PREVIEW
Chapter 2.3 Structure of Immune System and Immune Response 74 Chapter 7.2 Hospital Acquired Infection, Biomedical Waste, Bacteriology of Water, Air and Milk 541
Chapter 2.4 Hypersensitivity 89
Chapter 2.5 Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiency, Transplantation, and Immunoprophylaxis 95
Section 4: Virology
Chapter 4.1 General Properties of Viruses 297
Chapter 4.2 Herpesviruses and Other DNA Viruses 307
Chapter 4.3 Myxoviruses and Rubella 328
Chapter 4.4 Arboviruses, Picornaviruses and Rabies Virus 345
Chapter 4.5 Hepatitis Viruses 374
Chapter 4.6 HIV and Other Retroviruses 391
Chapter 4.7 Miscellaneous Viruses 407
Image-Based Questions
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1. Eminent microbiologists in past:
1a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 1b. Louis Pasteur, 1c. Robert Koch, 1d. Paul Ehrlich
Fig. 31a Fig. 31b Fig. 31c Fig. 31d
2. Cell wall: Differences between Peptidoglycan layer of:
• 2a. gram-positive cell wall and
• 2b. gram-negative cell wall. (Refer chapter review 1.1 for detail).
3. Culture media:
3a. Peptone water, 3b. Nutrient agar, 3c. Blood agar, 3d. Chocolate agar
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Fig. 32a Fig. 32b Fig. 32c
32. Nonfermenters
• 32a. Blue green pigmentation (diffuse) on nutrient agar: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Fig. 2a Fig. 2b • 32b. Bipolar staining of Burkholderia
• 32c. Ashdown medium of Burkholderia showing dry wrinkled colonies
33. Haemophilusinfluenzae:
• 33a. Blood agar showing Satellitism: Colonies of H.influenzae are larger adjacent to the streak line of S.aureus
• 33b. Pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli
• 33c. Colonies of H. influenzae on chocolate agar
34. Bordetellapertussis:
• 34a. Child suffering from whooping cough
• 34b. Mercury drop colonies on Regan low media
• 34c. Gram stain shows gram-negative coccobacilli (thumb print appearance)
CHAPTER Transduction
Transduction is defined as transmission of a portion of DNA from one bacterium to another
by a bacteriophage.
Types of transduction
z BACTERIAL GENETICS 1. Generalized transduction: It involves transfer of any part of the donor bacterial genome
into the recipient bacteria.
Bacterial genetics deals with the study of heredity and variation seen in bacteria. All heredi- 2. Restricted or specialized transduction: Here, only a particular genetic segment of the
tary characteristics of the bacteria are encoded in their DNA which is present in chromsome bacterial chromosome that is present adjacent to the phage DNA is transduced.
as well in extrachromosomal genetic material as plasmid.
Role of transduction
Plasmid q In addition to chromosomal DNA, transduction is also a method of transfer of episomes
Plasmids are the extrachromosomal ds circular DNA molecules that exist in free state in the and plasmids.
cytoplasm of bacteria and also found in some yeasts: q Drug resistance, e.g. plasmid coded penicillin resistance in staphylococci.
Type of Plasmids based on
q Not essential for life: Bacteria may gain or lose plasmid during their life time. function: q Treatment: As a method of genetic engineering in the treatment of some inborn metabolic
q Numbers: They may be present singly or in multiple numbers up to > 40 plasmids per Ø Fertility or F-plasmids defects.
cell. Ø Resistance (R) plasmids
Ø Col plasmids Lysogenic Conversion
q Capable of replicating independently
Ø Virulence plasmids During the temperate or lysogenic life cycle, the phage DNA remains integrated with the
q Episome: Plasmid may integrate with chromosomal DNA of bacteria and such plasmids Ø Metabolic Plasmids
are called episomes. bacterial chromosome as prophage.
q Curing: The process of eliminating the plasmids from bacteria is known as curing. q The prophage acts as an additional chromosomal element which encodes for new
characters to the daughter cells.
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Classification of Plasmids q Imparts toxigenicity to the bacteria: Phage DNA may code for various toxins abbreviated
1. Based on ability to perform conjugation: as ABCDE:
q Conjugative plasmids or self-transmissible plasmids A and C of Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE), Botulinum toxin C and D, Cholera
q Nonconjugative plasmids or nontransmissible plasmids. They cannot transfer toxin, Diphtheria toxin and E. coli (Verocytotoxin).
themselves. Conjugation
2. Based on compatibility: Compatible plasmids and Incompatible plasmids. Only
compatible plasmids can stay together inside a cell. Conjugation refers to the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium (donor or male) to
3. Based on function: There are five main classes of plasmids: another bacterium (recipient or female) by mating with each other and forming the conjuga-
q Fertility or F-plasmids: Code for sex pili that forms the conjugation tube. tion tube. It was discovered first by Lederberg and Tatum.
q Resistance (R) plasmids, which contain genes that code resistance to various q F+ × F– Mating: When the F+ cell (containing a plasmid called F factor or fertility factor)
antibiotics. comes close to the F– cell (lacking F factor), the F factor forms conjugation tube, through
q Col plasmids: Contain genes that code for bacteriocins. which the F factor is transmitted to F– cell ultimately making F– cell into F+ cell.
q Virulence plasmids: Codes for virulence factors like toxins, adhesins. q HFR Conjugation: F factor being a plasmid, it may integrate with bacterial chromosome
q Metabolic plasmids: They enable the host in various metabolic activities. and behave as episome.
4. Plasmid as vector: By their ability to transfer DNA from one cell to another, plasmids n Such donor cells are able to transfer chromosomal DNA to recipient cells with high
have become important vectors in genetic engineering. Plasmids contain certain sites frequency in comparison to F+ cells, therefore, named as Hfr cells (high frequency
where genes can be inserted artificially by recombinant DNA technology. Such plasmids of recombination).
can be used for protein production, gene therapy, etc. Types of Conjugation: n During conjugation of Hfr cell with an F- cell, only few chromosomal genes along
General Microbiology
Ø F+ × F- Mating with only a part of the F factor get transferred. Hence, F- recipient cells do not
Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria Ø HFR Conjugation become F+ cells.
ØF' Conjugation q F' Conjugation: The conversion of an F+ cell into an Hfr cell is reversible.
Gene transfer in bacteria can be broadly divided into:
n When the F factor reverts from the integrated to free-state, it may sometimes carry
q Vertical gene transfer (transmission of genes from parents to offspring)
with it some chromosomal DNA from adjacent site of its attachment. They are
q Horizontal gene transfer (transmission of genes from one bacterium to another
named as F’ factor (F prime factor).
bacterium). This occurs by:
n When F’ cell conjugates with a recipient (F-), it transfers, along with the F factor,
the host DNA incorporated with it. The recipient becomes F’ cell. This process is
Transformation
called sexduction.
Transformation is the process of random uptake of free or naked DNA fragment from q Conjugation plays an important role in the transfer of plasmids coding for antibacterial
the surrounding medium by a bacterial cell and incorporation of this molecule into its drug resistance [resistance transfer factor (RTF)] and bacteriocin production
chromosome in a heritable form. [Colicinogenic (Col) factor].
q It has been studied so far only in certain bacteria: Streptococcus, Bacillus, Haemophilus, q R factor (or the resistance factor) is a plasmid which has two components.
Neisseria, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas. n Resistance transfer factor (RTF) is the plasmid responsible for conjugational trans-
q The Griffith experiment (1928) on mice using pneumococci strains provided the direct fer (similar to F factor)
evidence of transformation. n Resistance determinant (r): Codes for resistance to one drug. An R factor can have
several r determinants.
38 Review of Microbiology and Immunology Bacterial Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance 39
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3. Transfer of nuclear material by transduction through: d. Protein synthesis via 50s ribosomal subunit
(NEET 2018 pattern)
a. Transposons b. Plasmids 12. Most common method of bacteria responsible for drug
c. Bacteriophage d. Insertion sequences resistance: (PGI Nov 2016)
a. Conjugation b. Transduction
4. Bacteria used in Griffith experiment is: (PGI Nov 2016)
c. Transformation d. Enzyme inactivation
a. Streptococcus pyogenes
e. Mutation
b. Capsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae
c. Staphylococcus aureus 13. Not true about bacterial drug resistance mechanism:
d. MRSA (AI 2012, AIIMS Nov 2011, AIIMS May 2012)
e. Non-capsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae a. Most common mechanism is production of
neutralizing enzymes
5. Pick the true statement regarding Plasmids:
a. Nonself-replicative (JIPMER May 2015) b. If resistance is plasmid mediated, it is always
b. Acts as Messenger RNA transferred vertically
c. Involved in Conjugational transfer between strains c. Alteration of target seen in pneumococcal resistance
d. Involved in transformation d. Complete removal of target is cause of resistance to
Vancomycin
6. Nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae changes to toxigenic
C. diphtheriae by the help of bacteriophage... by which 14. Multiple drug resistance is spread by: (TN 2008)
General Microbiology
method this conversion occur? (AIIMS Nov 2015) a. Transformation b. Transduction
a. Transfection c. Mutation d. Conjugation
Section 1
13. Ans. (b) (If resistance is plasmid mediated, it is always transferred vertically) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical
EXPLANATIONS Microbiology 1/e p82, Ananthanarayan 9/e p63, 8/e p67, Harrison 18/e p1157
q If resistance is chromosomally mediated, it is usually transferred vertically from parent to daughter bacteria.
q If resistance is plasmid mediated, it is usually transferred by horizontal route mainly by conjugation.
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biology/p71 q ESBL (Extended spectrum beta lactamases)are resistant to all Penicillin and 1st/2nd/3rd cephalosporin and monobactam
q Which can be overcome by addition of β lactamase inhibitor like clavulinic acid
Capsulated dead S.pneumoniae + non-capsulated live S.pneumoniae g Transformation of gene coding capsule from dead q Other alternate which can be given are:
to live pneumococci g Results in capsulated live pneumococci – Carbapenams like Imipenem and meropenem
5. Ans. (c) (Involved in Conjugational...) Ref: ApurbaSastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p67 – Cephamycins (like cefoxitin and cefotetan )
– Different class of antibiotics like aminoglycoside
Plasmids are self replicative extra-chromosomal elements frequently transferred by conjugation.
6. Ans. (b) (Transduction) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p73 16. Ans. (c) (Piperacillin + Taz...) Ref: Apurba Sastry's Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p83
• Transduction is the transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterial to other by bacteriophage Extended Spectrum-β-Lactamases (ESBL) producing Pseudomonas can be treated with an antipseudomonial β lactam (e.g.
• Lysogenic Conversion would have been a better answer here. It is the process by which the phage DNA is integrated to piperacillin) plus β lactamase inhibitor such as tazobactam combination therapy.
bacterial DNA and remains as lysogenic phage. In such case, certain phage gene (e.g. gene coding for diphtheria toxin) 17. Ans. (c) (Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method) Ref: Ananthanarayan 8/e p619 & 9/e p635
imparts toxigenicity to the bacteria. q Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method is used to know the zone of inhibition of the streaked organism surrounding the
7. Ans. (c) (Conjugation) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p73, Ananthanarayan 9/e p61 disk by which we can know whether the organism is sensitive or resistant to the antibiotic disk. However, we cannot
know the MIC.
8. Ans. (a) (Trans...) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p70, Ananthanarayan 9/e p59, 8/e p63 q MIC (Minimal inhibitory concentration) of the antibiotic is defined as the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial
q Transformation is the process of the transfer of free DNA itself from one bacterium to another. agent that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism.
9. Ans. (a) (Transduction) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p671, Ananthanarayan 9/e p59 q MIC is calculated by: (i) Agar dilution method, (ii) Broth dilution method and (iii) Epsilometer (E test)
General Microbiology
Refer text 18. Ans. (a) (McFarland standard 0.5) Ref: Mackie McCartney 14/e p851-852
10. Ans. (c) (Conjugation) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p73, Ananthanarayan 9/e p60 q In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the
Section 1
q Conjugation is the process where there is transfer of genetic elements from one bacterium (male) to another (female) number of bacteria will be within a given range.
along sex pilus or conjugation tube- Horizontal genetic transfer. q A 0.5 McFarland standard is prepared by mixing 0.05 mL of barium chloride dihydrate with 9.95 mL of 1%
sulfuric acid and its equivalent to 150 million no. of bacteria/mL in a broth.
z ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE q For antibiotic sensitivity test, the organism broth prepared should match with- 0.5 McFarland standard.
19. Ans. (d) (All of the above) Ref: Ananthanarayan 9/e p62, 233
11. Ans. (a) (Cell wall synthesis) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Med Microbiology 1e/p80
Beta lactamase enzymes are plasmid coded, produced by both gram positive and gram negative organisms.
Vancomycin acts by inhibition of cell wall synthesis by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala of teatrapeptide side chain of
peptidoglycan. 20. Ans. (e) (Syphilis) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p 93
Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum. Refer chapter review.
12. Ans. (a,d) (Conjugation, Enzyme inactivation) Ref: Apurba Sastry's Essentials of Medical Microbiology/p82-83.
21. Ans. (a) (Extended spectrum Beta-Lactamases) Ref: Apurba Sastry’s Essentials of Medical Microbiology 1/e p83
Transferrable resistance by conjugation is the most common method of transfer of bacterial resistant genes. Enzyme inacti-
Out of several mechanisms of beta lactam resistance in E.coli, Beta-Lactamase production is the MOST COMMON;
vation is the most common mechanisms of bacteria drug resistance.
particularly Extended spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL).
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Review of Microbiology and Immunology | 7th edition | YOP: 2018 | Pages: 564
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