Introduction to Educational Research

1. Mrs. Smith is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing
the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?
a. prediction
b. description
c. explanation
d. exploration

2. Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer
questions they have and to specifically help them solve local problems?
a. action research
b. basic research
c. predictive research
d. orientational research

3. How much confidence should you place in a single research study?

a. you should completely trust a single research study.
b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same findings
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b

4. The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research?
a. basic research
b. action research
c. evaluation research
d. orientational research

5. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. inductive reasoning
d. probabilistic

6. The idea that when selecting between two different theories with equal explanatory value, one should select the theory that is
the most simple, concise, and succinct is known as ____________.
a. criterion of falsifiability
b. critical theory
c. guide of simplicity
d. rule of parsimony

7. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same variables but different people" is which of
the following?
a. exploration
b. hypothesis
c. replication
d. empiricism

8. ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.

a. rationalism
b. deductive reasoning
c. logic
d. empiricism

9. According to your text, what are the five key objectives of science?
a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description
b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence
d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary

10. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. In this
case, the main purpose of the study was:
a. Explanation
b. Description
c. Influence
d. Prediction

11. There is a set of churches in the U.S. where part of the service involves snake handling. The researcher wants to find out
why the people attending these churches do this and how they feel and think about it. In this case, the primary purpose of the
study is:
a. Exploration
b. Description
c. Influence
d. Prediction
12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?
a. It is parsimonious
b. It is testable
c. It is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person
d. All of the above are characteristics of good theories

13. Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?

a. Science cannot provide answers to all questions
b. It is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims
c. Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices
d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as whether abortion is immoral

14. What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a researcher advance an ideological or political
position?
a. Evaluation research
b. Basic research
c. Action research
d. Orientational research

15. Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Imductive
d. Top down

16. Rene Descartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge generation?
a. Empiricism
b. Rationalism
c. Expert opinion
d. None of the above

17. Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

18. Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?

a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

19. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

20. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

21. Which of the following statements is true of a theory?

a. it most simply means “explanation”
b. it answers the “how” and “why” questions
c. it can be a well developed explanatory system
d. all of the above are correct

Answers:
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. d
9. c
10. a
11. a
12. d
13. d
14. d
15. a
16. b
17. a
18. b
19. a
20. b
21. d

Action Research
Multiple Choice Questions for Objective 1
1 The word action in the phrase "action research" refers to [Hint]
. the use made of the findings.
the fact that the teacher is the researcher.
the process of collecting data.
the process of analyzing data.

2 Action research usually takes place in a single school because [Hint]

. it is difficult to secure permission to study students in multiple schools.
teachers do not have the necessary skills to conduct research across
multiple settings.
it is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a
particular setting.
data collection methods used in action research are designed for single
settings.
3 Which of the following is characteristic of action research? [Hint]
. Variables are tightly controlled.
Results are generalizable.
Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.
Data are usually qualitative.

4 Which of the following is NOT an assumption of action research? [Hint]

. Action researchers have basic research skills to collect and analyze data.
All professionals need and want feedback on their performance.
Results enable the researchers to evaluate the performance of others.
Teachers are capable of assuming responsibility for their own
professional growth.
5 A teacher conducts an action research study of the problem-solving methods
. used by students in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes. Which of the following
can she assume on the basis of her study? [Hint]
 Results apply to students only in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes.
Results apply only to students in Algebra I classes at her school.
Results apply only to Algebra I students in ninth grade.
Results apply to all math students.

6 Which of the following criteria should be a primary concern in evaluating an

. action research topic? [Hint]
The topic studied is of immediate importance to the researcher.
The study will assist others in improving practice.
The topic can be studied without the need for observation.
The study is of concern to teachers throughout the school.

7 Individuals who engage in action research are most concerned with [Hint]
. supporting the way things are being done.
publishing results.
proving a hypothesis.
improvement.

1. The word action in the phrase "action research" refers to

Your Answer: the fact that the teacher is the researcher.

Correct Answer: the use made of the findings.

2. Action research usually takes place in a single school because

Your Answer: it is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a

particular setting.

3. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?

Your Answer: Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.

Correct Answer: Data are usually qualitative.

4. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of action research?

Your Answer: Results enable the researchers to evaluate the performance of others.

5. A teacher conducts an action research study of the problem-solving methods used by

students in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes. Which of the following can she assume on
the basis of her study?
 Your Answer: Results apply to students only in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes.

6. Which of the following criteria should be a primary concern in evaluating an action

research topic?

Your Answer: The topic studied is of immediate importance to the researcher.

7. Individuals who engage in action research are most concerned with

Your Answer: improvement.

1. The following are true statements about action research EXCEPT

Your Answer: data are collected systematically.

Correct Answer: results are generalizable.

2. Which of the following research questions is BEST answered using action research?

Your Answer: How can I improve the interaction of students of different ethnicity in my
class?

3. Teachers are advised to predict the results of student attitudinal questionnaires because

Your Answer: it will help them decide if students answered truthfully.

Correct Answer: it gives them a point of comparison against which to judge actual
responses.

4. In analyzing videotapes, action researchers should

Your Answer: select focusing themes before viewing.

5. Redundancy in data analysis refers to

Your Answer: the cross-validation of results using multiple data sources.

Correct Answer: the point at which new data collection is unlikely to yield information
substantially different than that already collected.

6. The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology from
other kinds of research is

Your Answer: taking action based on results.

7. The action research method is depicted as a spiraling process because

Your Answer: the process continues even after the data are collected and analyzed, and
actions are taken based on findings.
8. Which of the following is true of action research data analysis?

Your Answer: All quantitative data from one instrument must be collected before they are
analyzed.

9. Which of the following research questions should NOT be answered using action research
methods?

Your Answer: What issues concerning school uniforms do parents of children in this
school need more information about in order to decide whether they
would support a mandatory uniform policy?
Correct Answer: Is parent attitude toward school uniforms related to their socioeconomic
status?

1. The following are true statements about action research EXCEPT

Your Answer: data are collected systematically.

Correct Answer: results are generalizable.

2. A teacher conducts an action research study of the problem-solving methods used by students in
her ninth-grade Algebra I classes. Which of the following can she assume on the basis of her
study?

Your Answer: Results apply only to students in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes.

3. Many universities will not allow action research studies to satisfy dissertation or thesis
requirements. This is most likely because

Your Answer: the student is not expected to engage in all steps of the research process in
action research.
Correct Answer: the results are not of broad relevance.

1. Which of the following would LEAST likely be a data source for an action research study of
teachers' questioning techniques in social studies classes?

Your Answer: Student questionnaires

Correct Answer: Students' standardized test scores

2. In conducting an action research study of students' organizational skills during class in a particular school,
which of the following would NOT likely provide useful data?

Your Answer: interviews with teachers

Correct Answer: parent surveys

3. Which of the following terms is NOT characteristic of action research?

Your Answer: Commitment

Correct Answer: Control

1. The word action in the phrase "action research" refers to

Your Answer: the use made of the findings.

2. The following are true statements about action research EXCEPT

Your Answer: results are generalizable.

3. Which of the following research questions is BEST answered using action research?

Your Answer: What factors influence student interaction in multiethnic classes?

Correct Answer: How can I improve the interaction of students of different ethnicity
in my class?

4. Action research usually takes place in a single school because

Your Answer: teachers do not have the necessary skills to conduct research
across multiple settings.
Correct Answer: it is designed to answer questions about improving practice in a
particular setting.

5. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?

Your Answer: Results are generalizable.

Correct Answer: Data are usually qualitative.

6. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of action research?

Your Answer: All professionals need and want feedback on their performance.
Correct Answer: Results enable the researchers to evaluate the performance of
others.

7. A teacher conducts an action research study of the problem-solving methods used by

students in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes. Which of the following can she assume on
the basis of her study?

Your Answer: Results apply only to students in Algebra I classes at her school.
Correct Answer: Results apply only to students in her ninth-grade Algebra I classes.

8. Which of the following criteria should be a primary concern in evaluating an action

research topic?

Your Answer: The study will assist others in improving practice.

Correct Answer: The topic studied is of immediate importance to the researcher.

9. Which of the following would LEAST likely be a data source for an action research study
of teachers' questioning techniques in social studies classes?

Your Answer: Classroom observation

Correct Answer: Students' standardized test scores
10. Teachers are advised to predict the results of student attitudinal questionnaires because

Your Answer: it gives them a point of comparison against which to judge actual
responses.

11. In analyzing videotapes, action researchers should

Your Answer: select focusing themes before viewing.

12. Redundancy in data analysis refers to

Your Answer: the tendency of researchers to analyze the data using multiple
statistical methods to ensure that their conclusions are valid.
Correct Answer: the point at which new data collection is unlikely to yield
information substantially different than that already collected.

13. The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology from
other kinds of research is

Your Answer: looking at multiple sources of data.

Correct Answer: taking action based on results.

14. The action research method is depicted as a spiraling process because

Your Answer: data collection continues throughout data analysis.

Correct Answer: the process continues even after the data are collected and
analyzed, and actions are taken based on findings.

15. Which of the following is true of action research data analysis?

Your Answer: All qualitative data must be collected before they are analyzed.
Correct Answer: All quantitative data from one instrument must be collected before
they are analyzed.

16. In conducting an action research study of students' organizational skills during class in a
particular school, which of the following would NOT likely provide useful data?

Your Answer: interviews with teachers

Correct Answer: parent surveys

17. Many universities will not allow action research studies to satisfy dissertation or thesis
requirements. This is most likely because

Your Answer: the student is not expected to engage in all steps of the research
process in action research.
Correct Answer: the results are not of broad relevance.

18. Which of the following research questions should NOT be answered using action
 research methods?

Your Answer: What issues concerning school uniforms do parents of children in

this school need more information about in order to decide whether
they would support a mandatory uniform policy?
Correct Answer: Is parent attitude toward school uniforms related to their
socioeconomic status?

19. Which of the following terms is NOT characteristic of action research?

Your Answer: Commitment

Correct Answer: Control

20. Individuals who engage in action research are most concerned with

Your Answer: supporting the way things are being done.

Correct Answer: improvement.