
recommendations will be contributed according to the results of

this research study. The results described in different chapters, first part of the results will be socio-
economic

2characteristics of credit user and non-credit users second will be agriculture


profile of respondents.

2Social characteristics of credit users and non-credit users

Descriptive Statistics Results Demographic information of respondents Demographic Information Minimum


Maximum Average SD Age of Respondents(Years) Education Level (Years) Family Size (Numbers) Farm
Size (Acers) 25 0 3 2 65 16 10 65 41 8 6 18.5 10.48 4.96 1.41 12.21 Source: Authors Calculation Age of
respondents there are 130 respondent were include In this research they are belong to distract Sargodha
and they lived in rural area where citrus are produce and also they are producing citrus in their land
minimum age of respondent who produce citrus is 25 years and maximum age of respondent who produce
citrus orchard is 65 year. Mostly farmer who produce citrus orchard there age is 41 year this is average
age of producer of this area and there standard deviation is 10.48. Education level of farmers The farmers
have average education is middle 8 year education. There are minimum education in this area farmers are
zero this show illiterate farmers and maximum education of farmers are 16 years education. Table No 1:
Education level Frequency Percent Illiterate 24 18.5 Primary 15 11.5 Middle 13 10.0 Matric 38 29.2
Intermediate 14 10.8 Graduation 19 14.6 Masters 7 5.4 Total 130 100.0 Source author own calculations:
This table shows that mostly farmer’s lies in education middle to matric about 29 percent farmers are
middle to metric. Illiterate farmers are 18.5 percent. Primary or below primary education in farmers are 11.5
percent. Intermediate educated farmers are 10 percent. Education level of farmers 250 200 150 100
Percent 50 Frequency 0 Figure show distribution of farmers on education level Distribution of farmers on
the basis of education illiterate farmers is 18.5 percent and 11.5 present farmers have education is primary
are below primary. This show that most of farmers are uneducated and they are not aware of credit facility.
Mostly farmers who has education of matric and middle they use credit in financial institutions. Very few
farmers are masters who are working in farms. Family size of respondents There are minimum members of
family of farmers are 3 persons and maximum family members of farmers are 10 people. The average
family members of this area are 6 members. Family size Table no :2 Family size Frequency Percent 2-4 24
18.0 5-7 8-10 Total 86 23 133 64.7 17.3 100.0 Source author own calculation: This table shows the
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frequencies and percentages of different groups of family members of farmers. In first group 2-4,
percentage of family members show about 18 percent respondent lies in this group. in second group
average numbers of family size are lies in this group maximum farmers family size is lies in age group (5-7).
64 percent farmer’s family size is 5-7 members according to the results. 17.3 percent farmer’s family size
lies in age group 8-10 persons. Family size of respondents 140 120 100 80 Frequency 60 Percent 40 20 0
2-4 5-7 Total Source author calculation: Farm size in acre Distribution of area in acre shows that minimum
area of farmers is 2 acre and maximum area is 65 acre. The mean area in acre is 18.5. This shows that
most of farmers are holding 18 acre in this area that are producing citrus orchards. Table No 3: Citrus
Farm Size (Acers) Minimum Maximum Average SD 2 65 18.5 12.5 Source author calculation: Citrus Farm
Ownership Table No 4: Citrus Farm Ownership Frequency Percentage % Owned Farm 124 95% Hired
Farm 6 5% Total 130 100% Pakistan is sixth largest country that produces citrus in all over the world and
Pakistan is export citrus to different country. District Sargodha is a major area were citrus is produce more
here some farmers have own land and some are hired for the production of citrus. 95 percent farmers
have own land for the production of citrus. Only 5 percent farmers hired the land for productivity of citrus
orchards. Total respondent were selected from this area are 130.this shows that most of farmers have own
land for the production of citrus. Soil Type Table No 5: Soil Type Frequency Percentage % Sandy 1 1%
Mara 42 32% Clay 87 67% Source author calculation: This table to show the distribution of soil type of the
area of this research in district Sargodha. The results show that sandy type of land in this area is only one
percent and Mara land is 32 percent and its frequency is 42. Most of the land of this area is clay. This land
is most important for the growing of citrus orchards. Clay type of land is ply significant roll on the
productivity of citrus fruits specialty for the kinnow. Diagram: Soil Type 1% 32% Sandy 67% Mara Clay This
diagram show the distribution of soil type 1 percent land is sandy research area.32 percent land is Mara
and clay land is 67 percent of research area. Residential status of farmers Table No2: Residential Status
Frequency Percentage % Owned House 125 96% Hired House 5 4% Total 130 100% Source author
calculation: According to this table the residence of the farmers is distributed in to two categories first is
owned houses or there personal house and other is hired house like rented house. Mostly people of this
research area is living their own houses there percentage is 96%. And only few people of this area are
living on rented houses their percentage is 4%. Marital status of farmers Table No3: Marital Status
Frequency Percentage % Single 19 15% Married 110 84% Divorced 1 1% Total 130 100% Source author
calculation: The above table shows the marital status of farmers who were interviewed in this research
study. The single farmers are 15 percent who are growing citrus orchards and married farmers are 84
percent in this area only 1 percent divorced farmers according to this data. 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Marital Status Marital status of farmers Series1 Series2 Series3 Single Married Divorced Total Sources
author calculation: Household’s characteristics: Table No 5: Household Characteristics Minimum Maximum
Average SD No of School Going Kids 0 3 1 0.95 No of collage going 0 3 1 4.96 Family workers (Numbers)
1 4 1.6 0.77 Plot Size (Marla’s) 3 40 15.44 7.21 Sours: author calculation According to this table result the
minimum school going children’s of farmers is zero its mean that most of people who are farmer their
children are not going to school and maximum school going children are 3 and average or mean of this
area is one. No of college going children of farmers minimum one chilled and maximum children are 4 and
their average is 1.6. Plot sizes of the house in Marla’s of farmers of this area are minimum 3 Marla and
maximum 40 Marla’s house in this area. The average sizes of house working farmers are 15.44 Marla’s.
Source of Credit/Loan Total No 10: Source of Credit/Loan Frequency Percentage % Formal 80 61%
Informal 50 39% Total 130 100% Sources: author calculation This table shows the distribution of source of
credit in two categories first is formal sources which are belong to some institution and banks. The other
category is informal source this include the relatives friends commissions agents or some other factories’
which are working in this area. The farmers of this study mostly credit borrow from formal sources.61
percent farmers used banks to get loan or credit. And 39 percent farmers are getting credit from informal
sources this may be relative’s friends, commission agents or any cooperatives source. Diagram No 1:
Source of Credit for Citrus Farming 70% Percentage% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 61% 39% 10% 0%
Percentage % Formal Informal 61% 39% Loan/ Credit Information Table No 9: Loan/ Credit Information
Frequency Percentage % Non-Credit User Farmers 63 48% Credit User Farmers 67 52% Total 130 100%
Sources: author calculation The above table shows the frequency and percentage of farmers that get
information about loan in different sources. These sources are electronic media, print media, and from
their relatives. Credit user farmer’s percentage is 67 percent and non-credit user farmer’s percentage is
48 percent. This shows that most of the credit user farmers gets loan from formal or informal sources on
the basses of information that he gets from different ways. This information may help for the formers to get
loan and increase their productivity of citrus orchards. loan/credit information Loan/ Credit Information
Frequency Loan/ Credit Information Percentage % 130 63 67 48% 52% 100% Credit User Farmers Non-
Credit User Farmers Total Sources: author calculation

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2Cost of irrigation Any agricultural activity needs irrigation facility for the better
productivity. The frequent availability of water

will insure to improve the productivity and better quality of any crop. The table shows the cost of irrigations
that bear to the farmers for citrus orchards. The credit user farmers spend more income on the orchards
as compare to the

2non-credit user farmers group. Irrigation cost has different cost group due the
different sources of water availability. Some farmers have an access of canal
water

for irrigation they are fortune because canal water has allot of minerals that are necessary for the crops or
especially for citrus orchards. Some farmers depends their own private tube wells for the irrigation of
orchards. Some have both facility of canals and tube well for source of irrigation activity. Those farmers
who have not sources of canal water they have to need credit for private tube for the irrigation purpose. If
these farmers have not credit facility they will hardly to continue their agriculture activity. If the farmers
have both facility of water from canal and tube wells they can produce citrus more efficiently. Table No:
Cost of Irrigation ( Per Acre) I/Cost Range Credit User Non- Credit User 100-2500 19 30 2501-4000 24 19
4001-5500 14 14 5501-7000 4 10 Sources: author calculation This table show that the comparison of
credit user cost of irrigation and non-credit user cost of irrigation. Per acre cost of irrigation divided into
four group’s credit user bear more cost of irrigation then non-credit user. Credit user gets credit for the
irrigation purpose because they have no facility of canal water for irrigation. Figure: Cost of Irrigation ( Per
Acre) 10 5501-7000 4 14 4001-5500 14 19 2501-4000 24 100-2500 0 5 Non- Credit User 10 Credit User
30 19 15 20 25 30 35 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Credit User) 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Non- Credit User) This figure shows
the comparison of credit users and non-credit user farmers who bear cost of irrigation. Maximum cost bear
credit user because they have not canal facility they use their private tube wells for irrigation and the
expanses of petrol going to be high o they have more need for credit to produce citrus orchards. Cost of
Fertilizer (Per Acre) Application of fertilizers is very necessary for the productivity of

2any crop, especially in current circumstances where soil has lost its natural
fertility due to extensive farming practices. So fertilizers are

applied on agriculture land for the purpose of nutrients that are being provided through fertilizers. Many
type of fertilizers are applied by the farmers, like DAP, many type of spray were applying on orchards. The
results of present study shows that maximum farmers that are belongs to credit user group are spending
different type of fertilizer on citrus orchards and their cost is high compare to the non-credit user farmers.
The farmers who are not availing credit facility they are less in numbers and their cost is less because they
spend little amount on fertilizers. Table No: Cost of Fertilizer (Per Acre) Cost of Fertilizer ( Per Acre) F/Cost
Range Credit User Non- Credit User 800 10% 17% 1000 19% 33% 1200 24% 6% 1400 8% 12% Sources:
author calculation The above table shows 10 percent credit user farmers cost of fertilizers and 17 percent
non- credit user cost of fertilizers bear 800 per acre. 19 percent credit user farmers and 33 percent non-
credit user farmers bear 1000 costs per acre. Credit user and non-credit user 24% and 6% bear 1200 per
acre cost of fertilizers. Figure: Cost of Fertilizers (per acre) 1400 8% 12% Average Cost 1200 24% 6%
1000 19% 33% 800 10% 17% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 800 1000 1200
1400 Credit User 10% 19% 24% 8% Non- Credit User 17% 33% 6% 12% Percentage Share Per acre cost
of fertilizer Transportation cost Transportation cost bear to the farmers. The commission agents or middle
man who purchases the orchards from the farmers they bear the cost of transportation per acre. The
conditions of road are very poor in the research area so they have to bear high cost of transportation. The
citrus fruits are export to different big cities so the cost is increasing day by day. The fowling results shows
that both credit user and non-credit user face the cost of transportation but credit user face high cost. 5
percent credit user and 7 percent non-credit user farmers bear transportation cost 800 per acre.18
percent credit user and 16 percent non-credit user farmers bear cost 1000 per acre.14 percent credit user
and 19 percent non-credit user lies in 1200 cost of transportation. Minimum farmer bear cost of
transportation 1400 per acre. The detailed of results show the following table. Table No: Transportation
Cost (Per Acers) T/Cost Range Credit User Non- Credit User 800 6(5%) 10(7%) 1000 22(18%) 18(16%)

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1200 19(14%) 25(19%) 1400 14(10%) 16(11%) Source: author calculation Figure: Transportation Cost
(Per Acer) 1400 11% 10% Per Acer T/Cost 1200 19% 14% 1000 16% 18% 800 7% 5% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8%
10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% Total Sample Size 130 Non- Credit User Credit User Per acre transportation
cost Cost of harvesting (picking cost) This is a

20last stage of expenses is harvesting of crops. The citrus orchards have


different production

techniques and technologies.

20The harvesting of citrus means picking of the fruits from the trees. This
process needs more no of labor. If the citrus orchard is good in productivity than
number of fruits on one tree will more. Usually one citrus tree gives 500 to 1000
fruits. More yelled required more labored for pick fruits from trees. It will ultimately
increase cost of picking

or harvesting per acre. The table shows different cost groups for harvesting of citrus orchard in per acre.

41The credit user group has maximum percentage of cost group is 5000- 10000.
Non-credit user has maximum percentage at cost group of less than 5000.

Its mean credit user bear more cost of harvesting. Table No: Harvesting Cost Harvesting Cost Harvesting
Cost Credit User Non- Credit User Less than 5000 9 (6%) 37(28%) 5000 to 10000 28(21%) 15(11%)
10000 to 15000 19(15%) 7(6%) 15000 to 20000 5(4%) 10(9%) Sources: author calculation Figure:
Harvesting Cost Credit User Non- Credit User 30% 28% 25% 21% 20% Percentage% 15% 15% 11% 10%
9% 6% 6% 5% 4% 0% Less then 5000 5000 to 10000 10000 to 15000 15000 to 20000 Total Sample Size
130 Area under Citrus Farms produces

2Pakistan is sixth largest producers of citrus producer in the world and has a
large share of exports of

citrus in many other countries. Overall production of citrus in

2Pakistan is 2458.4 thousand tons and area under cultivation

is near about

2192.3 thousand hectors. kinnow is cultivated on area of 8. 645 million hectors.


The production from this area is 123.69 million tons in Pakistan.

In all over the Pakistan the

2major contributor of citrus is Punjab having 95 percent share in citrus


production. Almost 85 percent citrus of Pakistan is produced in Punjab.

The table shows the area of land in which citrus is produced in district Sargodha. 32 credit user farmer
produce citrus orchard in area below 10 acre and 29 non-credit user farmers grow citrus below 10 acre. 16
credit users have 10-20 acre land in which thy produce citrus orchard and 22 non-credit user have same
area of land for the production of citrus. 30 to acre are produce by credit user only 3 credit users and 6

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non-credit users. the area 40 to 50 acre have no credit use produce and only four non-credit users farmer
produce in this area. Table No: Area under Citrus Farms Area Under Citrus Farms Area Credit User Non-
Credit User Below 10 Acre 32 29 10 to 20 16 22 20 to 30 10 8 30 to 40 3 6 40 to 50 0 4 Sources: author
calculation Area under Citrus Farms produces Figure AREA UNDER CITRUS FARMING CreditUser Non-
CreditUser PERCENTAGE % 29 22 8 6 4 32 16 10 BELOW 10 ACRE 10 TO 20 2 0 T O 3 0 TOTAL
FARMING AREA 3 0 30 TO 40 40 TO 50 Farming

2Experience of respondents Experience of citrus orchards farmers play a vital


role in increasing in total output of citrus and ultimately income level.
Experience, education, plant protection measures, fertilizers and land
preparation were contributing toward higher citrus yield and income of farmers.
This table shows farming experience of citrus farmers. The distribution among
credit user and non-credit users is quit cleared when we see the farming
experience. The

non-credit user are mostly those farmers who have own land and having maximum years of experience as
compare to the no- credit users farmers. Table No: Farming Experience Farming Experience Years Credit
User Non- Credit User Less than 10 18 30 10 to 15 15 20 15 to 20 9 12 20 to 25 6 2 25 to 30 7 3 30 to 40
5 3 Sources: Author calculation Figure: Farming Experience Farming Experiance (Years) Credit User Non-
Credit User 30 30 25 20 20 Number of Respondents 18 15 15 12 10 9 7 6 5 5 3 3 2 0 Less then 10 10 to
15 15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 40 Years

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