Review Exercises for Chapter 3 163

v02
43. r  sin 2 45. Let f x  x, x  100, dx  0.6.
32
v0  2200 ftsec f x  x  f x  f x dx
1
 changes from 10 to 11  x  dx
2x
22002 f x  x  99.4
dr  cos 2 d
16
 1
  10 180   100 
2100
0.6  9.97

 Using a calculator: 99.4  9.96995

d  11  10
180
r  dr

22002 20 

16
cos
180  180   4961 feet
 4961 feet

47. Let f x  

4 x, x  625, dx  1. 49. Let f x  x, x  4, dx  0.02, f x  1 2x .
1 Then
f x  x  f x  f x d x  
4 x 
dx
44x3
f 4.02  f 4  f 4 dx
1
f x  x  
4 624  
4 625 
1 1 1
4 
4 625 3 4.02  4  0.02  2  0.02.
24 4
1
5  4.998
500
4 624  4.9980.
Using a calculator, 

51. In general, when  x → 0, dy approaches y.

53. True 55. True

Review Exercises for Chapter 3

1. A number c in the domain of f is a critical number if f c  0 or f y

is undefined at c. f ′(c) is
4
3 f ′(c) = 0
undefined.

x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 4

−2
−3
−4

3. gx  2x  5 cos x, 0, 2
18
(6.28, 17.57)
g x  2  5 sin x
2
 0 when sin x  5 . (2.73, 0.88)

− 2
Critical numbers: x  0.41, x  2.73 4
−1

Left endpoint: 0, 5

Critical number: 0.41, 5.41
Critical number: 2.73, 0.88 Minimum
Right endpoint: 2, 17.57 Maximum
164 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

5. Yes. f 3  f 2  0. f is continuous on 3, 2

, 7. f x  3  x  4  
differentiable on 3, 2. (a) y

f x  x  33x  1  0 for x  13.

6

c  13 satisfies f c  0. 2

x
−2 2 4 6 10

−4

−6

f 1  f 7  0
(b) f is not differentiable at x  4.

 
9. f x  x23, 1 ≤ x ≤ 8 11. f x  x  cos x,  ≤ x ≤
2 2
2
f x  x13 f x  1  sin x
3
f b  f a 4  1 3 f b  f a 2   2
   1
ba 81 7 ba 2   2

2 3 f c  1  sin c  1
f c  c13 
3 7 c0

149 2744
3
c   3.764
729

13. f x  Ax2  Bx  C

f x  2Ax  B
f x2  f x1 Ax22  x12  Bx2  x1

x2  x1 x2  x1
 Ax1  x2  B
f c  2Ac  B  Ax1  x2  B
2Ac  Ax1  x2
x1  x2
c  Midpoint of x1, x2

15. f x  x  12x  3


< x < 1

7 7
Interval: 1 < x < 3 3 < x <
f x  x  1 1  x  32x  1
2
Sign of f x: f x > 0 f x < 0 f x > 0
 x  13x  7
Conclusion: Increasing Decreasing Increasing
7
Critical numbers: x  1 and x  3

17. hx  xx  3  x32  3x12 Interval: 0 < x < 1 1 < x <

Domain: 0,

Sign of h x: h x < 0 h x > 0
3 3
h x  x12  x12 Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing
2 2
3 3x  1
 x12x  1 
2 2x
Critical number: x  1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 165

19. ht  14t 4  8t

Test Interval:
< t < 2 2 < t <

h t  t 3  8  0 when t  2. Sign of h t: h t < 0 h t > 0

Relative minimum: 2, 12
Conclusion: Decreasing Increasing

1 1
21. y  cos12t  sin12t
3 4
v  y  4 sin12t  3 cos12t

 1
(a) When t  , y  inch and v  y  4 inches/second.
8 4
sin12t 3 3
(b) y  4 sin12t  3 cos12t  0 when   ⇒ tan12t   .
cos12t 4 4
3 4
Therefore, sin12t   and cos12t  . The maximum displacement is
5 5

y 1345  41  53  125 inch.

2 
(c) Period: 
12 6
1 6
Frequency: 
6 

23. f x  x  cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2   3 3

Test Interval: 0 < x < < x < < x < 2
f x  1  sin x 2 2 2 2

 3 Sign of f  x: f  x < 0 f  x > 0 f  x < 0

f  x  cos x  0 when x  , .
2 2 Conclusion: Concave downward Concave upward Concave downward

Points of inflection: 2 , 2 , 32, 32

25. gx  2x21  x2 y

g x  4x2x2  1 Critical numbers: x  0, ±

1 (− 1, 1
2 2 ) 1
( 1, 1
2 2 )
2 x
−2 (0, 0) 2

g x  4  24x 2 −1

−2

g 0  4 > 0 Relative minimum at 0, 0 −3

g ±  
1
2
 8 < 0 
Relative maximums at ±
1 1
,
2 2 
y
27. 29. The first derivative is positive and the second derivative is
7 negative. The graph is increasing and is concave down.
6
(5, f(5))
5
4
3 (3, f(3))
2
1
(6, 0)
x
−1 (0, 0) 2 3 4 5 7
166 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

31. (a) D  0.0034t4  0.2352t3  4.9423t2  20.8641t  94.4025

(b) 369

0 29
0

(c) Maximum at 21.9, 319.5 1992

Minimum at 2.6, 69.6 1972
(d) Outlays increasing at greatest rate at the point of inflection 9.8, 173.7 1979

2x2 2 2 5 cos x
33. lim
x →
3x2
 lim 
 5 x →
3  5x2 3
35. lim
x →
x  
 0, since 5 cos x ≤ 5.

2x  3 3
37. hx  39. f x  2
x4 x
Discontinuity: x  4 Discontinuity: x  0
2x  3 2  3x
lim
x →
x4
 lim
x →
1  4x
2 lim
x →
3x  2  2
Vertical asymptote: x  4 Vertical asymptote: x  0
Horizontal asymptote: y  2 Horizontal asymptote: y  2

243 x1
41. f x  x3  43. f x 
x 1  3x2
Relative minimum: 3, 108 Relative minimum: 0.155, 1.077
Relative maximum: 3, 108 Relative maximum: 2.155, 0.077
0.2
200
−2 5

−5 5

− 1.4
− 200

Horizontal asymptote: y  0
Vertical asymptote: x  0

45. f x  4x  x2  x4  x

y

5
Domain: 
,
; Range: 
, 4 4
)2, 4)

f x  4  2x  0 when x  2. 3

2
f  x  2
1

Therefore, 2, 4 is a relative maximum. x

1 2 3 5
Intercepts: 0, 0, 4, 0
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 167

47. f x  x16  x2, Domain: 4, 4

, Range: 8, 8
y
2 2, 8
8
Domain: 4, 4
; Range: 8, 8
6
4

16  2x2 (− 4, 0)
2
(4, 0)
f x   0 when x  ± 22 and undefined when x  ± 4. x
16  x2 8 6 2 2 4 6 8
(0, 0)

2xx2  24
f  x 
16  x232 2 2, 8
8

f  22  > 0
Therefore,  22, 8 is a relative minimum.
f   22  < 0
Therefore,  22, 8 is a relative maximum.

Point of inflection: 0, 0

Intercepts: 4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0
Symmetry with respect to origin

49. f x  x  13x  32 y

Domain: 
,
; Range: 
,
 4 (1, 0) ( 115 , 1.11(
11 2 (2.69, 0.46)
f x  x  12x  35x  11  0 when x  1, , 3. (3, 0)
5 −2 4 6
x

−2
(1.71, 0.60)
11± 6
f  x  4x  15x2  22x  23  0 when x  1, . −4
5

f  3 > 0
Therefore, 3, 0 is a relative minimum.

f 115 < 0
Therefore, 115, 3456
3125 
is a relative maximum.

Points of inflection: 1, 0, 11 5 6

 11 5
, 0.60 ,
6

, 0.46

Intercepts: 0, 9, 1, 0, 3, 0

51. f x  x13x  323 y

Domain: 
,
; Range: 
,

4
3

x1 2
f x   0 when x  1 and undefined when x  3, 0.
x  313x23
1 )0, 0)
) 3, 0)
x
5 4 2 1 1 2
2
f  x  53 is undefined when x  0, 3.
x x  343 ) 1, 1.59)
3

By the First Derivative Test 3, 0 is a relative maximum and  1,   

3 4 is

a relative minimum. 0, 0 is a point of inflection.

Intercepts: 3, 0, 0, 0
168 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

x1
53. f x 
x1 x 1
y

Domain: 
, 1, 1,
; Range: 
, 1, 1,

4
2 y 1
f x  < 0 if x  1.
x  12 2

x
4
f  x 
2 2 4

x  13 2

Horizontal asymptote: y  1
Vertical asymptote: x  1
Intercepts: 1, 0, 0, 1

4
55. f x  y
1  x2
5

Domain: 
,
; Range: 0, 4
4
(0, 4)

8x (− 3,3
3 ( ( 3,3
3 (
f x   0 when x  0.
1  x22
2

81  3x2 3 x
f  x   0 when x  ± . −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
1  x23 3 −1

f  0 < 0
Therefore, 0, 4 is a relative maximum.

Points of inflection:  ± 33, 3

Intercept: 0, 4
Symmetric to the y-axis
Horizontal asymptote: y  0

y
4
57. f x  x3  x 
x 10

Domain: 
, 0, 0,
; Range: 
, 6
, 6,
 5 (1, 6)

x
4 3x4  4
x2 2 1 1 2
f x  3x2  1    0 when x  ± 1. (−1, −6) −5
x2 x2 x 0

8 6x4  8
f  x  6x   0
x3 x3
f  1 < 0
Therefore, 1, 6 is a relative maximum.

f  1 > 0
Therefore, 1, 6 is a relative minimum.

Vertical asymptote: x  0
Symmetric with respect to origin
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 169


59. f x  x2  9  y

Domain: 
,
; Range: 0,

2xx2  9 10 )0, 9)
f x   0 when x  0 and is undefined when x  ± 3.
x2  9 
5
2x2  9
f  x  2 is undefined at x  ± 3.

x 9  ) 3, 0) )3, 0)
x
4 2 2 4
f  0 < 0
Therefore, 0, 9 is a relative maximum.

Relative minima: ± 3, 0
Points of inflection: ± 3, 0
Intercepts: ± 3, 0, 0, 9
Symmetric to the y-axis

61. f x  x  cos x

y
)2 , 2 1)

Domain: 0, 2
; Range: 1, 1  2
2
3 3
,
2 2
f x  1  sin x ≥ 0, f is increasing.
 3
f  x  cos x  0 when x  , . )0, 1) ,
2 2
2 2 x
2

  3 3
Points of inflection:  , ,
2 2 ,
2 2 
Intercept: 0, 1

63. x2  4y2  2x  16y  13  0

(a) x 2  2x  1  4y 2  4y  4  13  1  16 y

x  1  4y  2  4
2 2 4

x  12 y  22 (1, 3)

 1 3
4 1
2
The graph is an ellipse:
1

Maximum: 1, 3
(1, 1)
x
−1 1 2 3
Minimum: 1, 1
(b) x2  4y2  2x  16y  13  0
dy dy
2x  8y  2  16  0
dx dx
dy
8y  16  2  2x
dx
dy 2  2x 1x
 
dx 8y  16 4y  8

The critical numbers are x  1 and y  2. These correspond to the points 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, and 2, 3.
Hence, the maximum is 1, 3 and the minimum is 1, 1.
170 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

65. Let t  0 at noon. (100 − 12t, 0)

(0, 0)

L  d 2  100  12t2  10t2  10,000  2400t  244t 2 A (100, 0)

d
dL 300
 2400  488t  0 when t   4.92 hr. B (0, −10t)
dt 61
Ship A at 40.98, 0; Ship B at 0, 49.18
d 2  10,000  2400t  244t 2

 4098.36 when t  4.92  4:55 P.M..

d  64 km

67. We have points 0, y, x, 0, and 1, 8. Thus, y

(0, y)
y8 08 8x 10
m  or y  . (1, 8)
01 x1 x1 8

x 8x 1 .
2
Let f x  L 2  x 2  4

2
(x, 0)
x  1  x
 
x
x
f x  2x  128 0 2 4 6 8 10
x1 x  12
64x
x 0
x  13
x x  13  64
 0 when x  0, 5 minimum.

Vertices of triangle: 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 10

69. A  Average of basesHeight s

x 2 s
3s2  2sx  x2
 see figure s 3s 2 + 2sx − x 2 s
2 2

dA 1 s  xs  x
dx
 
4 3s2  2sx  x2
 3s2  2sx  x2 x−s
2
x−s
2
x
22s  xs  x
  0 when x  2s.
43s2  2sx  x2
A is a maximum when x  2s.

71. You can form a right triangle with vertices 0, 0, x, 0 and 0, y.
Assume that the hypotenuse of length L passes through 4, 6.

y6 60 6x
m  or y 
04 4x x4

x 6x 4 .
2
Let f x  L2  x2  y2  x 2 

f x  2x  72 x x 4 x 4
 4
0
2

x x  43  144
 0 when x  0 or x  4  
3
144.

L  14.05 feet
 Review Exercises for Chapter 3 171

L1
73. csc   or L1  6 csc  see figure L1
6 θ
6

2    9 or L 2  
L2 L2
csc 2  9 csc θ (π2 − θ(
9

L  L1  L2  6 csc   9 csc 2    6 csc   9 sec 

dL
 6 csc  cot   9 sec  tan   0
d

2 
3 2
tan3   ⇒ tan   3
3 3

1  23 23 323  223

sec   1  tan2   
313

sec  323  223

csc   
tan  213
323  22312 323  22312
L6 13 9  3323  22332 ft  21.07 ft Compare to Exercise 72 using a  9 and b  6.
2 313

75. Total cost  Cost per hourNumber of hours

600  5
v 
2
v 110 11v 550
T  
60 v
dT 11 550 11v 2  33,000
  2 
dv 60 v 60v 2
 0 when v  3000  1030  54.8 mph.

d 2T 1100
 3 > 0 when v  1030 so this value yields a minimum.
dv 2 v

77. f x  x3  3x  1

From the graph you can see that f x has three real zeros.

f x  3x2  3

f xn  f xn 
n xn f xn  f xn  xn 
f xn  f xn 

1 1.5000 0.1250 3.7500 0.0333 1.5333

2 1.5333 0.0049 4.0530 0.0012 1.5321

f xn  f xn 
n xn f xn  f xn  xn 
f xn  f xn 

1 0.5000 0.3750 2.2500  0.1667 0.3333

2 0.3333  0.0371 2.6667 0.0139 0.3472

3 0.3472  0.0003 2.6384 0.0001 0.3473

f xn  f xn 
n xn f xn  f xn  xn 
f xn  f xn 

1  1.9000 0.1590 7.8300 0.0203 1.8797

2 1.8797 0.0024 7.5998 0.0003 1.8794

The three real zeros of f x are x  1.532, x  0.347, and x  1.879.
172 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

79. Find the zeros of f x  x4  x  3.

fx  4x3  1
From the graph you can see that f x has two real zeros.

f changes sign in 2, 1.

f xn  f xn 
n xn f xn  f xn  xn 
fxn  fxn 

1 1.2000 0.2736 7.9120 0.0346 1.1654

2 1.1654 0.0100 7.3312 0.0014 1.1640

On the interval 2, 1: x  1.164.

f changes sign in 1, 2.

f xn  f xn 
n xn f xn  f xn  xn 
fxn  fxn 

1 1.5000 0.5625 12.5000 0.0450 1.4550

2 1.4550 0.0268 11.3211 0.0024 1.4526

3 1.4526  0.0003 11.2602 0.0000 1.4526

On the interval 1, 2; x  1.453.

81. y  x1  cos x  x  x cos x 83. S  4 r 2. dr  r  ± 0.025

dy dS  8r dr  89± 0.025

 1  x sin x  cos x
dx  ± 1.8 square cm
dy  1  x sin x  cos x dx dS 8 r dr 2 dr
100  100  100
S 4 r 2 r
2± 0.025
 100  ± 0.56%
9
4
V  r3
3

dV  4 r 2 dr  492± 0.025
 ± 8.1 cubic cm
dV 4 r 2 dr 3 dr
100  100  100
V 43r 3 r
3± 0.025
 100  ± 0.83%
9

Problem Solving for Chapter 3

1. Assume y1 < d < y2. Let gx  f x  dx  a. g is continuous on a, b and therefore
has a minimum c, gc on a, b. The point c cannot be an endpoint of a, b because
ga  fa  d  y1  d < 0
gb  fb  d  y2  d > 0
Hence, a < c < b and gc  0 ⇒ fc  d.
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 173

3. (a) For a  3, 2, 1, 0, p has a relative maximum at 0, 0.
For a  1, 2, 3, p has a relative maximum at 0, 0 and 2 relative minima.

(b) px  4ax3  12x  4xax2  3  0 ⇒ x  0, ± 3a

p x  12ax2  12  12ax2  1
For x  0, p 0  12 < 0 ⇒ p has a relative maximum at 0, 0.

(c) If a > 0, x  ± 3a are the remaining critical numbers.

3a
 12 3a
 12  24 > 0 ⇒ p has relative minima for a > 0.
p ±

(d) 0, 0 lies on y  3x2. a=2

y
a=3

3a. Then
2 a=1
Let x  ± x
−3 1 2 3

3a
3a
 a9  18a   a9.
2
px  a 6
−8

2 a = −1 a = −2
9 3
Thus, y    3 ±  3x2 is satisfied by all the relative extrema of p. a = −3 a=0
a a

5. px  x 4  ax2  1 a=1 a=3 y a=2 a=0

8
(a) px  4x4  2ax  2x 2x2  a 7
6

p x  16x2  2a 5
4
a = −1
3 a = −2
For a ≥ 0, there is one relative minimum at 0, 0. 2
a = −3
(b) For a < 0, there is a relative maximum at 0, 1. −2 −1 2
x

−2

(c) For a < 0, there are two relative minima at x  ±  2a.

(d) There are either 1 or 3 critical points. The above analysis
shows that there cannot be exactly two relative extrema.

c
7. f x   x2
x

fx  
c
x2
c
x
c
 2x  0 ⇒ 2  2x ⇒ x3  ⇒ x 
2 cx
3

2c
f  x  2
x3
If c  0, f x  x2 has a relative minimum, but no relative maximum.

If c > 0, x  2c is a relative minimum, because f  2c

> 0.
3 3

If c < 0, x   is a relative minimum too.

c 3
2
Answer: all c.
174 Chapter 3 Applications of Differentiation

f b  f a  f ab  a

9. Set  k.
b  a2

Define Fx  f x  f a  fax  a  kx  a2.

Fa  0, Fb  f b  f a  fab  a  kb  a2  0

F is continuous on a, b and differentiable on a, b.

There exists c1, a < c1 < b, satisfying Fc1  0.

Fx  fx  fa  2kx  a satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle’s Theorem on a, c1:
Fa  0, Fc1  0.

There exists c2, a < c2 < c1 satisfying F c2   0.

Finally, F x  f x  2k and F c2   0 implies that

f  c2
k .
2
f b  f a  f ab  a f  c2 1
Thus, k   ⇒f b  f a  fab  a  f  c2b  a2.
b  a2 2 2

tan 1  0.1 tan  10 tan  tan2

11. E   
0.1  tan 1  10 tan
1  10 tan 10 sec2  2 tan sec2   10 tan  tan2 10 sec2
E   0
1  10 tan 
⇒ 1  10 tan 10 sec2  2 tan sec2   10 tan  tan2 10 sec2
⇒ 10 sec2  2 tan sec2  100 tan sec2  20 tan2 sec2
 100 tan sec2  10 tan2 sec2
⇒ 10  2 tan  10 tan2
⇒ 10 tan2  2 tan  10  0
2 ± 4  400
tan   0.90499, 1.10499
20
Using the positive value,  0.7356, or 42.14
.

13. v  2400 sin 

v  2400 cos   0
 3
  2n,  2n, n an integer
2 2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 3 175

x y 4
15. The line has equation   1 or y   x  4.
3 4 3
Rectangle:
4
3
4

Area  A  xy  x  x  4   x2  4x.
3

8 8 3
Ax   x  4  0 ⇒ x  4 ⇒ x 
3 3 2
3
Dimensions: 2 Calculus was helpful.
2
x y
Circle: The distance from the center r, r to the line   1  0 must be r:
3 4

r  r
3 4
r
 1
  

12 7r  12
 
7r  12 

1 1 5 12 5

9 16
 
5r  7r  12 ⇒ r  1 or r  6.
Clearly, r  1.
x y
Semicircle: The center lies on the line   1 and satisfies x  y  r.
3 4
r r 7 12
Thus  1 ⇒ r  1 ⇒ r  . No calculus necessary.
3 4 12 7

17. y  1  x21
2x
y 
1  x22
23x2  1 1 3
y  0 ⇒ x± ±
x2  13 3 3
+++ −−−− −−−− +++
y′′:
3 0 3
−
3 3

The tangent line has greatest slope at  3 3

3
,
4
and least slope at 33, 34
.


19. (a)
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0
sin x 0.09983 0.19867 0.29552 0.38942 0.47943 0.84147

sin x ≤ x
(b) Let f x  sin x. Then fx  cos x and on 0, x you have
by the Mean Value Theorem,
f x  f 0
fc  , 0 < c < x
x0
sin x
cosc 
x

Hence,
 
sin x
x
 cosc ≤ 1 

⇒ sin x ≤ x  
⇒ sin x ≤ x