Table of content.

Page

Abstract….………………………………………………………………………………….4

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Definition of pressure vessel………………………………………........5

1.2 History background of pressure vessel………………………………6

1.3 Application of pressure vessel…………………………………………..7

1.4 Material selection for pressure vessel………………………………7

1.5 Components of pressure vessel……………………………………….12

1.6 Fabrication and manufacturing process……………………………14

1.7 Inspection………………………………………………………………………...16

1.8 Testing……………………………………………………………………………..16

1.9 Maintenances for Pressure Vessels…………………………………..17

Chapter 2: Literature

2.1 Design pressure…………………………………………………………………….18

2.2 Design temperature………………………………………………………………18

2.3 stress (nominal design strength)…………………………………………….19

2.4 Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories………………19

2.5 Corrosion allowance…………………………………………………………….20

2.6 Thickness…………………………………………………………………………………21

Chapter 3: Objectives

3.1 main objectives……………………………………………………………………….223.2specific

objective……………………………………………………………………..22

Chapter 4: Methodology …………………………………………23

Chapter 5: Design of pressure vessel

5.1Design of cylindrical shell………………………………………………………..25

5.1.1 Design pressure…………………………………………………………………..25

5.1.2 Design temperature……………………………………………………………26

5.1.3 Material selection………………………………………………………………26

5.1.4 Design stress……………………………………………………………………..26

5.1.5 Welded joint efficiency………………………………………………………27

5.1.6 Corrosion allowance…………………………………………………………..27

5.2 Design of head………………………………………………………………………31

5.2.1 Stress analysis for the ellipsoidal head………………………………..33

5.3 design of nozzle…………………………………………………………………….36

5.4 Design of saddles…………………………………………………………………..45

Chapter 6: Result and discussion

6.1 Result and discussion……………………………………………………………51

6.2 Cost analysis………………………………………………………………………….56

6.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….59

6.4 Result and discussion…………………………………………………………….60

6.5Reference……………………………………………………………………………….61
ABSTRACT: This project deals with design and analysis of horizontal pressure vessel and also
thickness optimization of vessel. Pressure vessel is a container for confining fluid at elevated temperature
and pressure. In the design of
pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of possible accidents. Efforts
are made in this project to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes & standards to legalize the
design. Here we design the pressure vessel with ASME Section VIII, Division 1,2013.Finite element
analysis of the pressure vessel has been done in ANSYS. Static structural analysis of the vessel has been
done by applying the internal pressure, standard earth gravity, and also by fixing both the legs. Thickness
optimization of the pressure vessel is also done in ANSYS.
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition of pressure vessel
A pressure vessel : -is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure

Tanks, vessel and pipelines that carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel. Pressure vessel is
defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The inside pressure is
usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of
steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often
has a combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or
highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no
leakage can occur. In addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating temperature
and pressure.

Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical vessels are generally
preferred because of they present simple manufacturing problem and make better use of the available
space. Boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactor and so on, are generally cylindrical. Spherical vessels
have the advantages of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter than the equivalent
cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquids container, containment buildings for nuclear
plant and so on. In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, especially for nuclear
reactor vessels, due the potential impact of a possible accident.
1.2 History Background Of pressure Vessel
Engineers play a key role in the development of our society, contributing towards building the economy
and inspiring changes that improve on the quality of life. They possess the ability to comprehend
technological processes and creative thinking skills which can help in the solving of the present problems
in both business and the industrial world. Due to global and technological changes in the world today
there is a need for research and
development activities to help counter this, and this can be in terms of complete or slight changes from
the existing technology and all this work requires an engineer.
In an effort to improve the quality of life pressure vessel was invented which used in a variety of
applications in both industry and the private sector.
The earliest documented design of pressure vessels is described in the book Codex Madrid I, by Leonardo
da Vinci, in 1495, where containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weights underwater,[1]
however vessels resembling what are used today did not come about until the 1800s where steam was
generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution.[1] However, with poor material quality and
manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there
was a large number of damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure
vessels, with a death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States.[1] Local providences and
states in the US began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating
vessel failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to
keep up with the varied rules from one location to another and the first.
pressure vessel code was developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to
10,000 psi (69 MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound
with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps
longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and temperature
vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of
rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in 1920s and 1930s the
BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction, and welding is the main means of
joining metal vessels today.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The pressure vessel may be classified as follows
1. According to dimension
The pressure vessel according to their dimension may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall
thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d) then it is called a thin shell. Thin
shells are used in boilers, tankers and pipes. Whereas thick shell are used in high pressure cylinders
tanker and gun barrier.
Another criteria to classify the pressure vessel as a thick or thick shell is the internal fluid pressure and
the allowable stress. If the internal fluid pressure is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress then it is called
a thin shell on the other hand, if the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress
then it is said to be a thick shell.
2.According to end construction
The pressure vessel according to the end construction may be classified as open end or closed end.
A simple cylinder with a piston such as cylinder of a press is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of
vessel having open end the circumferential or hoop stress are induced by the fluid pressure where as in
case of closed end longitudinal stress in addition to circumferential stress are induced.
3. According to their geometric shape.
A .Cylindrical pressure vessel
This type of a vessel designed with a fixed radius and thickness subjected to an internal gage
pressure. This vessel has an axial symmetry. The cylindrical vessels are generally preferred, since they
present simpler manufacturing problems and make better use of the available space. Boiler drums, heat
exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on.
Advantage of cylindrical pressure vessel
 It is easier to fabrication
 They are probably cheaper to construction
They pack more efficiently in to rectangular structure such as boxes and building.
B. Spherical pressure vessel
This type of pressure vessels are known as thin walled vessels. This forms the most typical
application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a class of common engineering problems involving stress in
a thin plate. Spherical vessels have the advantage of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and
diameter than the equivalent cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquid containers, gas-
cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so on.
Advantages of spherical pressure vessel
 For the same material design pressure a spherical vessel will require only have the wall
thickness as a cylindrical vessel.
 Spherical vessels have the advantage of holding the largest volume per unit surface area
of the container.
4. According to the direction of force acting on the wall of the vessel
A, Those subjected to internal pressure
B, Those subjected to external pressure
5.According to material
The material may be brittle or ductile and the criteria of design and failure of the pressure vessel will be
chosen accordingly. The vessel are made of shear stress by riveting and welding of cast iron by casting
and non-ferrous alloys by riveting on by casting the vessel may be constructed of stainless steel of
corrosion testing lining may be provided for vessels used in chemical apparatus or requirement
apparatus.

1.4 APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors as industry compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tankers.
Pressure vessels are also used in a number of industries. For example the power generation industry for
fossil and nuclear power the petro chemical industry for storing and processing curt petroleum oil in
tanker farms as well as storing gasoline in service stations. There use has expand thought the world from
the large cylindrical vessel used for high pressure storage to the small sized used as hydraulic units for
air craft.
Pressure vessels in industries sector used as a storage vessel like.
Petroleum refining
Chemical reactor
Nuclear power
Food beverage
Storage vessels for liquefied gasses such as ammonia, chlorine, propane,
Butane etc

1.5 MATERIALS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

The material that are used in pressure vessel construction are
Non furious metal such as aluminum and cupper
Specially metal such as titanium and bromine
Carbon and low alloy steel
High alloy steel
Nonmetallic material such as plastic composites and concretes
Ductile iron casting
Stain less steel
Material Selection criteria
The main factors that influence material selection are:
Strength
Corrosion Resistance
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack
Fracture Toughness
Fabric ability
cost
maintenance
Other factors that influence material selection are cost, availability, and ease of maintainace.

Strength
Strength is a material's ability to withstand an imposed force or stress. Strength is a significant factor in
the material selection for a particular application. Strength
Determines how thick a component must be to withstand the imposed loads.
The overall strength of a material is determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile strengcriterep and
rupture strengths.
corrosion Resistance
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by chemical action. A material's resistance to corrosion is
probably the most important factor that influences its selection for a specific application.
The most common method that is used to address corrosion in pressure vessels is to specify a corrosion
allowance. A corrosion allowance is supplemental metal thickness that is added to the minimum
thickness that is required to resist the applied loads. This added thickness compensates for thinning (i.e.,
corrosion) that will take place during service.

Resistance to Hydrogen Attack

At temperatures from approximately 300°F to 400°F, monatomic hydrogen diffuses into voids that are
normally present in steel. In these voids, the monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen, which
cannot diffuse out of the steel. If this hydrogen diffusion 81 continues, pressure can build to high levels
within the steel, and the steel can crack.
At elevated temperatures, over approximately 600°F, monatomic hydrogen not only causes cracks to
form but also attacks the steel.
Hydrogen attack differs from corrosion in that damage occurs throughout the thickness of the
component, rather than just at its surface, and occurs without any metal loss. In addition, once
hydrogen attack has occurred, the metal cannot be repaired and must be replaced.
Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness refers to the ability of a material to withstand conditions that Could cause a brittle
fracture. The fracture toughness of a material can be determined by the magnitude of the impact energy
that is required to fracture a specimen using Chirpy V-notch test. Generally speaking, the fracture
toughness of a material decreases as the temperature decreases (i.e., it behaves more like glass). The
fracture toughness at a given temperature varies with different steels and with different manufacturing
and fabrication processes.
Material selection must confirm that the material has adequate fracture toughness at the lowest
expected metal temperature. It is especially important for material selection to eliminate the risk of
brittle fracture since a brittle fracture is catastrophic in nature.
It occurs without warning the first time the necessary combination of critical
Size defect, low enough temperature, and high enough stress occurs
Fabric ability
• Ease of construction
• Any required special fabrication practices
• Material must be weld able

1.6 Material for pressure vessel in helium medium

Helium: is an inert gas which causes high pressure on it container , when environmental
condition is change
 It has vary nuclear bending energy 8
 It is highly compressible
 It will solidify with sufficient pressure
 It boiling point is the lowest among all the element
 It will remain liquid down to absolute zero at normal pressure
  The density and viscosity of helium vapor are vary low o It has low solubility
Based on helium properties or medium properties the material selection well be from the following
Metal
Ceramic
Polymers
Composite
There are many factures supported by experience and test results that must be considered in
selecting the most suitable materials are
Strength
Cost
Corrosion resistance
Resistance to hydrogen attack
Fracture toughness
Fabric ability
Availability 10
Ease to maintenance Based on strength metal is beast for design pressure vessel but which type of
metal
1. Aluminum
I s easily machinable ; has wide variety of surface finishes.
High strength-to-weight ratio (high specific strength) owing to low density.
High Corrosion resistant .
It low temperature welded.
2. Copper
Is soft and malleable.
Difficult to machine.
Very high electrical conductivity.
Excellent thermal conductivity .
3. Brass
Is the most common alloy of Cu.
Has higher ductility than copper or zinc.
Easy to cast.
 Used to make musical instruments (good ductility and acoustic properties).
 Low Stronger than bronze with good corrosion and tensile properties. 
4. Titanium
Excellent corrosion resistance.
High strength to weight ratio.
Cast using a vacuum furnace.
Oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen can cause titanium to become more brittle.
5. Low alloy steel
Better strength and hardness than carbon steel
It has heat treated.
It used to construction material.
6. Stainless steel
High corrosion resistance.
High strength due to precipitation hardening
. Can be heat treated
7. Mild steel
 It is ductile and malleability.
It has high strength.
It low carbon content.
High corrosion resistance.
It is weldability and machinability.
8. Low carbon steel
Least expensive.
Good Weldability and machinability.
Greatest quantity produced.

9. Medium Carbon Steel

Have low hardenability.

Have lower ductility.
Used in tempered condition and heat treated.
10. High Carbon Steel
High C content provides high hardness and strength.
Hardest and least ductile.
Used in hardened and tempered condition.
Wear resistance property.
Out of those material listed above based on the criteria listed from 1-10, mild steel ,stainless steel
,low alloy steel and aluminum are mast suitable materials for design of horizontal pressure vessel. 12
1.7 Components of Pressure Vessel
The main pressure vessel components are as follow:
Shell
The shell is the main component of any vessels that contains the pressure. Material of shell normally
come in plate or rolled steel. Commonly, some pressure vessel shells has a rotational axis and be welded
together to form a structure. Most pressure vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.

Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads. Heads that usually used are typically in
curved rather than flat. Configurations of curved shape stronger and let the pressure vessel's heads to
be thinner, lighter and less expensive rather than flat heads. Inside a vessel, heads can also be used.
Heads are usually can be categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, tori spherical, conical,
tori conical and flat are the common types of heads. Ellipsoidal would be the most common type of
heads, which is used during the designing of a new pressure vessel.
Nozzles
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates and mounts whether at the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel surface. The nozzle ends are generally flanged. Flanges function is to allow the necessary
connections. Flanges also use to permit easy disassembly for routines maintenance or easy access.
Nozzles commonly are used for the following applications
Attach piping for flow inlet or outlet of the vessel.
Attach instrument connections such as level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges.
Provide access to the vessel interior at manholes.
Provide for direct attachment of heat exchanger or mixer.
Nozzles sometimes extended into the vessel interior for some applications, such as for inlet flow
distribution or to permit the entry of thermo wells.
Support
The type of support that is designed and used depends on the orientation of the pressure vessel
whether horizontally or vertically. In any situation, the pressure vessel support must be enough to
support the applied weight and other loads. Design pressure of the vessel is not being considered in the
design of its support because the support is not be pressurized. But, design temperature should be
considered for support design. It should be considered from the perspective of material selection and
provision for differential thermal expansion
Skirt Support
This type of support generally been used for tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels. This type of
support is a cylindrical shell section which is be weld either to the bottom of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head for the cylindrical vessels. Skirt support for spherical vessel is welded to the vessel near the
mid plane of the shell. The skirt is normally design long enough to provide flexibility so that radial
thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
Leg Support
Small vertical drums are normally supported by legs that are welded to the bottom of the pressure shell.
The maximum ratio of support provides for leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of
legs is designed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also usually
designed for spherical pressure vessels. The support legs for small vertical vessels and spherical storage
vessels normally made from high carbon material such as structural steel columns or pipe Saddle
Saddle Support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support. It spreads over a large area
of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at support point one saddle support is
anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum
Lug Support
Lugs are welded to the pressure vessel shell which may also use to support vertical pressure vessel. The
use of legs typically limited to vessels small to medium diameter. Lug supports are often used for vessels
of his size that are located above grade within structural steel

1.7 Fabrication and manufacturing process

Fabrication must consider the change in materials properties that will result from the fabrication
procedure that will send and must prepare the material purchase specification to allow for these
changes
Fabrication may perform supplemental tests required to firm that the material properties specified in
the pressure vessel. Specification will be obtained in the completed vessel.
In fabrication process the fabrication must be recognize that forming, welding and the post weld heat
treatment can significantly alter the properties of the material after has been received from the supplier
and also the fabrication should account for this forming cause deformation that can reduce the
thickness of the plant.
And there are classifications, in fabrication of pressure vessel. Such as:
Head fabrication: head fabrication by “pressing” of formed heads process. elliptical and
spherical heads formed from one piece of plate of the required thickness is cut out to a circular shape
with a diameter larder enough to provide out the material required for formed head
Cylindrical shell fabrication: shell fabrication by “rolling and welding” process. Plate
the required thickness is cut out to the size required for the diameter of the vessel and length of ring
course. Machines on the plate edge after the plate is cut to size must remove all shear damaged
materials.

1.9 Inspection
Each pressure vessel is inspecting authority during construction.
The standard specifies the stages from material reception, through to completed vessel at which
inspection by this authority is mandatory.
Inspection need to be carried out for new vessel and regularly once operation begins.
The simplest is a visual inspection for crack or defect on surface.
It is also the cheapest, requirement only an inspector.

1.10 Testing
They are two types of testing
Nondestructive tests (NDTs): a wide group of analysis techniques used in science and
industry to evaluate the property of material, components or system without causing damage.
Typical tests include
Visual inspection (VT)
Liquid penetrate (PT)
Magnetic particle inspection (MT)
Ultrasonic testing (UT)
Radiographic testing (RT)

Leak testing methods: containers, vessels, enclosures or other fluid system are sometimes
tested for leaks, to see if there is any leakage and to find where the leaks are so corrective action can be
taken. There are many different methods for pressure and leak testing in the field.
Some typical examples
Hydrostatic testing
Pneumatics or gaseous-fluid testing
Initial service testing
Vacuum testing
Static head testing
Halogen and helium leak detection test.
If pressure equipment fails in use, its can seriously injure or kill people nearby and Cause serious
damage to property. Since in vessel design maintenance must be considered carefully as even a small
imperfection increases the risk of pressure vessel failure, so as a professional, we have a duty to provide
a safe work place and safe work equipment. Designers, manufactures, suppliers, installers, users and
owners are also having duties.
1.10 MENTENACE OF PRESSURE VESSEL
If pressure equipment fails in use, its can seriously injure or kill people nearby and Cause serious
damage to property. Since in vessel design maintenance must be considered carefully as even a small
imperfection increases the risk of pressure vessel failure, so as a professional, we have a duty to provide
a safe work place and safe work equipment. Designers, manufactures, suppliers, installers, users and
owners are also having duties. 20

The principal causes of incidents will be attained due to:

Poor maintenance of equipment
Unsafe system of work
Poor equipment and system design
Poor installation
Inadequate repairs or modifications
Operator error
Poor training or supervision

Because of above courses of incidents, the main hazards are:

Fire resulting from the escape of flammable liquids or gases
Impact from an explosion or release of compressing liquid or gases
Contact with released liquid or gas, such as steam.
Impact from parts of equipment that fail or any flying parts

Therefore for reduce or minimize the damage of pressure vessel

Provide safe and suitable equipment
The pressure system should make sure that the vessel, pipes and valves have been made of suitable
material for the liquid or gases they will contain.
Know the operating conditions
Know what liquid or gas is being contained, stored or processed. Such as: its toxic or flammable
Carry out suitable maintenance
All pressure vessel equipment and systems should be properly maintained. They should be a
maintenance program for the system as a whole.
Look for signs of wear and corrosion.

Chapter two : LITERATURE

2.1 Design Pressure
A vessel must be designed to with stand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected in
operation for vessel under internal pressure. The design pressure is normally taken as the pressure at
which the relief device is set.
This will normally be 5% to 10% above the normal working pressure to avoided spurious operation
during minor process upsets. When deciding the design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of
the column should be added to the operating pressure. Pressure vessel subject to external pressure
should be designed to resist the maximum differential pressure that is likely to occur in service.

PD=IP+ IP* (5-10%) where PD=design pressure

 IP=internal pressure

2.2 Design Temperature

If temperature is increasing, the strength of material is decreasing by nature. Therefore the minimum
allowable design will depend on the t temperature. So the design temperature at which the design
stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material.

°F=9/5°C +32 Where-°F = Degree Ferranit

- °C = Degree Celsius

2.3 Design Stress

For design purpose it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable stress (nominal design
strength) that can be accepted in the material of construction.
This is determined by applying suitable factor of safety to the maximum stress that the material could be
expected to withstand without failure under standard test conditions. The design stress factor allows for
uncertainty in the design methods, the loadings the quality of the materials, and the workmanship.
For materials not subjected to high temperatures the design stress is based on yield stress (or proof
stress) or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at the design temperature.
2.4 Welded joint efficiency ,and construction categories

The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding.

The soundness of welds is checked by:

visual inspection and

Non-destructive testing (radiography).

The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is usually allowed for in
design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by a “welded joint factor” J. The value
of the joint factor used in design will depend on the type of joint and amount of radiography required by
the design code.

Degree of radiography
Type of joint 100% spot none

Double welded butt 1.0 0.85 0.7

or equivalent

Single weld butt joint 0.9 0.80 0.65

with bonding strips
2.5 Corrosion allowance

The “corrosion allowance” is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material
Lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling (see Chapter 7). The allowance to be used should
Be agreed between the customer and manufacturer. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon,
And it is not possible to give specific rules for the estimation of the corrosion allowance
Required for all circumstances. The allowance should be based on experience with the
Material of construction under similar service conditions to those for the proposed design.
For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a minimum
Allowance of 2.0 mm should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this
Should be increased to 4.0 mm. Most design codes and standards specify a minimum
Allowance of 1.0 mm.

2. 6 Thickness
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to
withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads. As a general guide the wall thickness of any vessel
should not be less than the values given below; the values include a corrosion allowance of 2 mm

Vessel diameter(m) Minimum thickness (mm)

1 5
1 to 2 7
2 to 2.5 9
2.5 to 3 10
3 to 3.5 12
Chapter Three 3: Objectives

3.1 main objectives

The main objective of this project is design and analysis horizontal

pressure vessel based on ASME code section and the given data.
i.e Internal pressure of 11MPa and medium of helium.
3.2 Specific objective
In the design of pressure vessel safety is consideration, due the potential impact
of possible accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure
vessel.
The objectives of the project are:
Select a material with desired properties for the design of a pressure
To come up with a design procedure for the design of a pressure vessel.
To design cylindrical shell
To design ellipsoidal head.
To design nozzle.
To design saddle support.

Chapter Four: Methodology

Methodology is the science of studding and understanding how design project is done syntactically.
Depend on methodology of pressure vessel. The data I used in this project are collected by different
methods of data collection. Those are:;
1. Primary data collection
2. Secondary data collection

1: primary data collection

 By asking friends, and teachers
 By group discussion
 By gathering information from library
 By search from area
2: secondary collection
 By using text book
 By watching video from you tube
 By search from goggle

Chapter Five : Design of pressure vessel
Design data: Internal pressure= 11 MPa
Medium = Helium

Position = Horizontal

Support = Saddle

5.1 Design of cylindrical shell

The shell is the primary components contain the pressure vessel. Pressure vessel shell in form of
different plates welded together to form of structure that has common rotational axis and most
pressure vessel shell are cylindrical, spherical, and conical.

A vessel must be designed to with stand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be subjected to in
operation and it is given by

PD= IP +IP(5-10%) Where PD = design presser

IP = Internal pressure

PD = 11MPa + 11MPa(10%)

PD=12.1MPa

5.1.2 Design temperature

The strength of metals degreaser with increase temperature so, the maximum allowable design stress
will depend on the material temperature at which the design stress is evaluated. Taking the design
temperature at room temperature of 35 °.

But °F =9/5 °C + 32 where °F = Degree Ferranti

= 9/5(35°) + 32 °C= Degree Celsius

= 95°F
5.1.3 Material selection
Selection of a suitable material must be taken in to account the suitability of the material of the material
for fabrication as well as the computability of the material with the process environment. It used to high
strength and ductile milled steel because it has low cost and have better strength than the other like
aluminum and high carbon steel in addition to this high allowable stress and it doesn’t suffer than
corrosion.

5.1.4 Design stress

For design purpose it is necessary to decide value for maximum allowable stress that can be accepted in
the material of constriction. From the typical design stress table we can get the stress.

Allowable stress = 480MPa

Tensile strength = 350MPa

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of softy=
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

480
=
350

Factor of softy= 1.37

Optimum vessel proportion

Since the internal pressure is greater than 500 psiG then L/D ratio is 5.

1MPa =145.04psiG

11MPa =?
11𝑀𝑃𝑎×145.04𝑝𝑠𝑖𝐺
=
1𝑀𝑃𝑎

= 1595𝑝𝑠𝑖𝐺

Source: pressure vessel manual, 1st edition in page 89

 𝐿
Presser ratio
𝐷
0-250 3
250-500 4
>500 5

5.1.5 Welded joint efficiency

By assuming table welded but or equivalent the welded joint efficiency well be 100% i.e E= 1 because it
implies that the joint is equally as strong as the virgin plat.

5.1.6 Corrosion allowance

For most design code and standard specify a minimum allowance of 1mm i.e C= 1mm.

Method 1; F1=PD/SEPD=design pressure where; Fn=vess el ratio

C=corrosion resistant

S=allowable stress

E=joint efficiency

Method 2;

F2=C(SE/PD-0.6)

Diameter for different L/D ratio

LD D
3 ∛6V/5𝜋
4 ∛12V/13𝜋
5 ∛3V/4𝜋

480𝑀𝑃𝑎
F2= 1𝑚𝑚( − 0.6)
12.1𝑀𝑃𝑎

F2 = 39.06mm
 But 1inch= 2.54 cm

F2 = 3.906cm
1𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ×3.906𝑐𝑚
F2 = =0.668 inch
2.54

from the graph of jowedeket chemical engineering of method 2 for different the optimum l/D ratio we
can get the volume of shell

V = 14𝑓𝑡 3 where V = volume of shell

But 1 inch = 0.02837 𝑚3 D = indide diameter of shell

14𝑓𝑡 3 = V(𝑚3 )
14𝑓𝑡 3 × 0.02837 𝑚3
V(𝑚3 ) = L/D=5 L=D5
1𝑓𝑡 3

=0.396𝑚3 L= 5(.45)

L= 2.277m

Now we can determine the inside diameter of shell Since L/D=5

3 3×0.396𝑚3
D= √( )
4𝜋

D= 0.45m

Thick cylinder shell

Vessel with internal pressure higher than 3000psi and the ratio of t/R increases 0.5 the thickness in
a thick cylinder lamias equation is given by

(PD/Ro2 + Ri2 )
SE= where PD = Design presser
Ro2 + Ri2

E= welded joint efficiency

S= Allowable stress

RO= outside radius of the shell

 R = inside radius of the shell

By substituting the relationship RO=R + t in to the above expression

𝑆𝐸+𝑃𝐷
t = R[√ − 1 ]+C Were t = thickness of shell
𝑆𝐸−𝑃𝐷

C= corrosion allowance

455 480MPa+12.1
t= [√ − 1] +1
2 480MPa−12.1

t= 6.65+1

t= 7.65mm
Now we can determine the outside diameter of the shell

DO =D+2t DO= Outside diameter of the shell

where

DO= 455 + 2(7.65) D= inside diameter of the shell

D0=470.3mm t =thickness of the hell
Stress analysis for the shell According to maximum stress theory We find the
tangential stress at the inner surface of the shell

According to lame’s equation

(PD[Ro + Ri ])
2 2

𝜎t(max) = , Where 𝜎t = tangential stress

Ro2 − Ri2

PD= Design pressure =12.1 MPa

Ro= outside diameter of shell

𝐷𝑜 470.30
Ro = = =235.15mm
2 2
 𝐷 455
Ri= inside diameter of shell = = = 227.5 mm
2 2
235.152 + 227.52 107051.7725
𝜎t(max) = 12.1[ 235.152 − 227.52
] =12.1[
3539.2725
]

𝜎t(max) = 42.34MPa
Since 𝜎t = 42.34MPa< 480MPa(allowable stress)
Design is safe.

According to maximum shear stress theory

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥= 𝜎t(max)−𝜎r(min)
2

Whereτmax= maximum shear stress

𝜎t(max)= maximum principal stress at the inner surface

𝜎r(min)= minimum principal stress at the outer surface

PD(Ro2+R2)
+𝑃𝐷
Ro2−R2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥=
2

12.1(235.152 +227.52 )
+12.1
235.152 −227.52
𝜏 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =189.04MPa
𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 480
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥< ( )
2 2

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =189.04MPa< 240

THERFORE OUR DESIGN IS SAFE.
5.2 Design of head
All pressure vessels shell must be closed at the end by the heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel
are closed by head. Various shapes

Hemispherical head
Ellipsoidal head
Conical head &
Flat head

My design of head is ellipsoidal head.

Most standard ellipsoidal shell is manufactured with a major of all the following equation can
be calculated required thickness to calculate. The thickness
Pd D K
t= +C Where K= 1/6(2+ (a/b)2 a = 2(major axis) b = 1(minor
2SE−0.2Pd
axis)
K= 1
12.15×45
t= +1 t= thickness of head pressure
2(480×1−0.2×12.1)
t = 6.57 +1 D= internal diameter of shell
t = 7.57mm S= stress
E= joint efficiency
C= corrosion allowance
Pd= design pressure

E= joint efficiency

It used ellipsoidal head because its thickness is fit to the thickness of t

he shell than the other head type.

he shell than the other head type.

5.2.1 Stress analysis for the ellipsoidal head A latitudinal

(hoop) stress in the knuckle become compressive when the ratio
exceed 1-42: these head will fall ether elastic or plastic back ting
depending on the