مشروع تخرج عن Robotic ARm

Introduction
Our project is a twenty four and half inch aluminum frame robotic arm with four degrees of freedom.
In our project we made the arm the second player in the classic game of Tic-Tac-Toe to demonstrate its
programmable repeatable motion. The arm consists of five servo motors, four to control the motion and one to
control the end effecter (gripper). The arm moves tic-tac-toe pieces onto a board for its opponent and itself to
give the user interactive control over the arm.
This project was a five week design project for ECE 476. Video of the arms ranging from motion, game play,
and feats of strength are below in the results section.
High Level Design
Rationale
We are both members of the CU Snake Arm team so we were aware that the 2008 CU Snake Arm was lacking a
delivery vehicle. Typical snake arms are attached to industrial robotic arms. So we both thought that it would
be nice to build a scale model for a possible delivery system or a possible end attachment for a future snake
arm.
Background Math
This project does not implement inverse kinematics calculation on the mcu but we did make use of forward
kinematics to aid in programming position. The forward kinematics determines the location and angle of the
end effecter. To begin the calculation find the position of the first joint (x1,y1). Assuming that the turntable is
at position (x0,y0) and the length of the segments of the arm are L1 and L2 receptivity the calculations go as
follows.
x1= L1cos(theta1) + x0
y1 =L1sin(theta1) + y0
The position of the second joint is given by:
x2 =x1 + L2cos(180-theta1-theta2)
y2= y2 + L2sin(180-theta1- theta2)
We define the angles to be those formed by two segments next to another, making them more easily observed.
Theta3 in our project was desired to be perpendicular to the horizontal axis and was (270 –theta1 –theta2) in the
first quadrant.
We define the angles to be those formed by two segments next to another, making them more easily observed.
Theta3 in our project was desired to be perpendicular to the horizontal axis and was (270 –theta1 –theta2) in the
first quadrant.
Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks

Although a servo controlled robotic arm and Tic-Tac-Toe are not new ideas, there are no patent, copyright, or
trademark issues involved with the project. The arm was designed by the CU Snake Arm Team.
Program/Hardware Design
Logical Structure
The logical structure of the design is shown below:

Mechanical Details
Below is a CAD picture of the arm. The complete CAD assembly and part files are in appendix B. These files
contain all the measurement data. The parts for the arm were machined in Emerson Lab at Cornell University.
The completed arm was just screwed to a table top to act as a base.
Hardware/Software Tradeoffs
The hardware tradeoffs we were considering involved the use of Hitec-5995TG servo motors with an average
holding torque limit of approximately 2.2 ft lbs, as opposed to perhaps building a smaller arm with less
powerful motors which would require less voltage to operate. We decided to go with the larger arm which was
just within the limit of the more powerful servos. To get the power supply voltage at least up to 6 V, we decided
to use a 6.4 V, 2 A current DC adapter.
The software tradeoff involved thinking about whether we needed to create manual PWM waveforms with a
delay of at least 20 ms between pulses or use the in-built timers in the Mega32. For the most part we decided to
use the timers because we discovered that it didn’t make any difference as to what delay we supplied between
pulses. However, we ran out of timers to use once we got to servo 4, and so we had to generate a manual PWM
waveform for the gripper servo.
Standards
The applicable standards were set by our own snake arm team. Any robotic arm built by us would have to use
servo motors, and would have to have repeatable control with programmability.
Hardware Design
The hardware design involved building the circuitry for controlling the servos on the robot. As stated before, we
used Hitec 5995TG servo motors, which operate within a power supply voltage range of 4.8 – 7.4 V. In order to
rotate them, they require a PWM signal with a pulse width between 1100 us and 1900 us. The width is
proportional to the angle of rotation. We used a 6 V DC adapter for the required power supply. However, if the
servo is directly connected to the PWM output from the Mega32, the ground terminal of the power supply needs
to be jumped to the ground of the Mega32 board. This not only makes the Mega 32 highly prone to spikes in the
power supply, but also leaves the PWM signal noisy and unfiltered. This affects the servos by way of switching
them off randomly or making the arm vibrate when it is supposed to remain in position. To solve these issues,
we needed to build an optoisolator circuit, similar to that used in Lab 5. The circuit diagram is shown in
Appendix B.
The 4N35 optoisolator when used in a circuit such as in the appendix isolates the ground terminals of the power
supply and the MCU while still providing the required PWM input to the servo. We built 5 such optoisolator
circuits for the 5 servos on the arm, with an effective 0.3 uF capacitance across the power supply in addition to
the 4N001 diode.
For the servos controlling the turntable, shoulder, elbow and wrist joints, namely servos 0, 1, 2 and 3 in our
program, we used the timers on the Mega32 in fast PWM mode. The PWM output waveform of the timers used
appears at Ports D.5, B.3, D.7 and D.4 respectively. Servo 4, the servo controlling the gripper, was fed by a
manual PWM waveform generated at Port D.3. Each of these ports was connected to the input pin of the
respective optoisolator circuit for that servo.
The overall hardware design is very simple and can be easily replicated in the lab.
Software Design
The program written for this consisted of two parts: the AI for the tic-tac-toe game played by the robot, and the
hardcoded functions for moving the servos in order to make the robot pick up tic-tac-toe pieces and drop them
onto one of the nine squares on the board. Please see the attached code in Appendix A for details about the
specific functions.
PWM waveforms
The servos were controlled by sending PWM signals generated either from the system timers on the Mega32 or
by manual PWM waveforms in the case of servo 4. For this, ports B and D were set to outputs by making their
corresponding data direction registers, DDRB and DDRD equal to 0xff. The timers used were in the following
order: timer 1 (1A) for servo 0, timer 0 for servo 1, timer 2 for servo 2, and timer 1 (1B) for servo 3. All timers
were set in fast PWM mode with a speed of 4096 us per PWM cycle. The OCR value for each of these timers
was initialized in order to set the servos into convenient reset positions. For example, in the case of servo 2,
being controlled by timer 2, the angle of rotation would linearly correspond to the pulse width as follows: 0
degrees – 1100 us, and 180 degrees – 1900 us. These times were scaled down to an integer between 0 and 256
by the following equation: integer = (pulse width/4096 us) * 256, thus changing the above relation to 0 degrees
– 69, and 180 degrees – 118. The equation thus used for setting OCR2 was OCR2 = ((118-69)/(180-0))(desired
angle of rotation) + 69 = 0.27(desired angle of rotation) + 69. In the moveServo(int servo, int angle) function,
the OCR value for moving a particular servo from 0-3 was slowly incremented or decremented to the passed
value in order to provide a steady, clean motion.
In the case of servo 4, a timer was not used, but a manual waveform was generated for about 1 s in the
moveServo() function in the program. The output appeared at Port D.3, which was asserted for a given delay
(called ‘servo4’) and then negated for 20 ms. Since the microsecond delay function delay_us obtained from
delay.h is unable to accept a variable delay duration, we had to write our own delay function delay_usv(int
duration) so that we could delay by the variable duration servo4. However, the way this delay function was
written it actually ended up delaying by 1.1*duration instead of duration. We had to account for this unintended
scaling factor in the value servo4 supplied to delay_usv() in the moveServo() function. This resulted in the
following correlation between angle and delay duration: 0 – 1610 and 180 – 933.
Accepting user input
Since user input for playing the game would be accepted through hyperterm communicating with a serial port,
the USART on the Mega32 had to be set up with the UCSRB register equal to 0b10011000, or 0x98, and the
baud-rate register UBRRL set to 103. The character-receive ISR was written in the program to implement the
corresponding interrupt. The receive buffer (char r_buffer[16]) was built in this ISR, and supplied to the main
program to be read.
Hard-coded motion
Sequences of servo movement were hardcoded into the program for picking up tic-tac-toe pieces and placing
them onto given squares on the board. The function pickup(int piece, int num) was used for picking up any of
the four o’s and five x’s laid out on the base surface, and the function drop(int x, int y) was used for placing the
picked up piece on the square given by the row and column coordinates x and y on the board. The function
neutral() was used for moving back to a neutral position between pickup and drop, and involved pulling back on
servo 1 to move the shoulder back.
Game play and AI
The game was essentially played in the main loop of the program. The loop ran for five turns of the game. At
every turn, the loop would check for user input, which would be essentially be an alphabet from ‘a’ to ‘i’,
indicating the square on which the user wished to move an x. The program would then call on the move(int
piece, int x, int y) function with piece = 1 to move the next x piece to the given position. The move function
would call on the pickup, neutral and drop functions written above to move the piece. It would also set the
corresponding value in the 2-D board array to 1, representing an x in that position. The 2-D board array was an
integer array representing the current layout of the board. At each location, there was stored either a -1, 1 or 0
depending on whether there was an o, an x or nothing at that square.
After performing the user’s move, the program would then move an o to a location on the board based on the AI
functions programmed into it. The following figure shows the flow and structure of the AI used for every turn:
Results
Speed: The speed was controlled by the manual delays written in the OCR updating routine in the moveServo()
function. The OCR value would be incremented or decremented by 1 depending on which way the servo had to
be moved relative to the current position, with intermediate delays of 60 ms in order to provide a relatively
smooth and steady movement in terms of speed. This would avoid sudden jerks in motion which could damage
the mechanical parts.
Accuracy: The pickups and drops were surprisingly accurate every time we tested, except for a few occasions.
Because the motion was hardcoded in, it was relatively easy to change or recalibrate the pickups in case any of
the segments had to be re-tightened.
Safety: The only safety issues arising from the design were the moving parts snapping quickly to injure people.
However, we took care of these issues by setting the reset values in the initialize() function to safe positions,
and then only moving the arm within the base area for game-play. We did not move it to extreme positions
which would pose a danger.
Interference: The only interference issues arising were the shrill noise emanating from the servos which could
have bothered other groups, but there were no RF or other EM-radiation interference problems.
Usability: The game was easily playable by us or anyone else because the only user input involved entering a
letter from a to i and the arm would do the rest of the work.
Conclusions
The arm did meet our expectations. The arms length at over two feet did make certain positions less dependable
given that the max torque of the servo was around two foot pounds and the fully constructed arm was around
one pound. We also would have liked to add perhaps a sensor array to the arm to aid the control algorithm and
to verify the arm’s position.
The only applicable standards were standards set by our own snakearm team, which include the rule that any
design pertaining to our current snakearm project must involve the use of servo motors or any other kind of
motors, and not actuators or other motion control mechanisms. Also we needed repeatable control and
programmable positions, both of which we were able to achieve.
Ethics and Legal Considerations
The IEEE code of conduct was followed in the construction of this project. Safety was always the highest
priority in the construction
of the arm and its use. Before the arm was powered up we connected to a secure base and made sure that the
work area was clear. These
ensured that we did not injure lab equipment or our peers in the process of completing our project. Along with
safety we tried to
ensure a fair work environment to everyone around us by leaving our work area cleaner than we found it. We
also tried to maintain a calm
and helpful atmosphere even when pulling an all-nighter and while debugging. We also maintained a high
degree of integrity and answered
any questions in lab with the utmost honestly. We tried to increase understanding of technology when
answering questions. We also sought
and accepted any improvements to the code and to the arm during our time in the lab. Although during our time
in lab we were offered
no bribes, if the situation would have arisen, we would have rejected them in any form. We do not have any
legal considerations since we did not use code from other sources and did not use parts regulated by agencies
such as the FCC. The arm was built from a CAD design that we created and the game of Tic-Tac-Toe is not
trademarked.
B. CAD Pictures and Circuit Schematics
Arm CAD Pictures
Arm base/shoulder joint
Arm elbow joint

Optoisolator circuit schematic
C. Cost Details
Our budget did exceed the $75 dollar limit, but this limit was waived due to our association with the CU Snake
Arm team. As seen below several expense servos where borrowed from the team in the construction of this
arm.
Item Part # Quantity Price Total Price Location
Aluminum 8975K22 1 11.24 11.24 McMaster

Turn Table 6031K16 1 1.87 1.87 McMaster
Bearings 57155K352 3 7.50 22.50 McMaster
Dowel Pins (10) 90145A508 1 6.37 6.37 McMaster
Machine Screws (30) 91771A126 1 6.18 6.18 McMaster
Set Screws (25) 92778A117 1 6.18 6.18 McMaster
HS5955-TG ------------ 5 Borrowed ------------ Snake Arm

Servos
( $85)
Gripper 1 14.85 14.85 RobotStore.com
358811
Servo Extenders ------------ 4 Borrowed ------------ Snake Arm
STK 500 ------------ 1 Rent 15 476 Lab

Mega 32 ------------ 1 Rent 8 476 Lab
330 Resistor ------------ 5 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
1K Resistor ------------ 5 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
1 M Resistor ------------ 5 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
Phototransistor 4n35 5 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
White Board ------------ 1 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
Diodes 1N4001 5 ----------- ----------- 476 Lab
16 MHz Crystal ------------ 1 ------------ ------------ 476 Lab
6.4V 2.0 Amps Power ------------ 1 Borrowed ------------ Snake Arm

Supply
Wood Table Top ------------ 1 10 10 Lowes
Wood Mount ------------ 1 7 7 Walmart
Total 131.31
Source Code:
//include files
#include <Mega32.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
//servo 0 PD5 (turntable)

//servo 1 PB3 (shoulder)
//servo 2 PD7 (elbow)
//servo 3 PD4 (wrist)
//servo 4 PD3 (gripper)
//integer definitions for X and O

#define xmove 1
#define omove -1
#define nmove 0
//2D 3x3 integer array representing tic-tac-toe board

int board[3][3] = {
// row1
nmove,
nmove,
nmove,
// row2
nmove,
nmove,
nmove,
//row3
nmove,
nmove,
nmove};
//variables for receiving input from serial

unsigned char r_char; //received character
unsigned char r_buffer[16]; //receive buffer
unsigned char r_index, r_ready; //receive flags
//function declarations
void move(int,int,int);
void printboard(void);
int checkblock(void);
int checkwin(void);
int trytowin(void);
void moveServo(int, int);
void initialize(void);
void delay_usv(unsigned int);
void pickup(int,int);
void neutral(void);
void drop(int, int);
//integer flags
int gameOver = 0; //signals end of game
int lockkeypad = 0; //turns over control from user to robot and vice versa
int i; //used by program's internal delay function (delay_usv)
int turn = 1; //variable to hold number of turns played in the current tic-tac-
toe game
//integer values for servo PWM control

unsigned int servo0, servo1, servo2, servo3, servo4;
/**************************************************************************
USART receive interrupt, activates when a character is received from serial
**/
interrupt [USART_RXC] void uart_rec(void)
{
//PORTC = PORTC ^ 0xff;
r_char=UDR; //get a char
UDR=r_char; //then print it
//build the input string
if (r_char != '\r') r_buffer[r_index++]=r_char;
else
{
putchar('\n'); //use putchar to avoid overwrite
r_buffer[r_index]=0x00; //zero terminate
r_ready=1; //signal cmd processor
}
}
/***************************************
Function to print current board position
**/
void printboard(void){
int i, j;
//iterate through the 2-D board array, and print x's, o's and dots according to
the integer stored there
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++){
if(board[i][j] == nmove) printf(". ");
else if(board[i][j] == xmove) printf("x ");
else if(board[i][j] == omove) printf("o ");
}
printf("\r\n");
}
}
/**************************************************************************
Function to move a given piece onto a given square on the tic-tac-toe board
@param id The type of piece, whether x or o
@param rpos The row number of the square
@param cpos The column number of the square
**/
void move(int id, int rpos, int cpos){
//if an o is to be moved
if(id == omove){
board[rpos][cpos] = omove; //set the corresponding array position to
-1
printboard(); //print the current board layout
pickup(0,turn); //pickup the corresponding 'o' piece depending on the
turn number
neutral(); //move back to a neutral position
drop(rpos,cpos); //place the piece on the given square
moveServo(4,180); //open the gripper wide for the next pickup
delay_ms(30);
printf("\r\n");
}
//if an x is to moved
else if(id == xmove){
board[rpos][cpos] = xmove; //set the corresponding array position to
-1
printboard(); //print the current board layout
pickup(1,6-turn); //pickup the corresponding 'x' piece depending on
the turn number
drop(rpos,cpos); //place the piece on the given square
moveServo(4,180); //open the gripper wide for the next pickup
delay_ms(30);
printf("\r\n");
}
/*****************************************
Function to check for victory
@return 1 if a winning result has occurred
**/
int checkwin(void){
//sums along rows, columns, and diagonals of the board array
int sumrow1, sumrow2, sumrow3, sumcol1, sumcol2, sumcol3, sumdiag1, sumdiag2;
sumrow1 = board[0][0]+board[0][1]+board[0][2];
sumcol1 = board[0][0]+board[1][0]+board[2][0];
sumdiag1 = board[0][0]+board[1][1]+board[2][2];
sumdiag2 = board[0][2]+board[1][1]+board[2][0];
//if o wins, print the appropriate message and do a victory wave by moving
servo 2 which controls the elbow
if(sumrow1 == -3 | sumrow2 == -3 | sumrow3 == -3 | sumcol1 == -3 | sumcol2 ==
-3 | sumcol3 == -3 | sumdiag1 == -3
| sumdiag2 == -3){
printf("I won!!\r\n");
moveServo(2,90);
delay_ms(500);
moveServo(2,50);
delay_ms(500);
moveServo(2,90);
delay_ms(500);
moveServo(2,50);
return 1;
}
//if x wins, print the appropriate message
else if(sumrow1 == 3 | sumrow2 == 3 | sumrow3 == 3 | sumcol1 == 3 | sumcol2 ==
3 | sumcol3 == 3 | sumdiag1 == 3
| sumdiag2 == 3){
printf("You won!!\r\n");
return 1;
}
//if no one wins, return 0

else return 0;
}
/********************************************************************************
*******
Function that checks if the robot needs to block the user from winning: if so, it
blocks
@return 1 if a block was needed, and was therefore executed
**/
int checkblock(void){
//check all possibilities for which a block might be needed; if any
possibility is true, move to the corresponding position,
//and return 1
if(board[0][0] == xmove && board[0][1] == xmove && board[0][2] == nmove)
{move(omove,0,2); return 1;}
else if(board[0][0] == xmove && board[1][0] == xmove && board[2][0] == nmove)
//if none of the possibilities is true, i.e. if no block is needed, return 0
else return 0;
}
/********************************************************************************
*******************************************
Function that checks if a win is possible in this turn, and if so, moves to the
corresponding position, making the robot win
@return 1 if the win was executed
**/
int trytowin(void){
//check all possibilities which might lead to a win, and if any of the
possibilities is true, move to the corresponding
//square, returning 1
if(board[0][0] == omove && board[0][1] == omove && board[0][2] == nmove)
else if(board[0][0] == omove && board[1][0] == omove && board[2][0] == nmove)
//if a win is not possible, return 0
else return 0;
}
/********************************************************************************
***************
Function for picking up a given piece
@param piece 0 for o, 1 for x
@param num The position of the piece to be picked up (pieces are arranged in a
line on the base)
**/
void pickup(int piece, int num){
if(piece == 0){
switch(num){
case 1:
moveServo(0,0);
moveServo(2,20);
moveServo(3,10);
moveServo(1,70);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 2:
moveServo(0,0);
moveServo(2,28);
moveServo(3,5);
moveServo(1,65);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 3:
moveServo(0,0);
moveServo(2,37);
moveServo(3,15);
moveServo(1,63);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 4:
moveServo(0,5);
moveServo(2,45);
moveServo(3,45);
moveServo(1,60);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
}
}
else if(piece == 1){
switch(num){
case 1:
moveServo(0,30);
moveServo(2,20);
moveServo(3,25);
moveServo(1,70);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 2:
moveServo(0,30);
moveServo(2,28);
moveServo(3,15);
moveServo(1,65);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 3:
moveServo(0,28);
moveServo(2,38);
moveServo(3,50);
moveServo(1,63);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 4:
moveServo(0,28);
moveServo(2,45);
moveServo(3,50);
moveServo(1,60);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
case 5:
moveServo(0,33);
moveServo(2,50);
moveServo(3,25);
moveServo(1,57);
moveServo(4,20);
break;
}
}
}
/*********************************************
Function to move the arm to a neutral position
**/
void neutral(void){
delay_ms(1500);
moveServo(1,90);
}
/*******************************************************************
Function to place a picked up piece onto a given square on the board
@param x The row number of the square
@param y The column number of the square
**/
void drop(int x, int y){
if(x == 0 && y == 0){
moveServo(0,70);
moveServo(2,26);
moveServo(3,30);
moveServo(1,75);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 1 && y == 0){
moveServo(0,72);
moveServo(2,33);
moveServo(3,30);
moveServo(1,71);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 2 && y == 0){
moveServo(0,80);
moveServo(2,43);
moveServo(3,45);
moveServo(1,66);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 0 && y == 1){
moveServo(0,90);
moveServo(2,26);
moveServo(3,25);
moveServo(1,70);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 1 && y == 1){
moveServo(0,90);
moveServo(2,33);
moveServo(3,30);
moveServo(1,66);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 2 && y == 1){
moveServo(0,90);
moveServo(2,43);
moveServo(3,40);
moveServo(1,65);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 0 && y == 2){
moveServo(0,112);
moveServo(2,26);
moveServo(3,45);
moveServo(1,75);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 1 && y == 2){
moveServo(0,112);
moveServo(2,33);
moveServo(3,30);
moveServo(1,70);
moveServo(4,70);
}
else if(x == 2 && y == 2){
moveServo(0,112);
moveServo(2,43);
moveServo(3,30);
moveServo(1,66);
moveServo(4,70);
}
}
/*****************************************************************
Function to move a given servo by a given angle
@param i The servo to be moved, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
@param angle The angle in degrees by which the servo must be moved
**/
void moveServo(int i, int angle){
int count = 0; //integer to count the duration of the PWM signal supplied to
servo 4
//For servos 0, 1, 2 and 3, set the corresponding timer output-compare value

to a number
//approximately between 69 and 118
//For servo 4, create a manual PWM waveform for about 1 s
switch(i){
case 0:
servo0 = (int)(-0.27*(angle) + 118); //the OCR value for servo 0
while(OCR1A != servo0){
//increment or decrement the OCR value by 1, with an 80-ms gap between
each iteration
if(OCR1A < servo0) OCR1A = OCR1A + 1;
if(OCR1A > servo0) OCR1A = OCR1A - 1;
delay_ms(80);
}
break;
case 1:
servo1 = (int)(-0.27*(angle+80) + 118); //the OCR value for servo 1
while(OCR0 != servo1){
each iteration
if(OCR0 < servo1) OCR0 = OCR0 + 1;
if(OCR0 > servo1) OCR0 = OCR0 - 1;
delay_ms(80);
}
break;
case 2:
servo2 = (int)(0.27*(angle-15) + 69); //the OCR value for servo 2
while(OCR2 != servo2){
each iteration
if(OCR2 < servo2) OCR2 = OCR2 + 1;
if(OCR2 > servo2) OCR2 = OCR2 - 1;
delay_ms(80);
}
break;
case 3:
servo3 = (int)(0.27*(angle+88) + 69); //the OCR value for servo 3
while(OCR1B != servo3){
each iteration
if(OCR1B < servo3) OCR1B = OCR1B + 1;
if(OCR1B > servo3) OCR1B = OCR1B - 1;
delay_ms(80);
}
break;
case 4:
servo4 = -5*(angle) + 1610; //the time of the PWM signal supplied to
servo 4, measured in 1.1 us
//the PWM is generated for approximately 1 s
while(++count < 20){
//the manually generated waveform appears on PORTD.3
PORTD.3 = 1; //assert PORTD.3
delay_usv(servo4); //delay for the given time (measured in 1.1 us)
PORTD.3 = 0; //negate PORTD.3
delay_ms(20); //delay for 20 ms
}
break;
}
}
/**************************************************
The main function of the program: controls the game
**/
void main(void){
//variables for holding the angle and servo number received from terminal
unsigned char aAngle[4];
unsigned char aIndex[2];
unsigned int i;
initialize();
//run the game for 5 turns maximum

while(turn <= 5){
if(gameOver == 1) break; //end the game if over
if(lockkeypad == 0){//user's turn
if(r_ready == 1){//if a character is received
//set the receive flags back to zero

r_ready = 0;
r_index = 0;
//depending on the character written, move an x to the corresponding

position on the board
if(r_buffer[0] == 'a'){
move(xmove,0,0);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'b'){
move(xmove,0,1);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'c'){
move(xmove,0,2);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'd'){
move(xmove,1,0);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'e'){
move(xmove,1,1);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'f'){
move(xmove,1,2);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'g'){
move(xmove,2,0);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'h'){
move(xmove,2,1);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
else if(r_buffer[0] == 'i'){
move(xmove,2,2);
lockkeypad = 1;
}
//otherwise if a command is given to move a specific servo, move it by
the given angle
else{
for(i = 0; i<1; i++){
aIndex[i] = r_buffer[i];
}
aIndex[1] = 0x00;
for(i = 2; i<5; i++){
aAngle[i-2] = r_buffer[i];
}
aAngle[3] = 0x00; //null terminate
moveServo(atoi(aIndex),atoi(aAngle));
}
}
}
else if(lockkeypad == 1){//robot's turn
if(turn == 1){//try moving to the center for the first
turn, if not available, move to square 'a'
if(board[1][1] == nmove){move(omove,1,1);
lockkeypad = 0;}
else{move(omove,0,0); lockkeypad = 0;}
}
else if(turn == 2){//second turn
if(checkblock() == 1) lockkeypad = 0; //check if
there is a need to block
else{//if not, move to an available corner square
if(board[0][0] == nmove) {move(omove,0,0);
lockkeypad = 0;}
else if(board[0][2] == nmove) {move(omove,0,2);
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
}
}
else if(turn == 3){//third turn
if(checkwin() == 1) gameOver = 1; //if someone has
won, signal game over
//else, see if a win is possible, if so, win
else if(trytowin() == 1){lockkeypad = 0; gameOver =
1;}
//else, see if a block is needed, if so, block
else if(checkblock() == 1){
lockkeypad = 0;
}
//else, move to an available square, preferably a
corner square, followed by a side square
else{
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
}
if(checkwin() == 1) gameOver = 1; //if someone has
won, signal game over
}
else if(turn == 4){//fourth turn
//everything else same as above
if(checkwin() == 1) gameOver = 1;
else if(trytowin() == 1){ lockkeypad = 0; gameOver =
1;}
lockkeypad = 0;
}
else{
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
}
}
else if(turn == 5){//fifth turn
//everything else same as above
else if(trytowin() == 1){ lockkeypad = 0; gameOver =
1;}
lockkeypad = 0;
}
else{
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
lockkeypad = 0;}
}
}
turn++; //increment the number of turns
}
}
}
/********************************************************************************
**********************************
Function for delaying by the given duration
@param duration The duration by which the program must delay, measured in 1.1 us
@note The function was originally intended to delay for 1 us, but the following
code structure was closest in terms
of simple assembly instructions
**/
void delay_usv(unsigned int duration){
duration /= 2;
for(i = 0; i < duration; i++){
delay_us(1);
}
}
/*****************************
Function for setting it all up
**/
void initialize(void){
//set up the USART control for the receive interrupt and so on
UCSRB = 0x18 ;
UBRRL = 103;
UCSRB.7 = 1; //set the receive interrupt enable flag
//set up the ports B and D as outputs for the PWM waveforms

DDRB = 0xff;
DDRD = 0xff;
printf("Welcome!\n\r"); //welcome message
//set up all timers in Fast PWM mode, with 1 PWM cycle = 4096 us
TCCR0 = 0b01101100;
TCCR2 = 0b01101110;
TCCR1A = 0b10100001;
TCCR1B = 0b00001100;
//set up the OCR values for the timers to initialize the servos into
position
OCR1A = 115;
OCR0 = 69;
OCR2 = 69;
OCR1B = 93;
//set the receive ready flag to zero

r_ready = 0;
//initialize the moveServo values

servo0 = 0;
servo1 = 0;
servo2 = 0;
servo3 = 0;
moveServo(4,180);
#asm
sei
#endasm
}

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Introduction

High Level Design

The position of the second joint is given by:

y2= y2 + L2sin(180-theta1- theta2)

Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks

The logical structure of the design is shown below:

Game play and AI

Ethics and Legal Considerations

Arm CAD Pictures

Arm base/shoulder joint

Arm elbow joint

Aluminum 8975K22 1 11.24 11.24 McMaster

Machine Screws (30) 91771A126 1 6.18 6.18 McMaster

Set Screws (25) 92778A117 1 6.18 6.18 McMaster

HS5955-TG ------------ 5 Borrowed ------------ Snake Arm

STK 500 ------------ 1 Rent 15 476 Lab

6.4V 2.0 Amps Power ------------ 1 Borrowed ------------ Snake Arm

Wood Mount ------------ 1 7 7 Walmart

//servo 0 PD5 (turntable)

//integer definitions for X and O

//2D 3x3 integer array representing tic-tac-toe board

//variables for receiving input from serial

//integer values for servo PWM control

//if no one wins, return 0

//For servos 0, 1, 2 and 3, set the corresponding timer output-compare value

//run the game for 5 turns maximum

//set the receive flags back to zero

//depending on the character written, move an x to the corresponding

//set up the ports B and D as outputs for the PWM waveforms

printf("Welcome!\n\r"); //welcome message

//set the receive ready flag to zero

//initialize the moveServo values

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