VILLAGE ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (Hons.) IN AGRICULTURE

Submitted by:
Name kishore Kumar
Regd no: 11509902
Section: HC103

SUPERVISED BY
Dr. Sharad Sachan

1
 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY,

School Of Agriculture, Phagwara-144401,

Punjab, India

Submitted on: October, 03, 2018

TITLE:
Identification of Different cropping Pattern by
using Natural farming practice, technological gap
and problems faced by farmers of villages:
Marupalli, Pedakada, Pedisela

2
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the training work entitled as Rural Agriculture

Work Experience is my own work is carried out as requirements of
training for the award of degree B.Sc. (Hons.) in Agriculture from
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, under the guidance of Dr.
Sharad Sachan during 15th June to 5th July, 2018.

J Kishore Kumar (11509902)

(Signature of Student)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled study of Rural Agricultural

Work Experience (RAWE) evaluation I has been done by Ms. J Kishore
Kumar with registration number 11509902 as per the experimental
learning program AGR 450 in partial fulfilment for the award of the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE (Honors)
from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab under the
guidance of supervisor.

Signature of Mentor …………………….

Name…………………………………...

U.ID……………………………………

Designation: ……………………………

4
 Abstract

I did my RAWE in Villages- Marupalli, Pedakada, Pedisela,

Mandel-Gjapathinagaram, District-Vizianagaram, and State- Andhra
Pradesh. In Marupalli, Pedakada, Pedisela villages I collected the data
from farmers and worked with farmers in his field. RAWE is a project
work about the basics of field work, from land preparation to sowing, to
harvesting and the various intercultural operations employed within this
period along with the fertilizers or manures utilised to harvest a good
quality crop and the financial status involved within the field to the
marketing of these products. Main crops studied during this training
programme were rice (paddy), sugarcane, maize. Rice was sown during
the month of July and will be harvested during the December-January
and it changes with the variety. Maize was sown during the month of
July and harvested during the month of October to November. And the
sugarcane planting is done between November- December and was
harvested during the month of October-November. The size of land
holdings of individual farmers is not vast so they are practising natural
farming. And even the farmers with large land holding they are also
practising natural farming. The field were we have visited is near to the
riverbanks so there is plenty of groundwater available and they use that
water through the digging of bore wells. And some use the water from
the canals.

5
Table of contents:

Sr. No. Title/Name Page No.

1 Introduction
2 Study area
3 Materials and methods
4 Methodology
5 Results and discussion
6 Conclusion and recommendation
7 References
8
9
10

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 INTRODUCTION
Agricultural education is an important tool in ensuring increased
agricultural productivity, sustainability, environmental and ecological
security, profitability, job security and equity. In India, Randhawa
Committee (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work
Experience (RAWE) Programme for imparting quality, practical and
productive oriented education for the agriculture degree programme.
The World Bank (1995) stated that there was little emphasis in the
curricula on preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in
agriculture or agribusiness outside government jobs. Therefore, the
agenda for the 21st century in agricultural education must be drawn on
the basis of the challenges it has to meet in the near future. Getting do,
how practical hands-on training during higher education towards self-
employment, is very essential. It provides significant hands - on
experience in acquiring skills, which are mainly aimed at creating a
product or providing a service to those who demand.
AIM OF RAWE
The aim of RAWE is to understand the rural life and the methods
and implementation of those methods on fields by the farmers. The
students learn in this village attachment a lot of things which were not
known without practically done on field. The farmers use good methods
and good technologies which are much profitable for them. There is an
interaction between farmer and a student in which student came to know
the cropping pattern which is followed by the farmers and also there way
of cropping. Basically by creating a good interaction between farmers
and a student the farmers can also be benefited by knowing some
scientific way of doing agriculture in which less use of fertilizers are
there and more use of bio-fertilizers.

7
OBJECTIVE
 RAWE is helpful for the understanding the rural community
life style and different situation related to crop and farmer
life.
 To develop confidence and competence in students for
solving problems related to agriculture.
 RAWE is helpful to transfer new technology to the farmer.
 Also help to know about socio economic condition of farmer.
 RAWE is also helpful for gaining knowledge form the
farmer.
 Student will know about the farmer’s problem which is
important.
 Student can improve their skill of plant production or plant
protection.
 To develop the confidence and communication skills

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY USED

Program of Work:

Orientation program

It is a program where the students were given directions by the faculty

members about how to do our RAWE project.

8
Format for collection of data were given out where we have to fill up
whatever information we have attained from the farmers we have come
across.

Format for jotting down our daily dairy report was also given where we
have to record how we spend the day while on training.

STUDY AREA

Andhra Pradesh covers an area of 1, 60,205sq kilometres. It shares

its geographical boundaries with Bay of Bengal, Tamilnadu, Karnataka
and Telangana. Capital of Andhra Pradesh is Amravati. Literacy
Percentage is 68.02%.

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 STRICT
STATE In this , village is
Jhamar

Andhra Pradesh is a coastal area which is having the coastal line of

974kms. It situated on the south-eastern coast of the country.

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on

the geographical region. Monsoons play a major role in
determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to
June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally
higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between
20 °C and 41 °C. Southern and coastal regions of the state. Since
the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The
range of winter temperature is generally 12 °C to 30 °C. The
gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Andhra Pradesh was
₹2359.3 billion (US$36 billion) in 2012–13. The domestic
10
 product of agriculture sector accounts for ₹545.99 billion and
Industrial sector for ₹507.45 The service sector of the state
accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of ₹1305.87
billion. In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine, there were several
from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF KRISHNA DISTRICT:

GENERAL: Krishna district was one of the oldest British

administrated areas of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called
Machilipatnam district and in 1859 when the ten Guntur district was
abolished, certain taluk thereof were added to this district which was
renamed as Krishna district, after the mighty river Krishna.
PHYSICAL CHARACTRISTICS:
Latitude : 15° 43’ N and 17° 10’ N
Longitude : 80° 0’ and 81° 33’ of E.
AREA : 8,727 Sq. Kms.
Coastal : 88 Kms.
Line
Boundaries : East : Bay of Bengal and West
Godavari district
West : Guntur and Nalgonda
districts
North : Khammam district

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 South : Bay of Bengal
CLIMATE: The climatic conditions of the district are of extreme kind
with hot summers and cold winters and may be classified as tropical.
The period starting from April to June is the hottest.
RAINFALL: The average normal rainfall is 1028.1 mm.
SOIL: Three types of soils viz.,}
1. Black Cotton (57.6%)
2. Sand clay loams (22.3%)
3. Red loams (19.4%)
AGRICULTURE: Endowed with a rich variety of soils, the district
occupies an important place in Agriculture, which is the most
important occupation, and Paddy is the main food crop produced.
LITERACY: Krishna district has recorded a literacy rate of 70.03.
The district is well advanced in field of education.

CLIMATE

The climate of the District is characterized by high humidity, all the year
round with oppressive summer and good seasonal rainfall. The summer
season is from March to the middle of June. This is followed by the
South-West monsoon season, which lasts up to about the 2nd week of
October. The period from Mid October to the end of November
constitutes the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. December to
February is the season of generally fine weather. The Climate of the hill

12
parts of the district is different from that of the plains. Since hilly
regions receive heavier rainfall they are cooler than the plains. The
maximum temperature will be recorded during May and the minimum
temperature will be during December.

SOILS

The main soils in the District are Red soils, Sandy Loams and Sandy
Clay and they constitute 96% of the total area. The soils in the District
are predominantly loamy with medium fertility. There are mostly red
loamy soils, as far as dry lands are concerned and clay loamy in case of
wet lands. The soils at some places are as thick as 4 Metres. It is likely
that the thick soil cover might represent alluvium along the valleys.
Different types of rocks are in abundance in the District.
Characteristics of the people:

1) Habits-To chew betel vine and areca nut, Very few will smoke
cigarette, drinking tea and coffee.

2) Beliefs-They believe in God and feels that bad deeds lead to bad life
and good deed leads to good life.

3) Religion-Hindu, Muslim and Christian. There is good understanding

and harmony between the people of different religion. Majority of the
people believes in Hinduism.

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4) Caste- Polloi, other backward castes, backward castes, General
category, Schedule caste.

5) Folk ways- most of the people are vegetarians likes to talk for long
hours, wakes up early in morning.

6) Mores-wearing sari and Dhoti, putting rice flour design in front of the
house, not entering inside of the house with chapel, keeping the god’s
picture/idol in locked condition after worshipping.

7) Taboos- not smoking in front of the elders, not eating no vegetarian

food items in the house.

8) Attitude-positive attitude. Helping tendency. People are hardworking,

gives good hospitality to the guests. But some of the people have
deserted their old parents for some or other reasons. Jealousy, Envy,
Competition along with supporting and encouraging tendency also
prevails.

9) Progressiveness- people are very progressive; they are interested in

improving their living standards.

10) Scientific orientation- Very low

11) Leadership pattern- person with good behaviour, helping

tendency, good communication skill, and humble nature is
considered as leader

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Material/data is collected by interrogating the farmers and interacting

with them, by visiting the field and making visual observations of the
crops grown in the field. Further studies of the crop with its associated
diseases and infestation are done. There is great evidence of pest
infestation and rodents, and also disease infection. The farmers mildly
use weedicide, pesticides and fertilizers to help improve the crop
growth.

The study area mostly covers 1hactares to 2.5 hectare for individual
farmers. The land is uneven and one particular farmer owns 3hactares
to the maximum mostly.

Agricultural equipments like tractor, rotavator, driller etc are

mostly not used, which means the farm work is mostly done
manually. Tractors are also mostly not employed in the field due to
hilly slopes and terrain.

METHODOLOGY

Methods Used:

We take our format and meet the farmers and ask them the questions
and problems faced by them in the agriculture. During that we found
that there is lot number of problems to the farmers. By interact with
15
 the farmers of the nearby villages, we are able to understand the
problem of the farmers .We meet with the farmers in their field
during their working hours so that we can see them or can see their
practices in their field. we also meet some well-educated farmers and
some illiterate also, so that we judge that there is major difference in
the their cultural practices .Educated peoples are continuously in the
contact with the extension officers and the state universities and they
are using the latest techniques and methodology for growing of their
crops in their fields and such that they are earning more than the
others farmers.

Crop production technology:

There are various techniques used for the growing of several crops. By
interaction with the experts of the agriculture and the extension services
we are able to know about the modern crop production technology.

Some new techniques used by the farmers of our area, which is

somewhat new in our area. Like- Growing of Rice without Pre-irrigation
by using Drilling method.

Use of the drum seeder, SRI method.

Extension education program;

16
How to interact with farmers and also it was told that find out how
agriculture extension program is running in villages of our concerned
location.

Extension services should be good and the officers should be polite and
frank with the farmers and can easily interact with the farmers and can
explain their ideas to the farmers.

Extension officer should have some abilities like to motivate the

farmers.

Problems of Farmers

There are many major problems facing by the farmers of our regions and
we can say all over the Indian farmers. Some major problems which are
facing by the farmers are:

Major farmers of our area are small land holders so that they have less
economic value, so they are not able to adopt the new techniques.

These farmers do not have sufficient money for the purchasing of the
new machines, so that they have to pay to others people for the hour’s
service in their fields

Small farmer also depends on the cooperative banks, they need to take
loan from these banks and loan facilities are not easily available to the
small land holder farmers.

17
Result and Discussion:

Farmers of Vizianagaram District practising Natural Farming:

B.H. Rama Krishna raju. He is the most successful farmer in

the Vizianagaram district who is practicing natural farming. And
he has obtained a

1. Good yield in his growing crops that are Paddy and Sugarcane.
And he was interviewed by many news channels in Andhra
Pradesh for his excellence in natural farming.

Village: Pedisela

Mandal: Gajapathinagaram

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Land Holding: 20 acres

Crops Grown: Rice and Sugarcane.

Fertilizers used: Ganajeevamrutham and Panchagavya.

Pest Control: Neemasthram and fermented butter milk.

Disease Control: Agniasthram and Brahmasthram.

Total Yield obtained from Rice: 30-35 Quintals per acre.

Total Yield obtained from Sugarcane: 40-45 Quintals per acre.

Preparation method of Ganajeevamrutham:

Cow dung: 100kg

Cow urine: 10 litres

Black jaggery: 1kg

Horse gram flour: 1kg

And soil collected from the margins of the field or from the forest

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 Fig.1. Sieving the large granules of Ganajeevamrutham.

1. Name: V Sanker. He is an educated farmer who had completed his

Bsc degree.

And due to his interest about natural farming make him a successful
farmer in natural farming. He is doing natural farming in a different
method that is cattle farming. And he has also attended many
international seminars and national seminars for his excellence in natural
farming.

Village: Marupalli

Mandal: Gajapathinagaram

Area: 30 acres

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Crops Grown: Rice, Maize, Coconut, mango

Fertilizers used: Panchagavya.and Ganajeevamrutham and Cow dung.

Pest Control: Neemasthram and fermented butter milk.

Disease Control: Agniasthram and Brahmasthram.

Total Yield obtained from Rice: 35-40 Quintals per acre.

Total Yield obtained from Maize: 25 Quintals per acre

Tying of cattle to a single rope

Natural farming in Vizianagaram:

Name: J Thoudu. He is practicing natural farming since 4 years by the

advice of the agriculture officer of his mandal. And he had obtained a

21
good yield and he was awarded as a successful famer in the
Vizianagaram district.

And he was cultivating rice in SRI method (system of Rice

Intensification)

Village: Marupalli

Mandal: Gajapathinagaram

Area: 6 acres

Crops Grown: Rice, sesamum, black gram.

Fertilizers used: Panchagavya.and Ganajeevamrutham and Cow dung.

Pest Control: Neemasthram and fermented butter milk, chilli and garlic
mixture liquid.

Disease Control: Agniasthram and Brahmasthram, beejamrutham.

Total Yield obtained from Rice: 35-40 Quintals per acre.

Total Yield obtained from sesamum: 25 Quintals per acre.

22
Natural farming in the Krishna district:

1.Name: P.sanyasirao. He was practicing natural farming since 3 years.

Due to his Excellency in natural farming he was admitted as CRP in his
district. And government give subsidy for establishing a natural products
shop.

Village: Agiripalli

Mandal: Agiripalli

Area: 70 cents

Crops Grown: rice and mango

Fertilizers used: Panchagavya.and Ganajeevamrutham and Cow dung.

23
Pest Control: Neemasthram and fermented butter milk, chilli and garlic
mixture liquid.

Disease Control: Agniasthram and Brahmasthram, beejamrutham.

Total Yield obtained from Rice: 25 Quintals per 70 cents

Total Yield obtained from mango: 4 tons per acre

2. Natural farming in the Vizianagaram district:

Name: R satyam.He was practicing natural farming since 3 years. He

was cultivating his crop for seed production to the tulasi seeds company.

Village: Pedakada

Mandal: Gajapathinagaram

Area: 5 acres
24
Crops Grown: Rice, cotton and black gram

Fertilizers used: Panchagavya.and Ganajeevamrutham and Cow dung.

Pest Control: Neemasthram and fermented butter milk, chilli and garlic
mixture liquid.

Disease Control: Agniasthram and Brahmasthram, beejamrutham.

Total Yield obtained from cotton: 25 Quintals per acre

Total Yield obtained from black gram: 8-10 quintals per acre.

Organic Activity:-
 I have seen that approximately all the farmers are interested into
organic farming, 80% of the farmers are having Dairy farm,
they use the cow dung for the preparation of FYM and
Vermicomposting. Some of the farmers are having
Vermicomposting plant.
 Every farmer use FYM at time of field preparation.
25
  Farmers are using organic fertilizer like oil cakes, etc
 FYM preparation completed within 2-3 averagely.
 Vermiwash is also used to the field.
General problems in the village
1. Excess and uneven Rainfall:-

During monsoon heavy rainfall and submerge condition of the crop

field is a common scenery of my village. Sometime continuously
150mm to 200mm of rainfall occurred. Heavy rainfall cause flood
condition and completely crop failure.

3. Storage:-

Facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly

inadequate. Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell
their produce immediately after the harvest at the prevailing market
prices which are bound to be low. Such distress sale deprives the
farmers of their legitimate income.

4. Absence of sound marketing facilities:-

The farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the
disposal of their farm produce which is sold at very low cost.

5 .Soil type:-

There is no much soil related problems

6. Pest problem:-
26
 Pest infestation is a common problem faced by every farmer.
Different major and minor pests attack to the crop field.

Rice Stem Borer, Gandhi Bug etc

Green Gram Pod Borer, Aphid etc
Mustard Saw fly, Aphid etc
Brinjal Fruit Borer, Hadda Beetle etc
Cabbage Leaf Webber etc
Okra Fruit Borer, White Fly etc
Banana Rhizome weevil, Aphid etc

9. Agricultural labourers:-

Available properly but very costly during peak season (Rs-

200/labour/day).

10. Inputs Availability:-

Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and
sustained growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured
quality seed is as critical as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately,
good quality seeds are out of reach of the majority of farmers, especially
small and marginal farmers mainly because of exorbitant prices of better
seeds.

27
11. Lack of mechanisation:-

In spite of the large scale mechanisation of agriculture in some parts of

the village, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried
on by human hand using simple and conventional tools and implements
like Sickle, Spade etc.

Mainly Power Tillers are used for Ploughing purpose. Little use of
machines like Harrow, Plough, Trolley, and Driller are done in field
level.

Irrigation is done through flat method with the help of Pump sets. There
is no use of Fustigation, Drip or Sprinkler method.

Thinning, Pruning, Weeding, Harvesting, Threshing and transportation

of the crops are done manually.

This is specially the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in
huge wastage of human labour and in low yields per capita labour force
and increase in the cost of production.

12. Lack of Knowledge:-

28
Lack of knowledge in various aspects of cultivation, new technologies,
new variety, New Schemes provided by State & Central Govt. etc. are
also creating barriers to be forwarded in future.

Farmers are very busy in their work that they are not able to improve
themselves with the modern way of farming. Maximum farmers do not
know about Mixed Farming. Many of them practice Monoculture &
Mono cropping.

13. Less interaction with the experts:-

Because of their busy schedule regular interaction with the experts and
the farmers is not possible.

Even maximum farmers didn’t visit to the “KVK Srikakulam” once.

Marketing of crops and other produces

 Farmers sell their products to the local market of the village
some of them sell their produce to the Vizianagaram market.
Problem faced by farmer

 Weed, diseases, insect, pest these problems are faced by

farmer.
 Labour is costly and not available in the required time.
 Nut grass (Cyprus rotundus) is the main problem in the Rice
crop.
 Stem borer, leaf roller are main problem in rice

29
  Fertilizers not supplied timely by Government.
 Lack mechanisation.
 Technical knowledge is less.
 Less holding of the farmers.
 Less interaction with the experts.
 Unfavourable weather conditions like-High humidity,
Excess rainfall etc.

Expert’s Views to solute these problems

 I have interacted with the in charge of KVK Srikakulam. They

have given their own views on promoting smart farming. The
gist of the interactions-
o Promoting Integrated Farming System
o Increase the Organic Farming
o Use of Land Shaping Technology
o More use of Bio fertilizer, Bio insecticide, Bio
pesticide
o Group Farming to promote more mechanization
o Protected cultivation & off season cultivation
o To control different diseases of crops they are
promoting not to use of excess Inorganic Fertilizer,
Pesticide, Insecticide
o Maintain the sanitation of the Crop field; Poultry Farm
is very important to control disease causing organisms.
o Timely Vaccination to the livestock & poultry bird.
o Use of good quality and amount of feedings to the
livestock, Fish, Poultry, Goat, Duck.
o Promoting to practice Sustainable Agriculture.
30
CONCLUSION:-
 This course provided us the opportunity for studying the rural
situation and gaining direct farm experience. The RAWE
programme exposed us to different situations which helped to
develop the right kind of perspective about the knowledge
expertise and experiences of farmers and the biophysical
endowments of the environment in which they are operating.
These sessions also enabled to polish our soft skills and ability to
communicate with the people. This one-month long field
programme helped us to comprehend the basics of agriculture
from the masters of the field to the farmer’s field level.
 Labour problem is being faced everywhere. Chief farm
machineries will help to some extent.
 The difference between the regular class room teacher and the
farmer teacher is that the farmer is not curriculum
oriented, instead he is problem oriented. He is not theoretical
oriented but practical oriented. He is not time oriented but subject
oriented. The major difference between the classroom teachers
and farmer teachers is the rich experience of the farmers which the
regular classroom teachers lack.

31
  Farmers are mostly influenced by the fertilizer and pesticide
shopkeepers, most of them are not proper degree holders.
 Nowadays many educated people (graduates) are taking up
farming-Self employment. This will make the Indian agriculture
competitive.
Result

 The main purpose of RAWE is to know about the farmer condition

and problems. We are compression between farmer practices and
technical practices. With help of RAWE we are increase the
confidence of farmer according to new practices.
 Students are increasing our knowledge and confidence and
increase our practical knowledge. To provide an opportunity to the
students to understand the life situations in the villages and the
students should organize a method collectively on the farmer’s
field and record their observation.
 In RAWE I am collected data, analysed and result are presented
the analysis of the data on the net income revel that net income per
year from farming crop + livestock.
 The combination of farming including livestock with a subsidiary
occupation may help in the improvement of economic condition of
the farmer.

32
 References

 https://www.google.co.in/search?q=andhra+natural+farming&oq=
andhra+natu&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l5.4691j0j7&sourceid=chrom
e&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.mapsofindia.com/lat_long/andhra-
pradesh/gajapathinagaram.html
 https://www.google.co.in/search?q=vizianagaram+map+with+villa
ges&oq=vizianagaram+map&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l5.7947j0j7&s
ourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 https://www.google.co.in/search?lei=BjSuW_rTJs739QPDg7_gC
w&q=zero%20budget%20natural%20farming%20mango&ved=0a
hUKEwjp-
6CM7t3dAhUBfysKHdeFAb0QsKwBCAUoAw&biw=1093&bih
=501
 http://apzbnf.in/2018/04/19/the-zbnf-mango-magic/
 http://apzbnf.in/category/case-studies/

33
ANDHRA PRADESH ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING
DEMONSTRATIONS

RICE SEED TREATMENT WITH BEJAMRUTHUM

PREPARING DHRVAJEEVAMRRUTHAM

34
NATURAL FARMING FIELD VISITS

35
KVK VISIT

36