According to Salmond, in the whole range of legal theory, there is no conception more difficult than that
of Possession. Possession is the most basic relation between man and a thing. Possession is an evidence of
ownership.
1) Meaning:
"Possession" literary means physical control over a thing or an object. It expresses the closest
relation of fact that can exist between a thing and the person, who possess it. In law, possession means it
includes not only physical control over a thing but also an intention to exercise that physical control.
Example: A has an article in his hand. In other words, he is in possession of that article. The person who is
in possession is called a 'Possessor'. In human life, consumption of material things is very essential and it
would be Impossible without the position of the material things. Therefore the concept of possession is of
2) Definition:
The concept of possession is though basic and essential in human life, it is a difficult to define.
There is no fixed or precise definition of possession because it is legal as well as factual concept. Supreme
Court in Superintendent Remembrancer Legal Affairs vs Anil Kumar, AIR 1980 SC 52, held that it is
impossible to work out a completely logical and precise definition of Possession uniformly applicable to all
It is very difficult to define the term Possession. Some Jurists have given different definitions.
John Salmond:
Salmond defines Possession as, "possession is the continuing exercise of a claim to the Exclusive
use of an object."
Savigny:
Savigny defines Possession as, "intention coupled with physical power to exclude others from the
O.W. Holmes:
Holmes defines Possession as, "To gain Possession a man must stand in a certain physical
relation to the object and to the rest of the world, and must have certain intent."
Maine:
Maine defines the possession as, "physical detention coupled with the intention to hold the
Sir Frederick Pollock defines Possession as, "In common speech a man is said to possess to be
in possession of anything of which he has the apparent control from the use of which he has apparent power
Ihering:
The best among them is the definition given by Ihiring. According to him, "whenever a person
looked like an owner in relation to a thing, he had possession of it unless Possession was denied to him by
3) Elements of Possession
From the above definition we could see in that possession has two essentials -
1) Actual power over the object possessed. i.e. corpus possessionis and
2) Intention of the possessor to exclude any interference from others. i.e. animus possidendi.
According to John Salmond, both corpus and animus must be present to constitute Possession.
The term CORPUS and the term ANIMUS, both the terms borrowed from the Roman Law.
b) Possession in law.
Possession in fact is actual or physical possession. It is physical relation to a thing. Possession in law
means possession in the eye of law. It means a possession which is recognized and protected by law. There
is sometimes a discrepancy between possession in fact and position in law, although usually possession
exists both in fact and in law in the same person. A person who is in de facto possession of a thing also
There are two modes of acquiring possession i) Delivery and ii) Possession.
i) Delivery: Delivery completes voluntary act from one person to another. The transferor gives actual
position to the transferee. It is usually a lawful mode of possession. Delivery may be actual of constructive.
ii) Taking: Taking implies an Act exclusively on the part of the person who physically takes the Possession.
It is acquisition of the Possession without the consent of previous Possessor. It is the possession without the
consent of the Possessor. Sometimes it is said to be unilateral act. Transferee acquires the possession
without the knowledge or consent of the former Possessor of the thing. It is usually possessio-civilis. It may
8) Possessory Remedies:
Possessory Remedies are those which exists the protection of Possession even against ownership.
Proprietary remedies are those which are available for the protection of ownership. In many legal systems,
possession is provisional or temporary title even against the true owner. Even a wrongful Possessor who is
deprived of his possession can recover it from any person whatsoever on the ground of his possession. Even
the true owner, who retakes his own, must first restore possession to the wrongdoer and then proceed to
There are many reasons for the protection of possession Read here → Reasons Law protects
Possession
Fact:
In this case the plaintiff was the owner of the land. He gave his land to defendant Company on lease
for the purpose of excavation and erection of gas works thereon. During the course of excavation one of the
man of the defendants Company found a pre-historic boat buried 6 feet below the surface.
Issue:
Issue before the Court was whether the boat belonged to the landlord or lessee.
Held:
J. Chitty observed that the landlord was entitled to the boat against the Company though it was
discovered by the Company. It was observed that it was immaterial that the landlord was not aware of the
existence of the boat. He was in possession of the ground not merely of the surface. Hence everything that
lay beneath the surface down to the center of the earth consequently in possession of the boat. It did not
matter that the plaintiff was not aware of the existence of the boat.
Fact:
In the instant case Plaintiff Company appointed defendant servant to clean out a pond upon their
land and in doing so he found certain gold ring at the bottom of it. Dispute arose between plaintiff Company
Issue:
Held:
The plaintiff Company was in first possession of the gold ring and is not the defendant, who
acquired no title to them. It was observed that the possession of land carries with it in general possession of
11) Conclusion:
Possession is the most basic relation between man and a thing. Possession is prima facie a proof or
an evidence of ownership there is no fixed or precise definition of possession because it is legal as well
factual concept. The four essentials of possession are subject matter of possession, physical control,
intention and knowledge. Possession is nine points in law and law provides remedies to person having
possession