CONCRETE
(LECTURE 1)
q BASIC CONCEPTS
q MATERIALS
q ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
q PRESTRESSING METHODS
q FLEXURAL ANALYSIS
BASIC CONCEPTS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Typical compressive stress-strain curves for Typical compressive stress-strain curves for
normal density concrete with wc= 145 pcf lightweight concrete with wc= 100 pcf
MATERIALS
q TIME DEPENDENT DEFORMATION OF CONCRETE
1) CREEP - defined as the increase in deformation with time under
constant load. Due to the creep of concrete, the prestress in the
tendon is reduced with time. The rate of strain increase is rapid at
first, but decreases with time, until after many months, a constant
value is approached assymptotically.
P Pi−Pe
The effectiveness ratio, R= e or 1−R=
Pi Pi
NOTE:
Pi = fpi x Aps
Pe = fpe x Aps
Where:
Pi = initial prestressing force
fpi = initial prestress before losses
Aps = area of prestressing tendons
Pe = effective prestressing force
fpe = effective prestress after losses
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS
Both analysis and design of prestressed concrete
may require the consideration of several load stages
as follows:
1) Initial prestress immediately after transfer, when Pi alone may
act on the concrete
2) Initial prestress plus self-weight of the member
4) Effective prestress, Pe, plus service loads consisting of full dead
and expected live loads
5) Ultimate load, when the expected service loads are increased
by load factors, and the member is at incipient failure
ELASTIC STRESSES (UNCRACKED
BEAMS)
1. INITIAL CONDITION
Initial Prestressing force plus Self-weight
c1
CL
e c2
c1
CL
e c2
fci=
fci=
fti=
fti=
2. Stresses in concrete at service loads (based on uncracked section
properties, and after allowance for all prestress losses) shall not exceed
the following:
fcs =
200
12 m
200
5m
1000
A
300
5m
A
250
SECTION A-A
Example 2:
A rectangular concrete beam of width 275mm & depth h = 700mm is post
tensioned using parabolic tendon having eccentricity e = 195mm at
midspan & zero at the supports. The initial prestress force is 1485.6 kN &
the effectiveness ratio is 0.80. (Assume ɣc = 24 kN/m3 and fixed supports)
Check if the stresses exceed the ACI stress limits.
Loads: WD+L = 4.38 KN/m +14.59 KN/m
L= 12.20m
Example 3:
A pretensioned beam has rectangular section of 200 mm and 500 mm
depth. It is built using normal weight concrete (Ɣc = 24 KN/m3).
Stress limits are as follows:
fti = 1.139 Mpa
fci = -12.42 Mpa
fts = 2.62 Mpa
fcs = -12.42 MPa
The effectiveness ratio, R is equal to 0.80. For these conditions, find the
initial prestress, Pi and eccentricity, e to maximize the superimposed
dead and live load moment, MD+L that can be carried without exceeding
stress limits. What uniformly distributed load can be carried on a 9 m
span? What tendon profile would you recommend?
Example 4:
A post tensioned bonded with a prestress transfer force of 1560 kN is being
wrongly picked up at its mid-point. The parabolic tendons used is placed at a
distance of 175mm from the bottom at the midspan and at the center of the
beam at its ends. The beam has a span of 12m. Modulus of rupture
fr=0.62√f’c. Dimension of the beam is 300 mm x 600mm, f’c = 34 Mpa, unit
weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3.
a) Compute the stress at the top fibers at its midspan.
b) Compute the eccentricity at the midspan so that the stress of concrete
will not crack.
c) Determine the distance from both ends where the beam should be
picked up to avoid any possibility of damage to the beam during
handling.
Example 5:
The flooring of a warehouse is made up of double-tee joists (DT) as shown. The joists
are simply supported on a span of 7.5 m and are pre-tensioned with one tendon in
each stem with an initial force of 745 kN each, located at 75 mm from the bottom of the
fiber, loss of stress at service load is 18%.
Load imposed on the joists are:
Dead Load = 2.3 kPa
Live Load = 6 kPa
Properties of DT:
A = 200, 000 mm2
I = 1880 x 106 mm4
yt = 88 mm
yb = 267 mm
a = 2.4 m
a) Compute the stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at mid-span due to the initial
pre-stressing force alone.
b) Compute the resulting stress at the bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due to the
service loads and prestress force.
c) What additional super imposed load can the DT carry such that the resulting stress
at the bottom fibers at midspan is zero.