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N. Lungu
Introducere
3VLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOILJXUHD]vQSODQXOGHvQY PkQWvQVHPHVWUXOGLQDQXO,úL
vQ VHPHVWUXO GLQ DQXO ,, VHPHVWUHOH úL 'LVFLSOLQD FD DWDUH QX UHSUH]LQW R UDPXU
GLIHULWDSVLKRORJLHLvQVHQVXORELúQXLWDOXQHLDVWIHOGHGHSDUWDMULDúDFXPVXQWGHH[HPSOX
SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO SVLKRORJLD PXQFLL SVLKRORJLD HGXFD LHL HWF 'RPHQLXO VX vO FRQVWLWXLH
WHRULD úL SUDFWLFD H[SHULPHQWXOXL FD PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH DFWLY úL HILFLHQW 'LQ DFHDVW
SHUVSHFWLY SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO HVWH FRPSOHPHQWDU DOWRU PHWRGH GH LQYHVWLJD LH
PHWRGD REVHUYD LHL PHWRGD WHVWHORU SVLKRGLDJQR]D HWF FD úL SVLKRORJLHL JHQHUDOH
)XQGDPHQWHOH SVLKRORJLHL vQ DQVDPEOXO VX ÌQ DFHVW FRQWH[W HD UHDOL]HD] R PDL EXQ
DGkQFLUH D QR LXQLORU vQVXúLWH OD DOWH GLVFLSOLQH SVLKRORJLFH SULQ IL[DUHD DFHVWRUD SH VXSRUWXO
cauzal – H[SOLFDWLY vQ ED]D SUREDWRULXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO RE LQXW vQ ODERUDWRU ÌQ DIDU GH
DFHDVWD SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO FRQVWLWXLH LQWHUID D GLQWUH WHRULH úL SUDFWLF FRQWULEXLQG
DVWIHO OD R EXQ SUHJWLUH SURIHVLRQDO D VWXGHQ LORU vQ SHUVSHFWLYD DFWLYLW LL ORU YLLWRDUH GH
psihologi.
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H[SHULPHQWDO vQ SULPD VD SDUWH QHFHVDU SURPRYULL H[DPHQXOXL GLQ VHPHVWUXO 3DUWHD D
GRXDYDILUHPLVvQDQXO,,ILLQGQHFHVDUSHQWUXH[DPHQXOGLQVHPHVWUXOGLQDFHVWDQ'H
PHQ LRQDW F HVWH QHFHVDU FRQVXOWDUHD FXUVXOXL GH ED] SHQWUX R LQIRUPD LH PDL FRPSOHW
asupra problemelor din materialele reduse.
Bibliografie
1. Golu M., Fundamentele psihologiei (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL Ä5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH´
%XFXUHúWL
2. Lungu N., 3VLKRORJLH H[SHULPHQWDO (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL Ä5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH´
%XFXUHúWL
5DGX , 'UX X , 0DUH V., Miclea, M., Podar, I., Preda, V., Introducere în
SVLKRORJLDFRQWHPSRUDQ, Editura Sincron, Cluj-Napoca, 1991
5RúFD $O 0HWRGRORJLH úL WHKQLFL H[SHULPHQWDOH vQ SVLKRORJLH (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF
%XFXUHúWL
5. Zlate, M., Introducere în psihologie(GLWXUD3ROLURP%XFXUHúWL
1. 0HWRGDH[SHULPHQWDOvQSVLKRORJLH
2. &RPSRQHQWHOHFHUFHWULLH[SHULPHQWDOH
(proiectul experimental)
2.1. Ipoteza
&RQVWLWXLHXQXOGLQPRPHQWHOHHVHQ LDOHDOHGHPHUVXOXLUD LRQDO,]YRUkWGLQREVHUYDUHD
IDSWHORU LSRWH]D UHSUH]LQW SURLHF LD UD LRQDO DQWLFLSDWLY SUHGLFWLY DVXSUD SUREDELOLW LL
H[LVWHQ HL XQHL UHOD LL vQWUH DFHVWH IDSWH 'DF REVHUYD LD VH DGUHVHD] FRQVWDWDWLY úL
consemnativ, faptelor date, ipRWH]D vúL DVXP ULVFXO FDOFXODW GH D SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQRUD
noi, urmând ca aparatul probatoriu-H[SHULPHQWDOúLVWDWLVWLFV-RVDQF LRQH]HSULQYDOLGDUHVDX
LQYDOLGDUH 'XS HODERUDUH LSRWH]D HVWH YHULILFDW H[SHULPHQWDO SULQ PRGHODUHD YDULDELOHORU
pe cDUH OH LPSOLF úL SUREDW FRQWURODW VWDWLVWLF vQ ED]D SUHOXFULL UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH
,SRWH]DSRUQHúWHGHODDILUPDUHDH[LVWHQ HLXQHLGLIHUHQ HvQWUHYDULDELOHOHGHSHQGHQWHDOHXQRU
JUXSXUL GH VXELHF L FD XUPDUH D FRQGL LHL GH VWLPXODUH 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH HD LSRWH]D QXO
VWDWLVWLFQHDJH[LVWHQ DYUHXQHLGLIHUHQ HVHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHDFHVWHJUXSXULFRQVLGHUkQGF
UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VH GDWRUHVF vQWkPSOULL 3HQWUX YHULILFDUH VH IDFH SUHOXFUDUHD VWDWLVWLF D
datelor cu ajutorul testelor de semQLILFD LH=W$2-hi2).
2 EXQ LSRWH] WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL V ILH YHULILFDELO
HFRQRPLFYHURVLPLOúLVSRDWILFDQWLILFDELO
4
2.4. 3UHOXFUDUHDúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDGDWHORU
Pentru validarea ipotezei se folosHVF DQXPLWH WHVWH VWDWLVWLFH GH VHPQLILFD LH FD GH
H[HPSOXWHVWXOÄW´VWXGHQWFDUHDUDWJUDGXOGHVHPQLILFD LHGLQWUHUH]XOWDWHOHPHGLLDOHFHORU
GRXJUXSXULGHVXELHF LH[SHULPHQWDOúLGHFRQWURO'DFYDORDUHOXLÄW´VDX[2KLSWUDW–
primul pHQWUXPHGLLúLFHOGHDOGRLOHDSHQWUXIUHFYHQ H– are o probabilitate (P) de 0,05 sau
PDL PLF S < DWXQFL FX XQ ULVF GH HURDUH GH LSRWH]D QXO YD IL UHVSLQV úL VH YD
FRQILUPD LSRWH]D GH FHUFHWDUH 'XS FH V-au stabilit gradele de libertate (limitele între care
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WDEHOXOYDORULORUVHPQLILFDWLYHDOHOXLÄW´ODSUDJXULOHGHúLúLVHJVHúWHJUDGXOGH
VHPQLILFD LHvQUDSRUWGHFDUHVHLQILUPGXSFD]LSRWH]DQXO3HQWUXFRQILUPDUHDGHSOLQD
LSRWH]HL GH FHUFHWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU FD GLUHF LD UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH SUH]XPDWH GH LSRWH] úL
FDOFXODW VWDWLVWLF V ILH FRLQFLGHQ 3ULQ XUPDUH SHQWUX FD LSRWH]D GH FHUFHWDUH V VH
confirme este neceVDUFDGLIHUHQ HOHGLQWUHJUXSHOHGHVXELHF LVILHVHPQLILFDWLYHUHVSHFWLY
ORJLFHLDUGLUHF LDSUHY]XWDDFHVWRUGLIHUHQ HVILHYDOLGDWVWDWLVWLF
'DWHOH H[SHULPHQWDOH VLVWHPDWL]DWH úL JUXSDWH SRW IL WUHFXWH vQ WDEHOH úL JUDILFH 'DWHOH
din tabeleVHJUXSHD]ILHvQYDORULEUXWHILHvQSURFHQWHVDXIUHFYHQ H*UDILFHOHDXDYDQWDMXO
5
F SRW V SXQ vQ HYLGHQ UHOD LLOH GLQWUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH YDULDELOH H[SULPkQGX-le prin
simboluri adecvate (linii, puncte, figuri etc.).
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PDUWLFLSDUHD DFWLY D FHUFHWWRUXOXL vQ SURYRFDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL VSHFLILF SHQWUX
H[SHULPHQW R vQWkOQLP úL vQ FD]XO WHVWXOXL 'DU vQ YUHPH FH H[SHULPHQWXO XUPUHúWH HIHFWXO
PRGLILFULORUYDULDELOHLLQGHSHQGHQWHDVXSUDYDULDELOHLUVSXQVSHQWUXDH[SOLFDUDporturile de
FDX]DOLWDWH GLQWUH HOH WHVWXO VH LQWHUHVHD] GRDU GH PVXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL FD DWDUH úL
FRPSDUDUHD OXL FX EDUHPXO PHGLD VWDWLVWLF ÌQ YUHPH FH H[SHULPHQWXO vúL SURSXQH V
GH]YOXLHFDX]DOLWDWHDIHQRPHQXOXLWHVWXOPVRDUúLDSUHFLD]VWDWLstic fenomenul în scopuri
SVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH SUHFLVH VHOHF LD úL RULHQWDUHD úFRODU úL SURIHVLRQDO SVLKRGLDJQR] FOLQLF
etc. Unele teste pot fi folosite ca variabile independente în experimentale, iar modelele
experimentare pot fi transformate în teste, SULQ EDUHPDUHD ORU 'LQ FHOH PHQ LRQDWH VH
GHVSULQGH UHOD LD GH FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWH PHWRGRORJLF GLQWUH WHVW úL H[SHULPHQW
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3. Tehnici psihofiziologice
3.2. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUUHVSLUDWRULL
ÌQUHJLVWUDUHD PRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL vQ DPSOLWXGLQH úL IUHFYHQ VH IDFH FX DMXWRUXO
diferitelor tipuri de pneumografe.
Pneumograful este format dintr-XQPDQúRQGHFDXFLXFOXQJGHDSUR[FPúLODWGH
FFD FP FDUH VH OHDJ OD WRUDFHOH VXELHFWXOXL vQ UHJLXQHD GLDIUDJPHL GHDVXSUD HL
3QHXPRJUDIXOHVWHSUHY]XWODFDSHWHFXúLUHWXULGHSkQ]FDUHVHSULQGODVSDWHDVWIHOvQFkW
PDQúRQXO GH FDXFLXF V DGHUH OHMHU OD WRUDFHOH VXELHFWXOXL ÌQ SDUWHD FHQWUDO PDQúRQXO HVWH
6
SUHY]XWFXXQúWX HDYGHOHJWXUSULQFDUHVXQWFROHFWDWHYDULD LLOHGHDHUGLQLQWHULRUXO
VXGDWRUDWHPLúFULORUFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGLQWLPSXOUHVSLUD LHL$FHVWHYDULD LLDOHYROXPXOXLGH
DHUVXQWWUDQVPLVHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLWXEGHFDXFLXFIXUWXQODRFDSVXOGHvQUHJLVWUDUH
FDSVXO 0DUH\ &DSVXOD 0DUH\ VH PDL QXPHúWH úL LQVFULSWRU SQHXPDWLF VDX FDSVXO
SQHXPDWLF HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU-R FXWLH URWXQG GLQ PHWDO WDEO FDYLWDU vQ LQWHULRU úL
SUHY]XW FX XQ úWX vQ SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VDX ODWHUDO OD FDUH VH PRQWHD] IXUWXQXO
SQHXPRJUDIXOXL 3HVWH SDUWHD JRDO D FDSVXOHL SQHXPDWLFH VH OHDJ IHVW R PHPEUDQ GLQ
cauciuc foarte elastic, iar deasupra acesteLDvQFHQWUXOHLVHIL[HD]RSDVWLOGHWDEOURWXQG
FDUHVSULMLQDFXOLQVFULSWRU
&DSWXOH[WHULRUDODFXOXLLQVFULSWRUDUHIRUPGHSHQL HVWHDVFX LWúLVHGHSODVHD]SH
FLOLQGUXOXQXLNLPRJUDIXQGHWUDVHD]RFXUEFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXDOXUDUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL
Kimograful este un aparat de înregistrare format dintr-un tambur (cilindru) metalic care
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DF LRQDWHFXDMXWRUXOXQXLPHFDQLVPGHFHDVRUQLFDUFLDUYLWH]DHVWHUHJODWFXDULSLRDUHGH
IUkQDUHDDHUXOXL.LPRJUDIHOHPDLQRLVXQWDF LRQDWHGHPRWRUDúHHOHFWULFHHOHFWURNLPRJUDIH
FX YLWH] UHJODELO DXWRPDW 'H PHQ LRQDW F LQYHQWDUHD NLPRJUDIXOXL vQ D GRXD MXPWDWH D
secolului al XIX-lea, a impulsLRQDW FHUFHWDUHD H[SHULPHQWDO GLQ SVLKRORJLH GRWkQG
ODERUDWRDUHOH DELD vQILLQ DWH FX GLVSR]LWLYH GH vQUHJLVWUDUH JUDILF D GDWHORU &HUFHWDUHD
úWLLQ LILF DFWXDO EHQHILFLD] GH UHFRUGHUH PXOW vPEXQW LWH PHUJkQG SkQ OD VWRFDUHD SH
calculator a datelor experimentale.
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XQHL OPSL GH SHWURO FUHLD L V-D VFRV VWLFOD 3H KkUWLD DVWIHO vQHJULW RULFH PLúFDUH D DFXOXL
inscriptor al capsulei Marey va trasa o linie continXRDUHFDUH'DFvQVFDSVXOD0DUH\HVWH
FXSODWSULQIXUWXQXOGHFDXFLXFFXSQHXPRJUDIXODFXOLQVFULSWRUYDWUDVDSHNLPRJUDIROLQLH
VLQXRDVFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXPLúFULOHFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGDWRUDWHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL
3ULQ XUPDUH PRGLILFULOH GLQ UHVSLUD LD VXELHFWXOXL IUHFYHQ D úL DPSOLWXGLQHD
VLPXOWDQH VDX FRQVHFXWLYH XQHL DFWLYLW L SVLKLFH PRGHODW H[SHULPHQWDO R HPR LH GH
H[HPSOX VXQW SUHOXDWH GH SQHXPRJUDI úL WUDQVPLVH FDSVXOHL 0DUH\ 0LúFULOH PHPEUDQHL
capsulei pneumatice, datorateDFHVWRUYDULD LLGHSUHVLXQHVHWUDQVPLWDFXOXLLQVFULSWRUFDUHOH
LPSULP SH FLOLQGUXO vQ PLúFDUH DO NLPRJUDIXOXL VXE IRUPD XQHL FXUEH QHUHJXODWH FRQWLQXH
7UDVHXO GHVFULV GH LQVFULSWRU SH NLPRJUDI H[SULP IRUPD PRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL DOH
subiectulXL úL VH QXPHúWH SQHXPRJUDP. Într-R SQHXPRJUDP SRW IL LQWHUSUHWDWH RULFH
PRGLILFUL GH ULWP IUHFYHQ DPSOLWXGLQH GXUDWD LQVSLUXOXL VDX H[SLUXOXL vQ KLSR VDX
KLSHUSQHHDOHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXLLQL LDWHGHVWLPXOXODGPLQLVWUDW
'XSFHKkUWLDvQHJULWFXIXPDNLPRJUDIXOXLDIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWVHVFRDWHFXJULMGHSH
FLOLQGUX úL VH WUHFH SULQWU-R EDLH GH IL[DUH VROX LH 6FKHOODN VSHFLDO VDX SUHSDUDW GH
experimentator dintr-XQDPHVWHFGHSU LDOFRRORSDUWHEHQ]HQúL-30 gr. colofoniu), dXS
FDUHVHXVXF
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DOH LQGLYLGXOXL UVSXQ]kQG SULQWU-R FRPSRQHQW QHXURYHJHWDWLY QDWXULL úL LQWHQVLW LL
VLWXD LHLDIHFWLYHGDWH&DSDFLWDWHDGHLQGXF LHHPSDWLF(identificarea cu personajul) poate fi
GHWHUPLQDWSULQWUHDOWHOHúLSHED]DDSDUL LHLXQRUPRGLILFULUHVSLUDWRULLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
3.3. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUFLUFXODWRULL
0DL GLUHFW OHJDWH GH SURFHVHOH DIHFWLYH SH FDUH OH vQVR HVF úL OH H[SULP VSHFLILF
PRGLILFULOHFLUFXODWRULLSRWILSXVHvQHYLGHQ FXDMXWRUXOXQRUWHKQLFLYDULDWHvQIXQF LHGH
GRPHQLXO ORU GH UHIHULQ $VWIHO VH SUDFWLF GHWHUPLQUL DOH YDULD LLORU GH SUHVLXQH úL GH
volum ale sângelui cu ajutorul sfigmomanomHWUHORUúLSOHWLVPRJUDIHORU8QLQGLFDWRUSUH LRV
SHQWUX SVLKRORJ vO UHSUH]LQW ULWPLFLWDWHD úL SUHVLXQHD SXOVXOXL FDUH FXP VH úWLH VXIHU
DQXPLWHYDULD LLvQWLPSXOGHVIúXUULLSURFHVHORUDIHFWLYHDODSDUL LHLUHDF LHLGHRULHQWDUHúL
în general, în UHDOL]DUHDRULFUHLVDUFLQLH[SHULPHQWDOH0RGLILFULOHSXOVXOXLVHSRWvQUHJLVWUD
FXDMXWRUXOVILJPRJUDIXOXLVDXFDUGLRJUDIXOXLFDUHDXGLIHULWHIRUPHvQIXQF LHvQSULPXOUkQG
7
GH ORFXO GH SUHOHYDUH UDGLDO FDURWLGLDQ úL vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG GH FRPSOHxitatea lor
FRQVWUXFWLY 6H IRORVHVF GH H[HPSOX VILJPRJUDIH SHQWUX SUHOHYDUHD FDSWDUHD SXOVXOXL
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pentru regiunea sterno-FDUGLDF)XQF LRQDOWRDWHDFHVWHGLVSR]LWLYHVHED]HD]SHSULQFLSLXO
SUHOXULLYDULD LLORUGHSUHVLXQHGLQ]RQDYDVFXODUVDXFDUGLDFGHDVXSUDFURUDVXQWPRQWDWH
úL WUDQVPLWHUHD DFHVWRU YDULD LL OD R FDSVXO 0DUH\ FDUH OH vQUHJLVWUHD] SH NLPRJUDI VDX DOW
dispozitiv de înregistrare).
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OD SROLJUDIH úL vQ JHQHUDO OD NLPRJUDIHOH PRGHUQH vQVFULHUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH FX FHUQHDO SH
KkUWLDDOEHYLWkQGX-se, astfel, manipularea fumului pentru înegrire).
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VHPQLILF GHSRODUL]DUHD úL FRQWUDF LD DWULDO FRPSOH[XO 456 UHSUH]LQW GHSRODUL]DUHD úL
FRQWUDF LD YHQWULFXODU LDU XQGD 7 H[SULP UHSRODUL]DUHD YHQWULFXOLORU VH IDFH FX DMXtorul
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VH QXPHúWH HOHFWURFDUGLRJUDP (.* &X UHOHYDQ vQ GLDJQRVWLFXO FDUGLRSDWLLORU SHQWUX
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FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL UHVSHFWLY SHQWUX SVLKRORJ ÌQ FRQVHFLQ PHWRGD (.* VH XWLOL]HD] vQ
FHUFHWDUHDH[SHULPHQWDOGLQSVLKRORJLHQXPDLvQFD]XULOHvQFDUHQDWXUDLQYHVWLJD LHLFDDWDUH
RUHFODPFDLQGLVSHQVDELO
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SOHWLVPRJUDIXOXL 'XS PRGXO FXP SUHLDX YDULD LLOH GH YROXP DOH YDVHORU VDQJXLQH
YDVRFRQVWUXF LD úL YDVRGLODWD LD úL FXP OH vQUHJLVWUHD] SOHWLVPRJUDIHOH VXQW GH PDL PXOWH
tipuri: pletismografe cu DS FODVLFH UHRSOHWLVPRJUDIH HOHFWULFH IRWRSOHWLVPRJUDIH VDX
FRPELQD LLGLQWUHDFHVWHD
3.4. Cronaximetria
Reobaza SUDJXO JDOYDQLF UHSUH]LQW LQWHQVLWDWHD FHD PDL PLF D XQXL FXUHQW HOHFWULF
FDUH HVWH FDSDELO V SURYRDFH R UHDF LH PRWRULH SULPD VHFXV PXVFXODU /RXLV /DSULTXH D
LQWURGXV IXQF LD GH WLPS QHFHVDU XQXL FXUHQW GH YDORDUH GXEO UHRED]HL V GHWHUPLQH XQ
UVSXQV PRWRU ÌQ DIDU GH YDORDUHD VD GH HOHFWURGLDJQRVWLF FOLQLF vQ OH]LXQLOH QHUYLORU
SHULIHULFL úL GH UHFXSHUDUHQHXURPRWRULHFURQD[LPHWULDUHSUH]LQWRPRGDOLWDWHHILFLHQWGH
H[SORUDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLQHXURPXVFXODUH'DWHOHFURQD[LFHSRWGDLQGLFD LLDVXSUDUDSRUWXULORU
IXQF LRQDOH GH H[FLWDELOLWDWH úL GH FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH vQWUH GLIHUL LL QHXURQL LQWHUPHGLDUL GH SH
traseelH DIHUHQWH úL QHXURQLL GLQ ]RQHOH GH SURLHF LH vQ WLPSXO DF LXQLL XQXL H[FLWDQW
&URQD[LLOHILEUHORUVHQ]LWLYHYDULD]vQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDIXQF LRQDODFHQWULORUFDUHSRWILvQ
UDSRUWXULGHKHWHURFURQLVPúLL]RFURQLVPDFRUGXOVDXGH]DFRUGXOGHH[FLWDELOLWDWHvQWUHGRX
elemente nervoase).
RUGLQHDUHDODSOFX HORU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RUGLQHDDSUHFLDWGHVXELHFW 1 2 4 5 3 6 8 7 9 10
'LIHUHQ D 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0
Suma 1+1+2+1+1 = 6
3HRVFDUGHUDQJVHSRWRUGRQDVXELHF LLGXSDFXLWDWHDORUWDFWLO
Lucrare de laboratorVHYRUH[HUVDDPEHOHWKQLFLGHGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLWDFWLOH
5.2. SHQVLELOLWDWHDYL]XDO
$ 3UDJXO GLIHUHQ LDO YL]XDO D FUXL YDORDUH D IRVW VWDELOLW SRWULYLW OHJLL %RXJXHU-
Weber-)HFKQHU OD VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD SULQWUH DOWHOH FX DMXWRUXO IRWRPHWUXOXL úL
plastiscopului.
1. Fotometrul este dotat cu un vizor care pHUPLWHREVHUYDUHDXQXLGLVFODOXPLQDOE
VDXFRORUDWFXDMXWRUXOXQRUILOWUHVSHFLDOH'LVFXOSRDWHILOXPLQDWSHQWUXFkWHRMXPWDWH
DVWIHOvQFkWvQWLPSFHXQDGLQHPLVIHUHSRDWHILvQWXQHFDWFHDODOWSRDWHILLOXPLQDWFDvQ
figura de mai jos.
Discul fotometrului
E1 = emisfera 1
E1 E2 E2 = emisfera 2
3URFHGXUDH[SHULPHQWDOSRDWHILIRORVLWvQGRXYDULDQWH:
D 6XELHFWXO DUH VDUFLQD V DGXF GLVFXO OD DFHODúL QLYHO GH LOXPLQDUH PDQHYUkQG
tamburul cu care este echipat fotometrul;
E6XELHFWXOSULYHúWHGLVFXOWLPSGH– 3 minute (aprox.) la o intensitate de iluminare
FXQRVFXW 'XS DFHDVW SHULRDG VH FUHúWH VDX VFDGH GXS FD] QLYHOXO GH LOXPLQDUH D
GLVFXOXLFXIUDF LXQLPLFLSkQFkQGVXELHFWXOVHVL]HD]RQRXFDOLWDWHDVHQ]D LHLOXPLQRDVH
PDLLQWHQVVDXPDLVODEGXSVHQVXOvQFDUHDIRVWPRGLILFDWLOXPLQDUHD
3ODWLVFRSXO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWr-XQ GUHSWXQJKL PHWDOLF SUHY]XW FX GRX IDQWH
GHVFKL]WXULDFURUPULPHSRDWHILUHJODWFXXQEXWRQGHDF LRQDUH
9DORDUHD GHVFKLGHULL IDQWHORU HVWH LQGLFDW GH XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH PVXU WLS úXEOHU FX
1/10 mm).
3URFHGXUDVHIL[HD]XQDGLQIDQWHODRGHVFKLGHUHFXQRVFXWGHH[SHULPHQWDWRUúLLVH
cere subiectului ca, manipulând butonul de reglaj, s-R DGXF úL SH FHDODOW OD DFHHDúL
GLPHQVLXQH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHGHHJDOL]DUHSHLQVWUXPHQWXOGHPVXU
11
%'HWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOH
Prin acuitatHD YL]XDO VH vQ HOHJH FDSDFLWDWHD RFKLXOXL GH D GLVWLQJH GLVWDQ HOH PLFL
GLQWUHRELHFWHVDXGLVWDQ DPLQLPODFDUHVXELHFWXOGLVWLQJHGRXÄSHWH´GHOXPLQvQORFGH
XQD VLQJXU VDX GRX SXQFWH QHJUH VDX GRX OLQLL RUL]RQWDOH DWXQFL FkQG GLVWDQ D GLntre
DFHVWHDHVWHIRDUWHPLF$FXLWDWHDYL]XDOHVWHGDWGHFLGHSUHFL]LDFXFDUHVXQWSHUFHSXWH
GHWDOLLOH úL FRQWXUXULOH úL vQ FRQVHFLQ VW OD ED]D SHUFHS LHL YL]XDOH D RELHFWHORU $úDGDU
DFXLWDWHD YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD UH]ROXWLY D RFKLXOXL FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH D GLIHUHQ LD GRL
H[FLWDQ LSULQVWDELOLUHDDFHOXLPLQLPXPVHSDUDELOHGLQWUHHLGLVWDQ DPLQLPGHVHSDUD LHD
doi stimuli). Liniile sau contururile stimulilor vizuali situate mai aproape unele de altele decât
minimul separabil se contRSHVF vQFkW GDF VXQW IRDUWH DSURSLDWH SDU RPRJHQH 7HVWHOH GH
GHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHYL]HD]WRFPDLYHGHUHDGHGHWDOLXúLVHH[SULPGHUHJXOvQ
PLQLPXP YL]LELOH GLVWDQ D FHD PDL PLF OD FDUH SRW IL LGHQWLILFDWH GRX SXQFWH OXPLQRDVH
distincte sau posibilitatea de distingere a firului cel mai fin de pe un fond omogen). Testul
IRORVLWvQSUDFWLFDRIWDOPRORJLFvOUHSUH]LQWVFDUDYL]XDOVDXÄRSWRWLSLL´SURSXVGH6QHOOHQ
vQ GH XQGH úL GHQXPLUHD GH WDEHOXO OXL 6QHOOHQ 6XQW OLWHUH FDUH VFDG vQ PULPH FX
ILHFDUH UkQG XUPkQG FD VXELHFWXO V OH LGHQWLILFH GH OD P GLVWDQ ÌQ WHKQLFD GH ODERUDWRU
SHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHVWDWLFHVHIRORVHVFGLIHULWHGLVSR]LWLYHFDUHSUH]LQWILJXUL
geometrice, puncte sau linii foarte finH FH SRW IL VXSUDSXVH VDX GLIHUHQ LDWH VDX SURLHFWDUHD
acestora).
&'HWHUPLQDUHDFURPRVHQVLELOLW LL
6HQVLELOLWDWHD FURPDWLF SRDWH IL WHVWDW SH GLUHF LD WRQDOLW LL FURPDWLFH úL D
VDWXUD LHL
D3HQWUXFHUFHWDUHDWRQDOLW LLFURPDWLFHVHIRORVHúWH fotometrul (colorimetrul) ca cel
GHVFULV IRWRPHWUXO 3XOIULFK FX REVHUYD LD F DLFL VH IRORVHVF ILOWUHOH FRORUDWH $FHVWH ILOWUH
ODVVWUHDFQXPDLUD]HOHVSHFWUDOHFXRDQXPLWOXQJLPHGHXQGFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFHORU
culori (r.o.g.v.a.i.v.). ProceduUDHVWHLGHQWLFVHIL[HD]RHPLVIHUODRWRQDOLWDWHGDWUHSHU
VXELHFWXOWUHEXLQGVDGXFúLFHDODOWHPLVIHUODDFHHDúLYDORDUH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHSHFDUH
ED]VHDSUHFLD]VHQVLELOLWDWHDVXELHFWXOXLID GHWRQXOFURPDWLF
b) Pentru cercetareD FDSDFLW LL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH D FXORULORU GXS VDWXUD LH VH IRORVHúWH
PHWRGD GLVFXULORU URWDWLYH 'LVFXO URWDWLY DUHVHFWRDUHvQFDUHFXORULOHGHFRPSDUDWVHDIOvQ
SURSRU LL GLIHULWH 3ULQ vQYkUWLUHD GLVFXOXL FX XQ PRWRUDú HOHFWULF VH VWDELOHúWH FDSDFLtatea
VXELHFWXOXL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH D VDWXUD LHL vQ IXQF LH GH QXPUXOGHWUHSWHPLQLPHVHVL]DWHvQWUH
FXORDUHDDOEúLFXORDUHDVSHFWUDOSXU
S-DFRQVWDWDWFvQWUHGLIHUHQ LHUHDWRQXOXLFURPDWLFúLDVDWXUD LHLH[LVWGHRELFHLXQ
raport invers propor LRQDO ÌQ ]RQD UHJLVWUXOXL VSHFWUDO XQGH GLIHUHQ LHUHD WRQXULORU HVWH PDL
EXQGLIHUHQ LHUHDVDWXUD LHLHVWHPDLVODEúLLQYHUV
5.4. 'HWHUPLQDUHDFkPSXOXLYL]XDOúLSHULPHWUXOFXORULORU
&kPSXO YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW vQWLQGHUHD YHGHULL IU PRGLILFDUHD IL[D LHL SULYLULL (O VH
GHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOXQXLDSDUDWGHQXPLWSHULPHWUXYL]XDOÌQIRUPDVDVLPSOXQSHULPHWUX
vizual este format dintr-XQVHPLFHUFODFHQWUXOFUXLDVHDIOSXQFWXOGHIL[DUHDYHGHULLGHOD
care se face notarea în 800 SHQWUX ILHFDUH MXPWDWH D VHPLFHUFXOXL SULQ XUPDUH UHSHUXO GH
IL[DUHDSULYLULLFRQVWLWXLHúLSXQFWXOÄ´DOSHULPHWUXOXL
1RWDUHD JUDGHORU HVWH PDUFDW SH SDUWHD H[WHULRDU D VHPLFHUFXOXL 6XELHFWXO DúH]DW
vúL VSULMLQ EUELD vQWU-un dispozitiv specLDO DO SHULPHWUXOXL vQ ORFDúXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU SHQWUX
RFKLXOWHVWDWSHQWUXFDSULYLUHDDFHVWXLDVFDGSHUSHQGLFXODUSHUHSHUXOÄ´3HVHPLFHUFXO
SHULPHWUXOXL HVWH GHSODVDW XQ FXUVRU SH FDUH VH DIO FXORDUHD WHVWDW &XP V-D PHQ LRQDW
VXELHFWXOvúLIL[HD]SULYLUHDODPLMORFXOVHPLFHUFXOXLXQGHVHDIOUHSHUXOÄ´GDUFRQWLQXV
YDG VFRWRSLF SHULIHULF úL FXORDUHD vQ GHSODVDUH SkQ OD LHúLUHD GLQ FkPSXO YL]XDO VDX OD
LQWUDUHD vQ DFHVWD 0RPHQWXO LQWUULL VDX LHúLULL GLQ FkPS HVWH FLWLW vQ JUDGH úL UHSUH]LQW
OLPLWDvQWLQGHULLFkPSXOXLSHQWUXFXORDUHDúLYHFWRUXOWHVWDWH[WHULRULQWHULRUVXVMRV'DF
VHGHWHUPLQFkPSXOYL]XDOSHQWUXDPkQGRLRFKLLVLPXOWDQVHREVHUYFvQUHJLXQHDQD]DO
FkPSXO DFHVWRUD VH VXSUDSXQH 5H]XOWDWHOH RE Lnute se înscriu într-un grafic care permite o
LQWXLUH PDL DGHFYDW D SHULPHWUXOXL FXORULORU &XORULOH JDOEHQ úL DOEDVWUX DX FkPSXO FHO PDL
PDUHLDUYHUGHOHúLURúXODXXQFkPSPDLUHVWUkQV'HDVHPHQHDvQ]RQDQD]DOWRDWHFXORULOH
au un câmp mai mic.
PUHFL]DUHPHWRGRORJLFSHQWUXDFXUDWH HDGHWHUPLQULORUHVWHELQHFDILHFDUHPVXUDUH
VUHSUH]LQWHPHGLDDGRXYDORULODLQWUDUHDúLODLHúLUHDGLQFkPSXOYL]XDO
'HPRQVWUDUHDH[LVWHQ HLSHWHLRDUEHvQGHWHUPLQULOHSHYHFWRUXOH[WHULRUODSOHFDUHD
cuUVRUXOXL GLQ UHSHUXO Ä´ H[LVW XQ SXQFW VLWXDW OD DSUR[ -150 FkQG VXELHFWXO GHFODU F
ÄQXPDLYHGH´GXSFDUHvQFRQWLQXDUHDGHSODVULLFXORULLvQFHSHVYDGGLQQRX
5.5. Imagini consecutive
6HQ]D LD YL]XDO QX vQFHWHD] EUXVF R GDW FX vQFHWDUHD DF LXQLL H[FLWDQWXOXL 'XS
vQFHWDUHDDF LXQLLH[FLWDQWXOXLFDHIHFWSRVWDF LRQDODOVXFXPHFDQLVPIRWRFKLPLFSHULIHULF
úLQHUYRVFHQWUDOSHUHWLQUPkQHRXUPFDUHGHWHUPLQRLPDJLQHFRQVHFXWLY3ULQXUPDUH
LPDJLQHD FRQVHFXWLY FRQVWLWXLH R SHUVHYHUDUH D VHQ]D LHL YL]XDOH GXS FH DF LXQHD
H[FLWDQWXOXLDvQFHWDW,PDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLYSRDWHILSR]LWLYFkQGLPDJLQHDSHUVHYHUHQWHVWH
LGHQWLF FX FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH H[FLWDQWXOXL úL QHJDWLY FkQG DFHDVW LPDJLQH DUH FDUDFWHULVWLFL
inverse excitantului.
'HPRQVWUD LH VH SURLHFWHD] XQ IDVFLFXO OXPLQRV SH XQ HFUDQ VDX SH R IRDLH GH
KkUWLH WLPS GH FkWHYD VHFXQGH DSUR[
&RQWUDVWXOSRDWHILQXQXPDLFRQVHFXWLYFLúLVLPXOWDQ$úDGHH[HPSOXXQSWUDWGLQKkUWLH
FHQXúLH QL VH SDUH PDL DOE SH XQ IRQG QHJUX GHFkW SH XQ IRQG DOE ÌQ FD]XO FXORULORU
FRPSOHPHQWDUHRKkUWLHFHQXúLHDúH]DWSHXQIRQGFURPDWLFDQXPLWWLQGHVLDQXDQ DFXORULL
FRPSOHPHQWDUHGHYLQHJOEXLHúLSHXQIRQGURúXGHYLQHYHU]XLHHIHFWXODSDUHPDLELQHGDF
VHOXFUHD]WRWXOVXEKkUWLHWUDQVSDUHQW
2EVHUYD LH: culorile de contrast nu sunt reciproce ca cele complementare. De exemplu,
culoarea de contrast a galbenului este violetul, dar culoarea de contrast a violetului nu este
galbenul, ci galben-verzuiul. Culorile de contrast apar nu numai pe fond alb, ci pe oricare
altul.
,PDJLQLOHFRQVHFXWLYHúLFRQWUDVWXOVLPXOWDQSRWILIRORVLWHFDWHVWHSentru determinarea
oboselii vizuale sau generale.
'HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLDXGLWLYH
6.1. 3UHFL]ULWHUPLQRORJLFHúLSDUDPHWULFH
2VFLOD LLOH DFXVWLFH VH SURSDJ vQ DHU OD 0 FX YLWH]D GH PV FDUH FUHúWH OD
temperaturi mai înalte (343,2 m/s la +200; 386,5 m/s la 1000). În lichide, viteza sunetului este
PDLPDUHLDUvQFRUSXULOHVROLGHúLPDLPDUHSHVWHPV
Principalii parametri fizici ai sunetelor sunt:
a) IUHFYHQ D RVFLOD LLORU FDUH VH SHUFHSH SVLKRORJLF FD vQO LPH D VXQHWHORU 5HJistrul
GH IUHFYHQ H SHQWUX FDUH XUHFKHD RPHQHDVF HVWH VHQVLELO VH vQWLQGH vQWUH +] úL .+]
+HU L 3HVWH .+] YRUELP GHVSUH XOWUDVXQHWH QX VXQW SHUFHSXWH GH RP &X FkW
IUHFYHQ D RVFLOD LLORU HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW VXQHWHOH VXQW PDL vQDOWH úL LQYHUV ([HPSOH GH
VXQHWHvQDOWHIOXLHUDWXOSLXLWXOYRFHDGHVRSUDQMRDVHEDVXOWURPERQXOHWF
b) DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU DFXVWLFH GHWHUPLQ LQWHQVLWDWHD VXQHWHORU HQHUJLD
WUDQVSRUWDW GH XQGD VRQRU SH XQLWDWHD GH WLPS ,QWHQVLWDWHD FD SDrametru fizic al energiei
RVFLOD LLORU VH SHUFHSH VXELHFWLY FD WULH D VXQHWHORU 3RWULYLW OHJLL %RXJXHU- Weber-Fechner
vQWUH H[FLWD LH úL VHQ]D LH FUHúWHUHD ORU H[LVW XQ UDSRUW ORJRULWPLF $FHVW UDSRUW UHOD LH VH
DSOLF úL vQ UHOD LD GLQWUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF D RVFLOD LLORU úL VHQ]D LD GH WULH D VXQHWHORU ÌQ
DFHVW VHQV DX IRVW DGRSWDWH FRQYHQ LRQDO XQLW L ORJRULWPLFH QXPLWH GHFLEHOL G% FDUH V
exprime acest raport. Pornindu-VHGHODREVHUYD LDFXUHFKHDDUHVHQVLELOLWDWHDFHDPDLPDUH
14
în zonD IUHFYHQ HORU PHGLL SHQWUX FRPSDUDUHD UDSRUWXULORU LQWHQVLWDWH-WULH D VXQHWHORU GH
GLIHULWHIUHFYHQ HDIRVWVWDELOLWIUHFYHQ DGH+]FDIUHFYHQ DXGLRIXQGDPHQWDO/D
IUHFYHQ D GH +] VXQHWXO FHO PDL VODE FDUH SRDWH IL SHUFHSXW DUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF GH
10-16 w/cm2DGLF,0 = 10-16 w/cm2 sau I0 = 10-10ZFP2 PLFURYD LSHFP2) , la o presiune de
EDUL$FHDVWYDORDUHDIRVWDGRSWDWFRQYHQ LRQDOFDQLYHOQXODOLQWHQVLW LLVXQHWXOXL
GHRULFHIUHFYHQ ÌQXQLW LORJDULWPLFHQLYHOXOQXOVHQRWHD]FXÄ´G%
8QWDEHOVLPSOXúLvQFRQVHFLQ XúRUGHXUPULWHVWHXUPWRUXOGXS6WHYHQV
'HUH LQXWQLYHOXOGHWULHDOGLYHUVHORUVXQHWHVHvQWLQGHGHODÄ´G%SkQOD-130
G%OLPLWDGHWROHUDQ SVLKRIL]LRORJLFDVLVWHPXOXLDXGLWLY
c) )RUPD RVFLOD LLORU: Sunetele pot fi simple sau compuse. Sunetul pur (tonul) se
FDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQIRUPDVLQXVRLGDODRVFLOD LLORU6XQHWHOHFDUHDXRVFLOD LLPDLFRPSOH[HúL
R IRUP QHVLQXVRLGDO VH QXPHVF VXQHWH FRPSOH[H $VWIHO RULFH RVFLOD LH FRPSXV HVWH
IRUPDW GLQWU-XQ QXPU GH RVFLOD LL VLPSOH GH GLIHULWH IUHFYHQ H úL DPSOLWXGLQL LQWHQVLW L
2VFLOD LLOHVLQXVRLGDOHVLPSOHFDUHIRUPHD]RRVFLOD LHFRPSXVVHQXPHVFDUPRQLFLXQHRUL
RFWDYH )UHFYHQ HOH DUPRQLFHORU VXQW vQWRWGHDXQD GH XQ QXPU vQWUHJ GH RUL PDL PDULGHFkW
IUHFYHQ DRVFLOD LHLFRPSXVHDGLFVXQWPXOWLSOLDLDFHVWHLIUHFYHQ H'HH[GDFRRVFLOD LH
FRPSXV DUH IUHFYHQ D GH +] SULPD DUPRQLF VDX IXQGDPHQWDOD YD DYHD GH DVHPHQHD
+]DUPRQLFDDGRXDYDILGHRULPDLPDUHDGLF+]DUPRQLFDDWUHLDYDILGHRUL
mai mare, adiF+]úDPG$PSOLWXGLQLOHDUPRQLFHORUVXQWGLIHULWHúLQXVHVXSXQXQRU
OHJLDWkWGHULJXURDVHFDIUHFYHQ HOHORU([SUHVLDSVLKRORJLFDIRUPHLRVFLOD LLORUUH]XOWDWGLQ
combinatorica armonicelor, este timbrul sunetelor. Timbrul unui sunet variaz GXS WULD úL
IUHFYHQ D IXQGDPHQWDOHL LDU FDOLWDWHD VD YDULD] GXS DUPRQLFD vQWULW 'H H[HPSOX
armonica a 2-DvQWULWYDGDVXQHWXOXLFODULWDWHúLVWUOXFLUHD-DYDGDXQVXQHWSWUXQ]WRU
&DOLWDWHD WLPEUDO VDX FXORDUHD WRQDO IDFH FD XQ VXQHW V ILH PkQJkLHWRU DOXQHFWRU DOE
sumbru, strident, rotund, metalic, clar etc. Tonul afectiv, caracteristica timbrului, poate genera
GLYHUVHVWULHPR LRQDOHWRQXOIDFHPX]LFD7LPEUXOGLIHULWHORUVXQHWHSHUPLWHLGHQWLILFDUHD
sursei care le-a provocDWDFWLYLWDWHDQWUHQDELO
'HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLJXVWDWLYHúLROIDFWLYH
7.1. Determinarea pragurilor gustative se face prin aplicarea, cu ajutorul unei pipete
gradate, a XQRU VROX LL DSRDVH GLQ VXEVWDQ HOH JXVWRJHQH SXUH vQ GLIHULWH ]RQH GH SH OLPE
7HKQLFD HVWH ODERULRDV úL LQVXILFLHQW GH SUREDQW GDF LQHP VHDPD GH UH]XOWDWHOH
FRQWUDGLFWRULLRE LQXWHGHGLYHUúLFHUFHWWRUL
16
7.2. 7HKQLFLGHPVXUDUHDSUDJXULORUROIDctive:
a) Olfactometrul Zwadermaker se compune din 2 tuburi, unul exterior din metal, care
vQFKLGH HWDQú SH FHO LQWHULRU GLQ SRU HODQ SRURV vQ FDUH VH vPELE VXEVWDQ D RGRUDQW ÌQWUHJ
DQVDPEOXOGHWXEXULJOLVHD]SHRPLF HDYFDUHVHLQWURGXFHvQQDULQa subiectului, apropiind
VDXGHSUWkQGDVWIHOVXEVWDQ DGHUHFHSWRUXOROIDFWLY6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVVHVL]H]HPRPHQWXO
FkQG SHUFHSH PLURVXO SUDJXO DEVROXW VDX FkQG DSUHFLD] F D LQWHUYHQLW R VFKLPEDUH D
LQWHQVLW LLDFHVWXLDSUDJGLIHUHQ LDO
b) MarFDMXOSHKkUWLHGHILOWUXSURFHGHXOFKLPLúWLORUSDUIXPHUL3HSWU HOHGHKkUWLH
FXODWXUDGHFPVHPDUFKHD]SULQvPELEDUHGLIHULWHFRQFHQWUD LLDOHVXEVWDQ HLRGRULJHQH
$FHVWHSWU HOHGLQKkUWLHGHILOWUXVXQWDSXFDWHFXRSHQVHWúLSUH]HQWDWe subiectului spre a
OH DSUHFLD FDQWLWDWLY úL FDOLWDWLY 6XQW VWDELOLWH DVWIHO SUDJXULOH DEVROXW úL GLIHUHQ LDO SHQWUX
GLIHULWHVXEVWDQ HRGRUDQWHvQUDSRUWGHSXWHUHDúLFRQFHQWUD LDORURGRULJHQ