Lecture 1: Third Class

Electrical Engineering Department

College of Engineering
University of Kerbala

2018/2019
By
Dr. Ali Altahir
 Types of Single -Phase Motors

These motors are designed to operate from single phase supply, are
manufactured in large no. of types for the use in home, offices,
factories etc. small motors come in Kilo Watt power ratings. By the
advancement made in designs of fractional kilo watt motors, the
applications of these motors differs.

1- Induction Motors
2- Repulsion Motors
3- A.C. Series Motors
4- Un-exited Synchronous Motors
 Objectives

1- List the different types of split-phase motors.

2- Discuss the operation of split-phase motors.
3- Discuss the start winding and the run winding.
 Single – Phase Induction Motor Applications

The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used

motor for:

1- Refrigerators,
2- Washing Machines,
3- Clocks,
4- Drills,
5- Compressors,
6- Pumps, etc.
 Construction of Single –Phase I.M

Construction of single - phase induction motor are stator and

rotor. The stator of single-phase IM has a laminated iron core
with two windings arranged perpendicularly in space. One is the
main and the other one is called the auxiliary winding or starting
winding as showing in the figure (1).
The motor uses a squirrel cage rotor, which has a laminated iron
core with slots as shown in figure (2). Aluminum bars are molded
on the slots and short-circuited at both ends with a ring.
 General Introduction
 Unlike a 3-phase IM, a single-phase IM is not self starting, but it
requires some starting means (Why?). The single-phase stator
winding produces a magnetic field that it pulsates in strength in a
sinusoidal manner. The field polarity reverses after each half cycle,
but the field does not rotate. Consequently, the alternating flux
cannot produce rotation in a stationary squirrel-cage rotor. However,
if the rotor of a single - phase IM is rotated in one direction by some
mechanical means, it will continue to run in the direction of rotation.
 In fact, the rotor quickly accelerates until it reaches a speed slightly
below the synchronous speed. Once the motor is running at this
speed, it will continue to rotate even though single-phase current is
flowing through the stator winding. This method of starting is
generally not convenient for large motors. Nor can it be employed fur
a motor located at some inaccessible spot
 Basics for Single-Phase Induction Motor

The pulsating flux

produced by the main
winding can be resolved
into two counter rotating
components.
Figure 3 shows single-phase IM having a squirrel cage rotor and a
single phase distributed stator windings. Such a motor inherently
does not develop any starting torque and, therefore, will not start to
rotate if the stator winding is connected to single-phase a.c. supply.
However, if the rotor is started by auxiliary means, the motor will
quickly attain the rated speed. This behavior of single-phase IM can
be explained on the basis of double-revolving field theory.

Figure 3: Single-phase induction motor

 Principle of Operating for a Single – Phase I.M

The single-phase induction motor operation can be described by

double revolving field theory.
Double Revolving Field Theory:
• A single-phase ac voltage supplies the main winding that
produces a magnetic field change with time around one access
so that this field call as pulsating field. The currents which
generated due to this field in rotor be in right side reverse to left
side , the total torque equal zero as shown in figure 4.

Figure 4: Single-phase motor main winding generates two rotating fields

 Double Revolving Field Theory

 Mathematically, the pulsating field could be divided into two

fields, which are rotating in opposite directions.
 The pulsating filed is divided a forward and reverse rotating field
 Motor is started in the direction of forward rotating field this
generates small (1%) positive slip.

 Reverse rotating field generates a larger (1.95%) negative slip.

This implies that a small positive slip (0.01–0.03) generates

larger torque than a large negative slip (1.95 – 1.99).
• The interaction between the fields and the current induced in
the rotor bars generates opposing torque .
 Double Revolving Field Theory

 Under these conditions, with only the main field energized the
motor will not start
 The single phase IM can be satisfy after put auxiliary winding in
slots of stator to shift the EMF .
The auxiliary winding and main winding connect in parallel
together and with supply.
 When the rotor move with speed until the synchronous speed
the auxiliary winding will open from connection after few seconds.
 Double Revolving Field Theory

o If the rotor is given an initial rotation in either direction, the torque due to the
rotating field acting in the direction of initial rotation coil will be more than that
due to the other rotating field and the motor will develop a net positive torque in
the same direction as the initial rotation.
o Thus, the motor will keep running in the direction of initial rotation.
o According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two
rotating components which rotate in opposite directions and each having
magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
o In case of single phase induction motors, the stator winding produces an
alternating magnetic field having maximum magnitude of Φ1m.
o According to double revolving field theory, consider the two components of the
stator flux, each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of stator flux i.e.
(Φ1m/2). Both these components are rotating in opposite directions at the
synchronous speed Ns which is dependent on frequency and stator poles.
o Let Φf is forward component rotating in anticlockwise direction while Φb is the
backward component rotating in clockwise direction. The resultant of these two
components at any instant gives the instantaneous value of the stator flux at the
instant. So resultant of these two is the original stator flux.
 Double Revolving Field Theory

fig shows the stator flux and its two components Φf and Φb. At
start both the components are shown opposite to each other in the
Fig.1(a). Thus the resultant ΦR = 0. This is nothing, but the
instantaneous value of the stator flux at start. After 90o , as shown
in the Fig. 1(b), the two components are rotated in such a way that
both are pointing in the same direction. Hence the resultant ΦR is
the algebraic sum of the magnitudes of the two components. So
ΦR = (Φ1m/2) + (Φ1m/2) =Φ1m. The instantaneous value of the stator
flux at θ = 90o as shown in the Fig 1(c). Thus continuous rotation of
the two components gives the original alternating stator flux.
 Torque - Speed Characteristics

Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the motor
conductors. Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f. gets induced in rotor which
circulates rotor current. The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux
interacts with forward component Φf to produce a torque in one
particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts
with backward component Φb to produce a torque in the clockwise
direction. So if anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is
negative.

At start these two torque are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction. Thus
net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start. And hence the single
phase induction motors are not self starting (Why?).
 Torque / Speed Characteristics

The two oppositely directed torques and the resultant

torque can be shown effectively with the help of torque-
speed characteristics.
Thank you for your attention

Any Question