“A Study on Coal Production in India: 2020 Road Ahead”

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 INTRODUCTION
The history of coal mining goes back thousands of years. It became important in
the Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to
power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as
an important economic activity today. Compared to wood fuels, coal yields a higher
amount of energy per mass and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not
readily available. Though it was used historically 44as a domestic fuel, coal is now used
mostly in industry, especially in smelting and alloy production as well as electricity
generation. Large-scale coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution, and
coal provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation in
industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy
source because of its low cost and abundance compared to other fuels, particularly for
electricity generation. Coal is also mined today on a large scale by open pit methods
wherever the coal strata strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed
the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with
further progress being driven by 19th century and early 20th century progress.
However, oil and its associated fuels began to be used as alternatives from the 1860s
onward.

By the late 20th century, coal was, for the most part, replaced in domestic as well
as industrial and transportation usage by oil, natural gas or electricity produced from oil,
gas, nuclear power or renewable energy sources. By 2010, coal produced over a fourth
of the world's energy, and by 2050 it is expected to produce about a third.

Since 1890, coal mining has also been a political and social issue. Coal miners'
labour and trade unions became powerful in many countries in the 20th century, and
often, the miners were leaders of the Left or Socialist movements (as in Britain,
Germany, Poland, Japan, Canada and the U.S.). Since 1970, environmental issues
have been increasingly important, including the health of miners, destruction of the
landscape from strip mines and mountaintop removal, air pollution, and coal
combustion's contribution to global warming.

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COAL SECTOR IN INDIA

Commercial use of coal in India is said to have started about two thousand years
ago at place close to regions in the eastern part of the country. In 1774, Summer &
Heatley applied to M/s. East India Company to raise coal in Raniganj coalfield
along the Western Bank of river Damodar. However, coal mining did not receive
adequate attention due to its inferior quality as compared to the quality of coal in UK.
For some time, coal mining activities in India were at low ebb. However, coal
mining received a thrust with the setting up of a rail link between Howrah and Raniganj
in 1853.

The monopoly of M/s. East India Company was abolished in 1813 and this paved
way for rapid inroad of private commercial organizations in coal sector too. In 1843, M/s.
Bengal Coal Company Limited was registered as a first joint stock company. Steam
engines were introduced during this period and demand of coal continued to grow.

Since 1920, a number of commissions & committees made observations on

the question of conservation and winning of coal, safety of mines etc. which led
to introduction of regulations and controls of the coal industry, in some form or
other, in India. All the regulations and controls were directed towards state ownership of
the coal mines in the country. Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL)
established in 1920 as a public limited company, has the distinction of being the
first Government owned Coal Company in the country in 1945. In fact, in 1945,
Nizam of Hyderabad bought majority of the shares of the company and brought the
company under the State of Hyderabad. From 1945 to 1949, the Hyderabad
Construction Company Limited worked as Managing Agent of SCCL.

In 1949 this function was entrusted to Industrial Trust Fund by the then
Government of Hyderabad. Pursuant to the reorganization of States in 1956, the
controlling interest of the company devolved on the Government of Telangana. Thus,
SCCL became a Government Company under the Companies Act in 1956. SCCL is
now a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India
sharing its equity in 51:49 ratio respectively. SCCL is having 9806.52 MT of proved
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reserves in the Pranahita – Godavari Valley. SCCL is presently operating 16 Opencast
Mines and 31 Underground Mines in the four districts of Telangana with manpower of
58,214.Naini coal block in the Angul district of Odisha was allotted to SCCL in August
2015 for which premining activities are in progress.
Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited, a “Navratna” company with its registered
office at Chennai and corporate office at Neyveli in Tamilnadu is a pioneer among the
public sector undertakings in the energy sector.

In 1956, National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC) came into

existence as a Government of India Undertaking with the collieries owned by the
railways as its nucleus. During the sixties, the coal industry passed through a period of
cheap availability of oil. The situation, however, took a radical turn in the seventies due
to spiraling up of oil prices resulting in hike in coal demand.

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 NATIONALISATION OF COAL MINES

Coal mines in India were nationalized in 1972-73 with the objectives of

reorganising and restructuring of coal mines in the back drop of the then existing
unsatisfactory mining conditions, violation of mine safety norms, industrial unrest,
inadequate capital investments in mine development, reluctance to mechanise the
mining, etc. It also aimed at meeting the long range coal requirements of the country.

The nationalisation was done in two phases, the first with the
nationalization of the coking coal mines in 1971-72 and then with the nationalization
of the non-coking coal mines in 1973. The Coking Coal Mines (Emergency
Provisions) Ordinance was promulgated by the Government of India on 16.10.1971
under which except the captive mines of TISCO and IISCO, the management of
all coking coal mines was taken over by the Government. A new company called
Bharat Coking Coal Limited was formed as a subsidiary company of Steel
Authority of India Limited to manage the taken over mines. These mines were
subsequently nationalized w.e.f. 1.5.1972. Later on the management of 711 coal
mines was also taken over by the Government with effect from 31.1.1973 and they
were nationalized w.e.f. 1.5.1973 and a new Government Company namely, Coal
Mines Authority Limited (CMAL) with headquarters at Calcutta, was set up by the
Government in May, 1973 to manage the non-coking coal mines. The CMAL was
organised as a unitary structure on divisional pattern with four Divisions, the
Central Division, the Eastern Division, the Western Division and the CMPDIL. The
mines of erstwhile National Coal Development Corporation were brought under the
Central Division of the CMAL. In September, 1975 Coal India Limited (CIL) was
formed as a Holding Company with five subsidiaries namely Bharat Coking Coal
Limited (BCCL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Eastern Coalfields Limited
(ECL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL) and Central Mine Planning and Design
Institute Limited (CMPDIL).

In view of the projected increase in production and investment contemplated

for CCL and WCL group of coal mines and in view of their extensive geographical

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spread resulting in day to day administrative, technical and communication
problems etc. two more coal companies, namely, Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL)
with headquarters at Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh) and South Eastern Coalfields
Limited (SECL) with headquarters at Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh) were formed w.e.f.
28.11.1985

Considering the prospects of Orissa Coalfields, being the growth centre for
the VIII and IX Plan periods, a new coal company was formed bifurcating South
Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL). The new company, Mahanadi Coalfields
Limited (MCL) was incorporated on 3rd April, 1992 with its headquarters at
Sambalpur (Orissa) as fully owned subsidiary of Coal India Limited to manage the
Talcher and IB-Valley Coalfields in Orissa.

CIL have now 8 subsidiaries viz.

1. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Dhanbad, Jharkhand,

2. Central Coalfields Limited (CCL),Ranchi, Jharkhand,
3. Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Sanctoria, West Bengal,
4. Western Coalfields Limited (WCL),Nagpur, Maharashtra,
5. South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh,
6. Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh,
7. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) Sambalpur, Orissa &
8. Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL),Ranchi,
Jharkhand a Consultancy Company

North Eastern Coalfields (NEC) a small coal producing unit operating in

Margherita, Assam is under direct operational control of CIL.CIL has also incorporated a
company viz. Coal India Africana Limitada (Cial) for development of 2 coal blocks
acquired in Mozambique.MCL has three subsidiaries, namely MNH Shakti Ltd, MJSJ
Coal Ltd. and Mahanadi Basin Power Ltd.SECL had incorporated two subsidiary
companies viz. M/s Chhattisgarh East Railway Ltd. and M/s Chhattisgarh East-West
Railway Ltd.

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 The CMPDIL is an engineering, design and exploration company set up for
preparing perspective plan(s), rendering consultancy services and undertaking
exploration and drilling work to establish coal reserves in the country and collection
of detailed data for preparation of projects for actual mining. The other seven
subsidiaries of CIL are coal producing companies.

CIL and its subsidiaries are incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956
and are wholly owned by the Central Government. The coal mines in Assam and
its neighbouring areas are controlled directly by CIL under the unit North Eastern
Coalfields.

CAPTIVE COAL MINING

Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 already excluded from its purview the
captive coal mines of TISCO, IISCO & DVC. Further, considering the need to provide
boost to thermal power generation and for creating additional thermal power
capacity during VIIIth Five year Plan, the Government decided to allow private
participation in the power sector. The Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973 was
amended on 9th June 1993 to allow coal mining by both private and public
sectors for captive consumption for production of iron and steel, generation of
power, washing of coal obtained from a mine and other end use, which would be
notified by the Government from time to time. While cement production was allowed
as an end use on w.e.f 05.03.1996, latest amendment on 12.07.2007 made
production of Syn-gas obtained from coal gasification and coal liquefaction also as
an end use. The restriction of captive mining does not apply to state-owned
coal/mineral development undertakings like CIL, SCCL, Neyveli Lignite Corporation
(NLC) coal blocks etc. and Mineral Development Corporations of the State
Governments.

Till date coal mining is kept under the purview of public sector except captive
mining for the approved end use industries viz., iron and steel, power, cement,
washing of coal and coal gasification and liquefaction. Role and contribution of
private sector captive coal mining, which has been very insignificant till recent past,

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has now acquired significance. Government further decided in its new mining policy
to allow the State Government companies and undertakings to go for coal and
lignite mining without the earlier restriction of isolated small pockets only.

Till 31.3.2014, 218 coal blocks were allocated to different companies. Out of
these 218 coal blocks, 87 have been deallocated for non-performance and 7
blocks have been reallocated making effective allocation of 138 coal blocks as on
31.3.2014.Some changes have been made in for arrangement of coal blocks in
Public sector and Private sector. This is mainly because this year the coal
blocks have been shown in Public sector or Private sector strictly according to the
original allotment in Public sector or Private sector. So the corresponding tables
may not be strictly comparable over the past year's figures.

DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING OF COAL

A new coal distribution policy (NCDP) has been notified on 18.10.2007 with
an objective to meet the demand of coal from consumers of different sectors of
the economy, both on short and long term basis, in an assured, sustained,
transparent and efficient manner with built-in commercial discipline. Apart from
meeting the requirement up to a satisfaction level through commercially
enforceable Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA), it also provides for dedicated source of
supply through State Government nominated agencies, for consumers in small and
medium sector, whose annual requirement does not exceed 4200 metric tonnes.
E-auction scheme has also been introduced to cater to some demands through e-
auction.

Salient features of the New Coal Distribution Policy:

1. Existing classification of core and non- core sector is dispensed with. Each
sector/ consumers would be treated on merit keeping in view regulatory
provision applicable thereto and coal will be supplied by CIL/SCCL through
Fuel Supply agreement (FSA), a legally enforceable buyer-seller coal supply
agreements.

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 2. Requirement of Defense and Railways will be made in full at notified price.

3. While for Power (utilities), including Independent Power Producers/ CPP

and Fertiliser Sector, 100% of normative requirement of coal at notified
price will be supplied, for other consumers this will be 75%.

4. Supply of coal to steel plants would be based on FSA and pricing would
be on import parity pricing.

5. Consumers in small and medium sector, requiring coal less than 4200 tonnes.
Annually will take coal either from state govt. Notified agencies/NCCF//NSIC or
from CIL/SCCL through FSA. CIL/SCCL will supply coal to the nominated
agencies for such distribution.

6. Linkage system will be replaced by FSA.

7. New consumers of Power (U) /IPP/CPP Fertiliser/ Cement/ DRI plant will
be issued Letter of Assurance (LOA), with a validity of 24 months, subject
to prevailing norm, recommendation of concerned Ministry and 5% Earnest
money deposit. On necessary progress of the plants, consumer may approach to
CIL/SCCL for converting LOA into FSA.

8. Existing Standing Linkage Committee would continue to recommend LOA in

respect of Power (U)/ IPP /CPP, Cement and Sponge Iron Plants including
Steel.

IMPORT OF COAL

Present import policy allows coal to be freely imported under Open General
License by the consumers themselves considering their needs. Coking coal is imported
by Steel sector and coke manufacturers mainly on availability and quality consideration.

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Coast based power stations and cement plants are also importing non-coking coal on
consideration of transport logistics, commercial prudence. In spite of hardening prices
of both coking and non coking coal internationally and increase in ocean freight,
large amount of coal continued to be imported.

NOTIFIED PRICE OF COAL

Under the Colliery Control Order, 1945, the Central Government was
empowered to fix the prices of coal grade-wise and colliery-wise. As per
recommendations of Bureau of Industrial Costs and Prices and the Committee on
Integrated Coal Policy, prices of different grades of coal had been subjected to
deregulation since 22.3.96, in a phased manner. The pricing of coal has been
fully deregulated after the notification of the Colliery Control Order, 2000 in place
of Colliery Control Order, 1945.

CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND PRACTICES

Coal: Coal is a combustible sedimentary rock formed from ancient vegetation which
has been consolidated between other rock strata and transformed by the
combined effects of microbial action, pressure and heat over a considerable time
period. This process is commonly called, calcification. Coal occurs as layers or
seams, ranging in thickness from millimeters to many tens of metres. It is
composed mostly of carbon (50–98 per cent), hydrogen (3–13 per cent) and
oxygen, and smaller amounts of nitrogen, sulphur and other elements. It also
contains water and particles of other inorganic matter. When burnt, coal releases
energy as heat which has a variety of uses.

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CLASSIFICATION OF COAL
Coal refers to a whole range of combustible sedimentary rock materials
spanning a continuous quality scale. For convenience, this continuous series is
often divided into two main categories, namely Hard Coal and Brown Coal. These
are further divided into two subcategories as given below.

Hard Coal
1. Anthracite
2. Bituminous coal
3. Coking coal
4. Other bituminous coal

Brown coal
1. Sub-bituminous coal
2. Lignite
In practice, hard coal is calculated as the sum of anthracite and bituminous coals.
Anthracite is a high rank, hard coal used mainly for industrial and residential heat
raising. Bituminous coal is a medium-rank coal used for gasification, industrial
coking and heat raising and residential heat raising. Bituminous coal that can be
used in the production of a coke capable of supporting a blast furnace charge is
known as coking coal. Other bituminous coal, not included under coking coal, is also
commonly known as thermal coal. This also included recovered slurries, middling and
other low- grade, higher-rank coal products not further classified by type.

Classifying different types of coal into practical categories for use at an

international level is difficult because divisions between coal categories vary
between classification systems, both national and international, based on calorific
value, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, caking and coking properties,
or some combination of two or more of these criteria.

Although the relative value of the coals within a particular category depends on the
degree of dilution by moisture and ash and contamination by sulphur, chlorine,

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phosphorous and certain trace elements, these factors do not affect the divisions
between categories.

The International Coal Classification of the Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)
recognizes two broad categories of coal:

Hard coal: Coal of gross calorific value not less than 5700 kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) on an
ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least
0.6.

Brown coal: Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 5700
kcal/kg (23.9 GJ/t) containing more than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter
free basis.

It should be stressed that the above classification system is based on the

inherent qualities of the coal in question and not on the final use of the coal. In this
way the classification system attempts to be objective and simple to apply.

CLASSIFICATION OF COAL IN INDIA

In India coal is broadly classified into two types –Coking and Non-Coking.
The total coal resources of the country. These two are further subdivided as follows on
the basis of certain physical and chemical parameter as per the requirement of the
industry.

Coking Coal: Coking coal, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent beads,
free from volatiles, with strong and porous mass, called coke. Coking coal has
coking properties and is mainly used in steel making and metallurgical industries.

Semi Coking coal: semi coking Coal, when heated in the absence of air, form coherent
beads not strong enough to be directly fed into the blast furnace. Such coal is blended
with coking coal in adequate proportion to make coke. It is mainly used as blendable
coal in steel making, merchant coke manufacturing and other metallurgical industries.

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Non-Coking Coal: Non-Coking Coal does not have coking properties and is mainly
used for power generation . It is also used for cement, fertilizer, glass, ceramic,
paper, chemical and brick manufacturing, and for other heating purposes.

Washed Coal: Processing of coal through water separation mechanism to improve

the quality of coal by removing denser material (rocks) and high ash produces
washed coal which has less ash, higher moisture, better sizing, better
consistency, less abrasive, etc. The washed coking coal is used in manufacturing of
hard coke for steel making. Washed non-coking coal is used mainly for power
generation but is also used by cement, sponge iron and other industrial plants.

Middlings and Rejects: In the process of coal washing, apart from clean Coal we also
get two by-products, namely, Middlings and Rejects. Clean coal has low density
whereas rejects have high density. Middlings have intermediate density. Rejects contain
high ash, mineral impurities, fraction of raw coal feed, etc. and are used for Fluidized
Bed Combustion (FBC) Boilers for power generation, road repairs, briquette
(domestic fuel) making, land filling, etc Middlings are fraction of raw coal feed
having values of classificatory parameters between that of clan coals and rejects.
It is used for power generation. It is also used by domestic fuel plants, brick
manufacturing units, cement plants, industrial plants, etc.

Hard Coke: Solid product obtained from carbonaisation of coal, used mainly in the iron
& steel industry.

Categorization of Coal in India

In India, coking coal has been categorized or graded on the basis of ash content as per
following scheme:

Grade Ash Content

Steel Gr. I Ash content <15%
Steel Gr. II 15%<=Ash content<18%
Washery Gr. I 18%<=Ash content<21%
Washery Gr. II 21%<=Ash content<24%

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Washery Gr. III 24%<=Ash content<28%
Washery Gr. IV 28%<=Ash content<35%

In India, semi coking coal has been categorized or graded on the basis of ash and
moisture content as per following scheme:

Grade Ash + Moisture content

Semi coking Gr. I Less than 19%
Semi coking Gr. II Between 19% and 24%

In India, non coking coal had been categorized or graded on the basis of Useful Heat
Value (UHV) as per following scheme:

Grade Useful Heat Value

A UHV. > 6200 KCal/Kg
B 6200>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>5600
C 5600>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>4940
D 4940>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>4200
E 4200>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>3360
F 33360>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>2400
G 2400>=UHV(KCal/Kg)>1300
N.B:

1. “Useful heat value” is defind as:

UHV=8900 – 138 (A + M)
Where UHV = Useful heat value in kCal/Kg,
A=Ash content (%),
M=Moisture content (%).
2. In the case of coal having moisture less than 2 percent and volatile content
less than 19 percent the useful heat value shall be the value arrived as above
reduced by 150 kilo calories per kilogram for each 1 percent reduction in
volatile content below 19 percent fraction pro-rata.

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 3. Both moisture and ash is determined after equilibrating at 60 percent relative
humidity and 40 degree C temperature.

4. Ash percentage of coking coals and hard coke shall be determined after air drying
as per IS1350 -1959. If the moisture so determined is more than 2 per cent,
the determination shall be after equilibrating at 60 percent relative humidity at
40 degree C temperature as per IS : 1350 – 1959.

In order to adopt the best international practices, India decided to switch over
from the grading based on Useful Heat Value (UHV) to the grading based on
Gross Calorific Value (GCV) and therefore on 16.01.2011 the Ministry of Coal notified
the switch over. As per the new system, following nomenclature has been
introduced for gradation of non-coking coal.

Grade GCV Range (kcal/Kg)

G1 GCV exceeding 7000
G2 GCV between 6701 & 7000
G3 GCV between 6401 & 6700
G4 GCV between 6101 & 6400
G5 GCV between 5801 & 5800
G6 GCV between 5501 & 5800
G7 GCV between 5201 & 5500
G8 GCV between 4901 & 5200
G9 GCV between 4601 & 4900
G10 GCV between 4301 & 4600
G11 GCV between 4001 & 4300
G12 GCV between 3700 & 4000
G13 GCV between 3400 & 3700
G14 GCV between 3101 & 3400
G15 GCV between 2801 & 3100

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G16 GCV between 2501 & 2800
G17 GCV between 2201 & 2500

Based on the GCV ranges of proposed gradation and erstwhile gradation, a

concordance table is generated for better understanding. However, it may be noted
that this concordance does not depict exact one-to-one relation between the two
systems.

Old Grading based on UHV New Grading based on GCV

G1
G2
A G3
G4
B G5
C G6
G7
D G8
G9
E G10
G11
F G12
G13
G G14
G15
G16
Non-coking Coal Ungraded G17

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SOME GENERAL CONCEPTS

Run-of-mine (ROM) coal: The coal delivered from the mine to the Coal Preparation
Plant (CPP) is called run-of-mine (ROM) coal. This is the raw material for the CPP and
consists of coal, rocks, middlings, minerals and contamination. Contamination is usually
introduced by the mining process and may include machine parts, used
consumables and parts of ground engaging tools. ROM coal can have a large
variability of moisture and particle size.
Opencast Mining: Open-pit mining, open-cut mining or opencast mining is a surface
mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from
an open pit or borrow. This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require
tunneling into the earth such as long wall mining. Open-pit mines are used when
deposits of commercially useful minerals or rock are found near the surface; that
is where the overburden (surface material covering the valuable deposit) is
relatively thin or the material of interest is structurally unsuitable for tunneling (as
would be the case for sand, cinder, and gravel). For minerals that occur deep below
the surface - where the overburden is thick or the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock -
underground mining methods extract the valued material.
Underground Mining of Coal: It refers to a group of underground mining
techniques such as Longwall Mining, Room-and-Pillar Mining, etc. used to extract
coal from sedimentary ("soft") rocks in which the overlying rock is left in place, and
the mineral (coal) is removed through shafts or tunnels.
Despatch and Off-take: The term “Despatches" (say, of raw coal) is used in this
compilation to mean all the despatches to different sectors but exclude collieries'
own consumption (boiler coal used in collieries and supply to employee). On the
other hand "Off-take" means total quantity of raw coal lifted for consumption and
naturally includes colliery consumption. Therefore, Off-take = Despatches + Colliery
Consumption
Change of Stock: Change of stock means the difference between opening and closing
stock of an item.
Pit-Head Stock: The tem “Pit-head Closing stock” of raw coal is used in this compilation

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to mean all the raw coal stock at pit-head of collieries.
Pit-head Value: Pit-head Value of coal is the value of coal at pit-head of the
colliery. It is computed on the basis of basic price and therefore it does not involve
any cost of loading, transportation from pit- head, Cess, Royalty, Sales tax, Stowing
Excise Duty etc. This approach is followed by all non-captive coal companies, viz., CIL
Subsidiaries, Singareni Collieries Companies Ltd. (SCCL), Jharkhand State Mineral
Development Corporation Ltd. (JSMDCL) and Jammu & Kashmir Mineral Ltd. (JKML).
In case of captive collieries, pit- head value of coal depends upon their
accounting policy. If the costing of coal is done on no-profit-no-loss basis then pit-
head value is calculated accordingly. This practice is found to be followed in captive
collieries of public sector units.
On the other hand, if the captive colliery is treated as independent commercial
unit then pit-head value is calculated on the basis of unit value of realisation,
which includes cost price and profit/loss per unit but excludes any transportation
cost from pit-head, Cess Royalty, Sales tax, Stowing Excise Duty etc. This is
particularly followed in private captive colliery which is in contract to supply coal to any
priority sector for which captive colliery is permitted (Steel, Iron, Power, Cement
etc.)
Even there are private sector collieries being managed by the parent
company engaged in manufacturing of Steel and Iron, Power, Cement for which
captive collieries are allowed. Due to non-availability of value figures from these
companies, pit- head value of coal is determined on the basis of nearest Coal
India Subsidiary price rate considering comparable grade and location. Though this
may not be a correct price and would not depict a true picture, yet we use it
because this is one of the acceptable estimates.
While using value data it is to be kept in mind that these data are useful
for macro-level study or trend study. However, the quality of coal has been
deteriorating over the years, quite inversely proportional to the open cast
production share in the total production. Thus the comparison of unit value over the
years would not reflect correct picture of inflation until this deteriorating effect of
quality is not considered and that effect is removed.

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 It may be concluded that, in India, unit value (Rs.) of coal in terms per kilo
calorie useful heat value has been increasing more rapidly than being exhibited by
simple unit value comparison over the years.

Commodity Classification

For export import data, the 8-digit codes of Indian Trade Classification
(based on Harmonised Coding System) have been adopted by DGCI&S in
classifying the various grades of coal and coal products. For Coking coal the only
8-digit code is “27011910” and all other codes of coal are taken as non-coking coal
(Mainly pertains to remaining part of 2701, some parts of 2702 & 2703). Similarly for all
items in 2704 group has been taken under coke. The effect of retort carbon is negligible
and included under coke.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Research situation and prospect of fully mechanized mining technology in thick
coal seams in china: Tu Shi-hao,Yuan Yong,Yang Zhen,Ma Xiao-tao,Wu Qi
(2009),They have discussed in paper Coal production in China accounts 1/3 of total
output in the world, and nearly half of China’s output is extracted in thick coal seams.
Therefore, it is significant to study fully mechanized mining technology in thick coal
seams. The development, current situation, and issue of slicing mining, top coal caving
and coal seams cutting sufficient height with fully mechanized mining technology are
systematically analyzed in this paper. According to the result of analysis, the prospect of
development of fully mechanized mining technology in thick coal seams is discussed.
Especially, authors have represented the key problems which block the development of
fully mechanized mining technology in thick coal seams.

Production, Consumption and Future Challenges of Coal in India ; Shadman

Hussain Qaisar and Md Aquil Ahmad: Vol.4, No.5 (Oct 2014); In their paper they had
an analysis of present scenario of coal in India has been made. In particular, energy
requirements for the developing countries are met from coal-based thermal power
plants. In India, about 75% coal output is consumed in power sector. In addition, other
industries like cement, fertilizer, chemical, paper and thousands of medium and small-
scale industries are dependent on coal for their process and energy requirements.
Since the country’s dependency on coal is increasing, therefore it becomes mandatory
for the government to seek for better technologies for fulfilling its needs. Also, increased
allocation and better exploitation of coal within the country will moderate the quantity of
coal imports, thereby fostering the independency and development of the country.
Coal plays a pivotal role in India’s sustainable development. The demand for
coal is increasing enormously since a large portion of electricity generation in India is
dependent upon coal-based power plants. Despite huge allocation of coal reserves in
the country, it is required to import it from other countries. Thus, it becomes necessary
for the government to explore advanced technologies for enhanced extraction and
processing of coal. Also, the environmental problems caused due to coal-related

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activities are serious issues and, thus, needs to be checked. Therefore, it is critical for
policy makers not only to consider and implement technologies that meet the near-term
needs of the country, but also to set the coal-based power sector on a path that would
allow it to better respond to future challenges.

Indian Coal: Production and Ways to Increase Coal Supplies, Md Emamul Haque
(2013): In this paper the availability of Indian coal its production in (1955 to 2011-12),
present production, production challenges, supply constraints is discussed. The Indian
coal reserve is enormous and production is very less due to many constraints in coal
production and its supply, proper supply and introduction to private players also making
them feasible in mining would cater this production and supply gap. Various ways to
improve supply if implemented properly for coal would definitely fulfill the upcoming
demand scenario of Indian coal.

Modernization of Indian Coal mining Industry: Vision 2025; S.K.Chaulya,LK

Bandyopadhyay and PK Mishra Vol.67 (January 2008); In this paper author has
explained a view of vision 2025,Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad
has developed a web based information and decision support system for coal mining
industry and paper also summaries scope of proposed IT based system by highlighting
existing problem and proposed solution under different modules, and briefly enumerate
the methodology to develop the proposed system.
Adaptation of IT based management strategy in coal mining industry will allow officials
to quickly access, integrate and display critical information for making better tactical
decision and the same time to provide long-term information that senior management
require for taking strategic decisions. Further, It system will provide access to mining
technology, which will help them to adopt best technology for their site specific mining
condition. With the development and implementation of proposed web based
information and decision support system, Indian coal mining industry will become
technologically sound, economically viable, profitable and safer.

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 A global coal production forecast with multi-Hubbert cycle analysis, Tadeusz W.
Patzek, Gregory D. Croft (August 2009): Based on economic and policy considerations
that appear to be unconstrained by geophysics, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) generated forty carbon production and emissions scenarios. In this
paper, we develop a base-case scenario for global coal production based on the
physical multi-cycle Hubbert analysis of historical production data. Areas with large
resources but little production history, such as Alaska and the Russian Far East, are
treated as sensitivities on top of this basecase, producing an additional 125 Gt of coal.
The value of this approach is that it provides a reality check on the magnitude of carbon
emissions in a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario.
The most important conclusion of this paper is that the peak of global coal
production from the existing coalfields is imminent, and coal production from these
areas will fall by 50% in the next 40 years. The CO2 emissions from burning this coal
will also decline by 50%. Thus, current focus on carbon capture and geological
sequestration may be misplaced. Instead, the global community should be devoting its
attention to conservation and increasing efficiency of electrical power generation from
coal. The current paradigms of a highly-integrated global economy and seamless
resource substitution will fail in a severely energy constrained world. A new territory is
being charted by all, thus close attention must be paid to what the physical world
reveals about energy conservation and production.

Forecasting coal production until 2100; S. H. Mohr & G. M. Evans.A model

capable of projecting mineral resources production has been developed. The model
includes supply and demand interactions, and has been applied to all coal producing
countries. A model of worldwide coal production has been developed for three
scenarios. The ultimately recoverable resources (URR) estimates used in the scenarios
ranged from 700 Gt to 1243 Gt. The model indicates that worldwide coal production will
peak between 2010 and 2048 on a mass basis and between 2011 and 2047 on an
energy basis. The Best Guess scenario, assumed a URR of 1144 Gt and peaks in 2034
on a mass basis, and in 2026 on an energy basis.

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 The notion that coal is widely abundant therefore appears to be unjustified.
Further work is needed to better determine the URR range of coal.

Technological Innovations In Coal Mining Industry; S Jayanthu, P Rammohan,

and Chandramohan: This paper presents latest technological innovations applicable for
in mining industries with emphasis on mechanization in coal mining industry. Latest
Exploration and Survey techniques utilizing GIS, light weight laser scanning systems etc
including RADAR applications, are discussed. Automation in underground mining
machinery and innovations in heavy earth moving machinery for large scale open cast
mining are also presented with impetus on wide utilization of the latest Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) for mining and attempts required for MAKE IN INDIA
CONCEPT a reality.

The recent Information and Communication systems (ICT) along with WSN
systems for all aspects of mining industry can be widely implemented in opencast and
underground mines for reliable monitoring of stability of workings and location of men
and machinery in conjunction with audiovisual alarming systems for warning of
impending ground failures in right time for taking proper control measures as per the
requirement. coal mining sector will need heavy mechanization; giant size shovel
dumpers, draglines, in pit crushers surface miners and High wall miners for different
situations and along with ancillary equipments like spreaders, reclaimers etc . There is
need for the mining industry to come out of the cell, invite engineers and technologists
of different allied streams for the joint effort to cope up to the demand. But before that,
the mining engineers have to have clear perception, dedication and commitment to
customize the options and inculcate confidence in the manufacturing units to come
forward for the investment and resources to make in India mission a success. For the
underground mining, modern high capacity power support, panzer conveyor and
shearer suitable for high to moderately thick and thin seam will be required in large
number in days to come. The Industry on date is depending upon the foreign sources
for most these machines/ equipments while the nation has capability to develop them at

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own. Underground coal gasification should be widely practiced with due regard to
identification of proper blocks unsuitable for mining but most suitable for UCG.

Cost Minimizing Coal Logistics for Power Plants Considering Transportation

Constraints; Ahmet Yucekaya(n.d.); Fuel coal supply chain is a complex network in
which multiple suppliers, coal products, multiple transportation methods with trans-
loading option exist. Each supplier offer different prices for the coal contracts and
depend on the location of the supplier, the transportation cost varies. The heat content
of the coal needs to be evaluated as it is used to estimate the amount of energy that
can be gained from the coal. This energy output should be able to meet the electricity
demand which is expected from the power plant. In this paper, a linear model is
developed to find the set of supplier, coal products, and transportation route that will
minimize the purchase and transportation cost of the fuel coal for the power plants and
also will meet the electricity demand.
In this paper, a linear integrated model for supplier, transportation, and coal
orders is developed under multiple suppliers, contracts, and multimode transportation
routes in fuel supply chain. The output analyses on the presented results are required to
help fuel supply department in terms of management of this engineering process for
their future decisions. Ratio of the transportation cost on the final price is presented for
the comparison purposes. The causes that increase the ratio of transportation cost can
be investigated to decrease the cost. It is also worth mentioning that the purchase price
dominates other determining criteria based on the selected products. The reason for
that is the transportation cost ranges between close ranges in lower and upper bounds
whereas the price range on coal is wider. The model can directly be used by power
companies for their fuel supply decisions as results are promising and computational
time is relatively low for such daily processes.

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 OBJECTIVES

1. To Study the overview of coal market in India.

2. To study the technological development and potential for sustainable coal
logistics.
3. To study the impact of coal import on domestic coal market.
4. To study the Roadmap for technology transfer for coal production in India.

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design:

Type of research:

Conclusive research: Design usually involves the application of quantitative methods

of data collection and data analysis.

This study is conclusive because final conclusion made after analyzing data.
Under conclusive research this is the type descriptive research because design
data analysis that will be applied to given topic.

Data Collection

In my research secondary data was collected from the different articles,

magazines, reports and government websites such Ministry of Coal, Coal India Limited
etc.

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 DATA ANALYSIS

1) To study the overview of coal market in India.

The mining industry in India is a major economic activity which contributes

significantly to the economy of India. The GDP contribution of the mining Industry varies
from 2.2% to 2.5% only but going by the GDP of the total Industrial sector it contributes
around 10% to 11%.Coal India limited and its subsidiaries accounted for 538.75 million
tonnes (including Gare-Palma block) during 2015-16 as against a production of 494.23
million tonnes in 2014-15 showing a growth of 9%.

Source of Power generation:

Source of power with installed capacity

Types of energy Power generated (%)
Thermal 69.8%
Hydro 14.14%
Renewable 14.14%
Nuclear 1.92%
Source: Ministry of Coal, NHPC, CEA, BP Statistical Review 2015, Corporate Catalyst India, Indian
Power Sector, Ministry of Power, TechSci Research
Notes: MW - Megawatt, GW - Gigawatt

India is the sixth largest in terms of power generation from the above we can
infer that about 69.8% of electricity is consumed in India is generated by thermal power
plant. India has large reserves of coal. By the end of 2015, total coal reserves in India
stood at 303.60 billion tonnes; of which, 42.93 billion tonnes were proven
reserves.14.14% by Hydroelectric power plant with a large number of rivers and water
bodies, India has massive potential for hydropower; the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012–17)
includes additional 30GW of hydroelectric power generation. In FY16 (till October 2015),
India has 42.47 GW of hydro power generating capacity.14.14% by Renewable Energy
i.e. Wind energy is the largest renewable energy source in India; projects like the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (aims to generate 20,000 MW of solar power
by 2022) are creating a positive environment among investors keen to exploit India’s

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potential. There are plans to set up four solar power plants.1.92% by Nuclear Energy
Currently, India has 5.78 GW of net electricity generation capacity using nuclear fuels
(across 20 reactors) and aims to increase it to 45 GW by 2020; with one of the world’s
largest reserves of thorium, India has a huge potential in nuclear energy.
As per the report for the month of January, 2017 in respect of Ministry of Coal is given
below.
Coal Production
(Mts)
Company January,2017 % April –January,2017 %
Target Actual Achievement Target Actual Achievement
CIL 61.04 55.99 91.7% 478.57 433.76 90.6%
SCCL 5.35 5.87 109.7% 47.27 48.30 102.2%
Source: Ministry of Coal

From the above table the coal production for the April-January,2017 the by two
company CIL was targeted 478.57 million tonnes and actual production was 433.76
million tonnes and total achievement was 90.6% and SCCL was targeted 47.27 million
tonnes and actual production was 48.30 million tonnes and total achievement was
102.2%.
In the month of January,2017 production was by the company was CIL was targeted
61.04 million tonnes and actual was 55.99 million tonnes achievement was 91.7% and
SCCL was targeted 5.35 million tonnes and actual was 5.87million tonnes achievement
was 109.7%.

Government policies and achievements

 The government has achieved over Rs.3.40 lakhs cr. Of potential revenues to
coal bearing state through transparent coal e-auction & allotments.
 Dispatch of coal India grew at 9.9% during (April –October,15)
 The government has target to double coal India’s production to 100cr
tonnes/year & power generation to increased by 50% by 2020.

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 2) To study the technology development and potential for sustainable coal logistics.

The increasing share of railways transportation is making coal logistics in India more
sustainable over the long term. The construction of costly new line is, however,
proceeding slowly and the over loaded railway transport network is causing bottleneck
in the transport of coal. Within the commodities, it ferries, half of the Railways’ freight
income accrues from transporting coal from pithead to power plants and a few other
end-user industries. Coal transport by road will remain a authenticity in India for some
time to come. While transportation of coal there are many constraints like railway
connectivity, environmental problem while transports, rakes, no proper inventory and
information technology the problem has been discussed and the suggestion is given in
below table.

Constraints Problems Suggestion

Railway Connectivity
Slow progress of new
railway lines, forest
diversion Land
acquisitions, Laws and
order problem.
New modes of transportation
such as, Hydro Transport
which is mostly based on
coal slurry pipelines.

Environmental Problem Deforestations, Air Modernize their truck fleets

while transport pollutions emitting of CO2 with more cost-and fuel-
gas from coal. efficient vehicles, highly
specialized.

Information Technology Theft of coal because no Implementation of RFID

tracking System.
Rakes Evacuation issues are
vehicle tracking system and
improving database
accuracy, and pinpointing lost
or stolen equipment

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Inventory Problem
availability of rakes less
for transportation of coal
there are 200 to 250
rakes are available.
High inventory and
prospect of losses on
account of coal fire and
generation quality
degradation due to
increased exposure.

3) To study the impact of coal import on domestic coal market.

(In Million
Tonnes)
Year Coal Imports Year on Domestic Year on Difference
from other Year (Qty) Year
country (Qty)
2011-12 102.85 - 31.80 - 71.05
2012-13 145.79 41.75% 35.55 10.54 110.24
2013-14 168.50 15.57% 37.19 4.61% 131.31
2014-15 212.10 28.87% 43.71 17.53% 168.39
2015-16 199.88 6.11% 43.50 0.48% 156.38
Total 595.31 132.191
Source: Ministry of Coal, Annual Plan

From the above table in the year 2011-12, import of raw coal of the country was
102.85 MT against import of 145.79 MT in 2012-13. Thus in the year 2012-13,
import of coal (in quantity) increased by 41.75& during the year 2012-13 domestic
import was 31.80MT against import of 35.55MT in 2012-13 increased by 10.54%
and the different was 110.24MT.

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 In the year 2013-14, import of raw coal of the country was 168.50MT against import
of 145.79MT in 2012-13. Thus in the year 2013-14, import of coal (in quantity)
increased by 15.57%& during the year 2012-13 domestic import was 35.5MT against
import of 37.19MT in 2013-14 increased by 4.61% and the different was 131.31MT.

In the year 2014-15, import of raw coal of the country was 212.10MT against import
of 168.50MT in 2013-14. Thus in the year 2014-15, import of coal (in quantity)
increased by 28.87%& during the year 2014-15 domestic import 43.71MT against
import of 37.19MT in 2013-14 increased by 17.53% and the different was 168.39MT.

In the year 2015-16, import of raw coal of the country was 199.88MT against import
of 212.10MT in 2014-15. Thus in the year 2015-16, import of coal (in quantity)
decreased by 6.11% & during the year 2015-16 domestic import was 43.50MT
against import of 43.71MT in 2013-14 decreased by 0.48% and the different was
156.38MT.

In spite of sufficient coal reserve, we have not been able to meet our demand
from our own production. Moreover, the supply of high quality coal (low-ash coal) in
the country has been limited. The demand and supply gap as well as to provide high
quality coal for use in various industries the country has no option but to resort to
import of coal, especially low-ash coal.

As per the Import Policy 1993-94, coal has been put under Open General
License (OGL) and therefore consumers are free to import coal based on their
requirement. Superior quality non-coking coal is imported mainly by coast-based
power plants and other industrial users viz., paper, sponge iron, cements and
captive power plants, on consideration of transport logistics, commercial prudence,
export entitlements and inadequate availability of such superior coal from indigenous
sources.

India’s coal imports are declining trend, but the energy value is dropping at a far
slower pace than the physical volumes as the South Asian Nation switches to higher
quality fuel.

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 4) To study the Roadmap for technology transfer for coal production in India.

In the below table different types of environmentally-friendly technologies and Clean

coal technology (CCT) solutions suggestion in this objectives, and includes an estimate
of the likely timeframe for their execution to India –short-term, medium-term or long-
term along with any constraints the implementation may face.

TECHNOLOGY TIME FRAME FOR CONSTRAINTS REMARK

EXECUTION
RFID X-ray sorting Short term Need for trained operator Eliminates needs of
machines
water
Underground Coal Medium term -High ash content in coal -A few pilot projects
Gasification (UCG) problematic already running in India

-Regulations currently -Five lignite and two coal

inhibit private investment blocks will provide
approximately 950
million tonnes of coal for
syngas production

Vehicle tracking Short Term Domestic competition RFID and GPS

and dispatch
system
Biomass co-firing Short term Lack of an efficient Already in use
biomass distribution Easy to implement in
system outdated boiler
Circulating Medium term As long as PC boilers -Flexible technology can
Fluidised-Bed
continue to operate in use a wide range of fuel.
Combustion(CFBC)
india on a large scale. -Highly efficient and
CFBC implementation will compatible with ash
take time content.
Coal Washeries Short Term Concern about increased
(Upgrade) cost associated with

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 modern washing
technology
Lack of state interest and
incentive
Conveyor Belt Short term -Mature technology that Already widely used on
can be produced many sited in India, but
domestically at a low not across long
price. distance.
-When used over long Still using Merry-Go-
distance, maintenance Round (MGR)
cost and security concern
factor
Hydro Transport Long term -Lack of government Mature affordable
investment and interest in technology with few
the technology. unknowns
-Considerable use of
water
Integrated Medium Term Need for technical High efficiency rate
Gasification expertise. (45%)
Combined cycle High capital cost of IGCC Low consumption of
(IGCC) plants water
Merry-go-Round Short term Mature technology that Already in use, share
can be produced slowly increases due to
domestically at a low new plant located nearer
price to mine.
Power plant Short term Widely used, significant Already widely used, but
operating systems innovation and improved systems and
breakthroughs difficult software could increase
efficiency further

Supercritical boilers Short term Availability of domestic Currently represent a

technology and funding minor share of boilers in
by companies such as India, but are seeing

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 BHEL and NTPC limited increasing adoption
across the country
Oxy-fuel Long term High level of expertise; No impact on the boiler-
combustion technical maturity turbine- steam cycle
High Cost
RFID Short term Availability of domestic Already adopted in
technology some trucks owners’
associations

Hydro Transport: Slurry pipeline are also used to transport tailing from mining
processing plant after the ore has been processed in order to dispose of the remaining
rock or clays. Coal heavy media mixture is new method of transportation, and although
it is not yet commercially used, the method shows that it is possible to transport coal in
lump form with a low level of energy consumption.

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG): It is an industrial process which converts coal

into product gas.UCG is an in situ gasification process carried out in non-mined coal
seams using injection of oxidants, and bringing the product gas to surface through
production well drilled from the surface.

Biomass co-firing: Cofiring is the combustion of two different types of materials at the
same time. One of the advantages of cofiring is that an existing plant can be cheaper or
more environmentally friendly. For example, biomass is sometimes cofired in existing
coal plant instead of new biomass plants. Cofiring can also be used to improve the
combustion of fuels with low energy content.

Circulating Fluidized-Bed Combustion (CFBC): For circulating fluidized bed in coal

combustion, the beds need to use a greater fluidizing speed, so the particles will
remained constant in the flue gases, before moving across the combustion chamber
and into the cyclone.

Integrated Gasification Combined cycle (IGCC): An Integrated Gasification

Combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology that uses a higher pressure gasifier to turn coal
and other carbon based fuels into pressurized gas-synthesis gas (Syngas). It can then
remove impurities from the syngas prior to the power generation cycle.

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Merry-Go-Round: A merry-go-round train, often abbreviated to MGR, is a block train of
hopper wagons which both loads and unloads its cargo while moving. In United
Kingdom, they are most commonly coal trains delivering to power stations.

Supercritical Boiler: A supercritical steam generator is a type of boiler that operates at

supercritical pressure, frequently use in the production of electric power. In contrast to
subcritical boiler in which bubbles can form, a supercritical steam generator operates at
pressures above the critical pressure- 3200psi or 22MPa.

Oxy-fuel combustion: Oxy-fuel combustion is the process of burning a fuel using pure
oxygen instead of air as the primary oxidant. Since the nitrogen component of air is not
heated, fuel consumption is reduced, and higher flame temperatures are possible.

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 FINDINGS
1) Mining investment generally lagging behind, in some cases it is the lack of
access to railway or inadequate access to other form of transport that is
happening out growth and delaying mining investment.
2) Railways are operating at full capacity on some critical freight corridors often
holding up coal shipment.
3) The growth in imports, India currently has at least 250 million tonnes per annum
(mtpa) of handling. Thus, port infrastructure to handle imports is currently
sufficient, but rail connectivity has no kept up with port capacity growth and will
need to be expanded to allow for increasing import.
4) The evacuation problem is the shortage of rakes. CIL has been forced to buy
wagons to overcome the shortage from the Railways.
5) The Railways complains that its rakes idle at loading points for want of coal
stock, the mines complain that stocks are piling up for want of rakes
6) Out dated technology for mining sector for production and transportation of coal.

36 | P a g e
 CONCLUSION
From this project a study on coal production in India: 2020 Road Ahead. It was
found that sector wise consumption of coal and achievement by the government. We
have not been able to meet our demand from our own production. Moreover, the supply
of high quality coal (low-ash coal) in the country has been limited. The demand and
supply gap as well as to provide high quality coal for use in various industries the
country has no option but to resort to import of coal, especially low-ash coal. If we
implement the technology improving presented modes of transportation, coal logistics in
India could be made more sustainable by adopting new methods. One technological
solution that is already widely available –but has yet to be adopted on a large scale in
India –is hydro-transport, which is primarily based on coal slurry pipelines. These
enable the transportation of crushed coal mixed with water over long distances while
integrating coal beneficiation mitigating risks of spontaneous combustion, completely
isolating coal transport from the outside environment.
One recent example is the implementation of a radio-frequency identification
(RFID) vehicle tracking system developed by the Mumbai-based company Essen. The
system was introduced by the Sundargargh Truck Owners’ Association, which manages
a fleet of over 4500 coal transport trucks. New technology such as electronic-controlled
engine management and twin-speed drive axle which increases fuel efficiency –should
be optimistic. Such technology is already available in India and has been implemented
into haul trucks by companies such as India’s second largest vehicle manufacturer,
Ashok Leyland

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Websites:

Ministry of coal: http://www.coal.nic.in/

Coal India Limited: https://www.coalindia.in/

Ministry of Power: https://www.powerin.nic.in/

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