Two-way Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA)

Lecture No. 12
The model of two-way ANOVA
Three possible hypotheses testing
Three possible hypotheses testing
Three possible hypotheses testing
 The procedure
Part A: The Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The null and alternative hypotheses are expressed in terms of the main effects
(factors A and B) and interaction effects (combinations of levels of these factors).
 The procedure
Part B: The Format of the Data to Be Analyzed

The data can be listed in tabular form, as

shown, with each cell identified as a
combination of the ith level of factor A with
the jth level of factor B. Each cell
contains r observations, or replications. For
each level of each factor, a mean is
calculated. For example , is the mean for
all observations that received the second
level of factor A. Likewise, is the mean
for all observations that received the first
level of factor B. As in previous analyses,
the grand mean is the mean of all the
observations that have been recorded.
 The procedure
Part C: The Calculations for the Two-Way ANOVA Design

Part C describes the specific computations, with each quantity being associated with a
specific source of variation within the sample data.
 The procedure
Part C: The Calculations for the Two-Way ANOVA Design
 The procedure
Part D: Test Statistics, Critical Values, and Decision Rules

For each null hypothesis to be tested, a separate test statistic is calculated. The
numerator and denominator are separate estimates of the variance that the cell
populations are assumed to share. For each null hypothesis, the critical value of F will
depend on the level of significance that has been selected, and on the number of
degrees of freedom associated with the numerator and denominator of the F
statistic. In testing each H0, the values of v1 and v2 are shown in the table.
If a calculated F exceeds F[α, v1, v2], the corresponding null hypothesis will be
rejected.
Example 1
An aircraft firm is considering three different alloys for
use in the wing construction of a new airplane. Each alloy
can be produced in four different thicknesses (1 =
thinnest, 4 = thickest). Two test samples are constructed
for each combination of alloy type and thickness, then
each of the 24 test samples is subjected to a laboratory
device that severely flexes it until failure occurs. For each
test sample, the number of flexes before failure is
recorded, with the results shown in table. At the
0.05 level of significance, examine (1) whether the alloy
thickness has an effect on durability, (2) whether the
alloy type has an effect on durability, and (3) whether
durability is influenced by interactions between alloy
thickness and alloy type.
Example 1

There are 4 levels of factor A and 3

levels of factor B, leading to 4 x 3 = 12
combinations, or cells. Within each
cell, there are r = 2 observations,
or replications. For example, the cell
for (i = 2, j = 3) contains the following
observations: X231 = 807 flexes and
X232 = 819 flexes.
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
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Example 1

There are three sets of null and alternative hypotheses to

be evaluated. In each case, the calculated F is compared
to the critical F, listed in the F distribution table.
The denominator of the F-ratio for each test is MSE, which
has ab(r-1), or 4(3)(2-1)=12 degrees of freedom.
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1 Summary results for the two-way ANOVA
Example 1
Interaction between levels of factor
A (thickness) and factor B (alloy
type) is present. Thicknesses 1 and 2
seem best for alloy 2, but thickness
4 seems best for alloy 3. In this
graph, the vertical axis represents
the average number of flexes for the
r = 2 test units within each cell. The
horizontal axis represents the levels
for factor B, alloy type. Thicknesses
1 and 2 seem relatively durable for
alloy 2, but these thicknesses lead to
early failure for alloys 1 and 3.
According to this figure, the longest-
lasting combination is thickness 2
and alloy 2.
Example 1
Example 1 r=2

we mark the whole table with factor names

Example 1
Example 1 – preparing data
Example 1 – preparing data for „statistica”
Example 1

3
4
Example 1

3 4
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2
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3
Example 1
The thickness
factor is not
significant
(at significance
level of 0.05)
Example 1

The interaction
factor is very
significant

significant
difference
Example 1

we choose the graph

Example 1
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Example 1
Do the flexes
depend on
alloys for
thickness 3 ?
Example 1 2

1 5
Example 1