Intoducion A Otn

OTN Introduction
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe OTN frame structure, maintenance signals and
function for different layers
 Outline alarm and performance events generation mechanism
 Analyze the alarm and performance events and locate the

failures in OTN
Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. OTN Overview
2. OTN Interfaces Structure
3. OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure
4. OTN Overhead
5. OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers
6. Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events
7. OTN Overhead Application
OTN Definition
 OTN（Optical Transport Network）
 An Optical Transport Network (OTN) is composed of a set of
Optical Network Elements connected by optical fiber links, able
to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, routing,
management, supervision and survivability of client signals.
OTN Features
 Compared with SDH and SONET ：
 Ultra capacity with high accuracy, Terabit/second per fiber via
DWDM lines
 Service transparency for client signals
 Asynchronous mapping, powerful FEC function, predigest

network design and reduce the cost
 Compared with traditional WDM

 Enhanced OAM & networking functionality for all services
 Dynamically electrical/optical layer grooming
OTN Standards
OTN
Jitter Equipment Structure Physic

Management Network
and function and and layer Architectur
protection
wander features mapping feature e
s
G.874 G.8251 G.873.1 G.798 G.709 G.959.1 G.872
G.874.1 G.8201 G.873.2 G.806 G.7041 G.693 G.8080
G.7042 G.694
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
OTN Hierarchy and Interface
Structure
IP/MPLS ATM Ethernet STM-N
LO OPUk
LO ODUk（ODUkP、ODUkT）
HO OPUk OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV OTUk

HO ODUk（ODUkP、ODUkT） OCh OChr
OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV OTUk OMSn OPSMnk
OPSn
OCh OChr OTSn
OMSn OPSMnk
OPSn OTM- OTM-0.m OTM-0.mvn
OTSn OTM-nr.m
n.m
OTM-n.m OTM-0.m OTM-0.mvn

OTM-nr.m
OTM-n.m Containment Relationships
Client signal
OPUk OH OPUk payload

ln
OTM-n.m
ODUk OH OPUk
OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC l2

l1
OCh OChOH OCh payload
l OSC
OCCo
OCCo
OCCo
OCG-n.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

Non-associated OH
OTM Overhead Signal (OOS)

OMU-n.m
comms OH
OMSn OH
OTM-n.m OTSn OH
OOS
OTM-nr.m Containment Relationships
Client signal
l16
OPUk OH OPUk payload
OTM-16r.m
ODUk OH OPUk
l2
OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC l1
OChr OCh payload
OCG-nr.m OCCp OCCp OCCp
OTM-nr.m
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
ODU0 Multiplexing and Mapping Structure
OTU5[V] X320
ODU5 OPU5 ODTUG5
Multiplexing
Mapping
X80
OTU4[V] ODU4 OPU4 ODTUG4
X32
X8
X2
OTU1[V] ODU1 OPU1 ODTUG1 ODU0 OPU0 Client signal
ODU1 Multiplexing and Mapping Structure
X160
Multiplexing
X40 Mapping
X16
X4
X1 Client signal
OTU1[V] ODU1 OPU1
ODU2/ODU2e Multiplexing and Mapping
Structure X40
OTU5[V] ODU5 OPU5 ODTUG5 Multiplexing
X10 Mapping
X
OTU3[V] ODU3 OPU3 ODTUG3 3
X1
OTU2e ODU2e OPU2e Client signal
X40
X10
X
OTU3[V] ODU3 OPU3 ODTUG3 4
X1 Client signal
OTU2[V] ODU2 OPU2
ODU3/ODU4 Multiplexing and Mapping
Structure Client signal
Multiplexing
X4 Mapping
X1
OTU4[V] ODU4 OPU4 Client signal
X10
X2
X1
OTU3[V] ODU3 OPU3 Client signal
ODUflex Multiplexing and Mapping
Structure
Multiplexing
X320/ts Mapping
OTU5[V] ODU5 OPU5 ODTUG5 ODTU5.ts
X80/ts
X32/ts
X8/ts
OTU2[V] ODU2 OPU2 ODTUG2 ODTU2.ts ODUflex OPUflex
Client
signal
OTM Multiplexing and Mapping Structure
OTM-0.m
1
OCCr OChr
i 1
OCCr OChr 1
j Client signal
1 ≤ i+j+k+h+q ≤ n ODU5 OPU5
k 1
OTM-nr.m OCG-nr.m OCCr 1 OChr 1
h 160
OTU5[V] ODTUG5
1 40
q OCCr OChr 1 4 Client signal10
40
1 1 2 10
OCCr OChr 1
1 Client signal
OTU3[V] 1 ODU3 OPU3 1 16
1
1 ODTUG3
OCC OCh 1 1 Client signal
OTU2[V] 1 4 ODU2 OPU2
i
1 1
OCC OCh 1 ODTUG2 4
j
1 ≤ i+j+k+h+q ≤ n 1
1 OTU1[V]
ODU1
k 1
OTM-n.m OCG-n.m OCC OCh 1
h 1
Client signal OPU1
OCC 1 OCh
q
1 1
1 OCh
OCC Multiplexing
1
OSC OOS OTS, OMS, OCh Mapping
ODUk Time-Division Multiplex
 Low rate ODUk signals are multiplexed into high rate ODUk
signals using time division multiplexing :
 2×ODU0 multiplexed into 1×ODU1
 8×ODU0/4×ODU1 multiplexed into 1×ODU2
 32×ODU0/16×ODU1/4×ODU2/3×ODU2e multiplexed into

1×ODU3
 80×ODU0/40×ODU1/10×ODU2(e)/ 2×ODU3 multiplexed

into 1×ODU4
 320 ×ODU0/160×ODU1/40×ODU2(e)/ 10×ODU3/

4×ODU4 multiplexed into 1×ODU5
ODU1 into ODU2 Multiplexing Method
 ODU1 floats in ¼ of the OPU2 payload area.
 An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2 frame boundaries.

Alignm
OPU1 OH
ODU1 Client layer signal
ODU1OH (e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
x4
OPU1 OH
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH
OPU1 OH
Alignm Client Layer Signal
OPU1 OH
Client Layer
(e.g. Signal
STM-16)
ODU2 ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH Client
Client
Layer
(e.g.
layer
Signal
STM-16)
signal
ODU2 OH ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH
(e.g. STM-16)
(e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
OTU2
Alignm
OPU1 OH
OH
OPU1 OH
OPU2 OH
OPU1 OH
Client Layer Signal

OTU2 Alignm OTU2
OPU1 OH
ODU1 OH Client Layer Signal

(e.g. STM-16)
ODU1 OH OPU2Client
Payload
Client Layer
(e.g.
layer
Signal
STM-16)
signal FEC
ODU2 OH ODU1 OH
ODU1 OH
(e.g. STM-16)
(e.g., STM-16, ATM, GFP)
OTUk Types and Capacity
OTUk rates＝ 255/(239-k) × STM-N bit rate
OTU type OTU nominal bit rate OTU bit rate tolerance
OTU1 255/238  2 488 320 kbit/s
OTU2 255/237  9 953 280 kbit/s
OTU3 255/236  39 813 120 kbit/s ±20 ppm
OTU4 255/227 × 99 532 800 kbit/s
OTU5 255/226 x 398 131 200 kbit/s
NOTE – The nominal OTUk rates are approximately: 2 666 057.143 kbit/s
(OTU1), 10 709 225.316 kbit/s (OTU2), 43 018 413.559 kbit/s (OTU3) ,111 809
973.568 kbit/s (OTU4) ,and 449 218 831.858 kbit/s (OTU5).
ODUk Types and Capacity
ODUk rates＝ 239/(239-k) ×STM-N bit rate
ODU type ODU nominal bit rate ODU bit rate tolerance
ODU0 1 244 160 kbit/s
ODU1 239/238  2 488 320 kbit/s
ODU2 239/237  9 953 280 kbit/s
±20 ppm
ODU3 239/236  39 813 120 kbit/s
ODU4 239/227 × 99 532 800 kbit/s
ODU5 239/226 x 398 131 200 kbit/s
ODU2e 239/237 × 10 312 500 kbit/s ±100 ppm
ODUflex for CBR 239/238 × client signal bit rate client signal bit rate tolerance, with a
client signals maximum of 100 ppm
ODUflex for GFP- configured bit rate (see Table 7-8) 20 ppm
F mapped client
signals
OPUk Types and Capacity
OPUk rates＝ 238/(239-k) ×STM-N bit rate
OPU type OPU Payload nominal bit rate OPU bit rate tolerance
OPU0 238/239 × 1 244 160 kbit/s
OPU1 2 488 320 kbit/s
OPU2 238/237  9 953 280 kbit/s
±20 ppm
OPU3 238/236  39 813 120 kbit/s
OPU4 238/227 × 99 532 800 kbit/s
OPU5 238/226 x 398 131 200 kbit/s
OPU2e 238/237 × 10 312 500 kbit/s 100 ppm
OPUflex for CBR client signal bit rate tolerance, with a
client signal bit rate
client signals maximum of 100 ppm
OPUflex for GFP-F
238/239 × ODUflex signal rate 20 ppm
mapped client signals
OPU1-Xv X * 2 488 320 kbit/s
OPU2-Xv X * 238/237 * 9 953 280 kbit/s ±20 ppm
OPU3-Xv X * 238/236 * 39 813 120 kbit/s
OTN Frame Periods
OTU/ODU/OPU type Period (Note)
ODU0/OPU0 98.354 μs
OTU1/ODU1/OPU1/OPU1-Xv 48.971 μs
OTU4/ODU4/OPU4 1.168 μs
OTU5/ODU5/OPU5 0.291 μs
ODU2e/OPU2e 11.767 μs
ODUflex/OPUflex CBR client signals:
121856/client_signal_bit_rate
GFP-F mapped client signals:

122368/ODUflex_bit_rate
NOTE – The period is an approximated value, rounded to 3 decimal places.
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
OTN Frame Formats (k=1,2,3,4,5)
4080
3824
3825
14
15
16
17
1
8
7
OTUk
1 Alignm Client signal
OH
OPUk OH
2 mapped in OTUK
OPUk
OPU k payload FEC
3 ODUk
OH
4
Client signal
OPUk - Optical Channel Payload Unit
k:
ODUk – Optical Channel Data Unit 1－ 2.5G
2－ 10G
OTUk – Optical Channel Transport Unit 3－ 40G
4－ 100G
Alignment 5－ 400G
OTN Electrical Overhead Overview
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 FAS MFAS SM GCC0 RES RES JC
2 RES TCM TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL RES JC
ACT
3 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP RES JC
4 GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC RES PSI NJO
 ODUk OH  Alignment OH
TCMACT: Tandem Connection Monitoring FAS: Frame Alignment Signal
Activation/deactivation control channel MFAS: multi-frame Alignment Signal
TCMi:Tandem Connection Monitoring I  OTUk OH
FTFL:Fault Type & Fault Location reporting
SM: Section Monitoring
channel
GCC0:General Communication Channel0
PM: Path Monitoring
RES: Reserved for future international
EXP:Experimental
standardisation
GCC1/2: General Communication Channel 1/2
 OPUk OH
APS/PCC:Automatic Protection Swiching 
PSI: Payload Structure Identifier
coordination channel/Protection
JC: Justification Control
Communication Control channel
NJO: negative justification opportunity
Frame Alignment Signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 byte 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
OA1 OA1 OA1 OA2 OA2 OA2
 FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

A six byte OTUk-FAS signal is defined in row 1, columns 1 to 6 of the OTUk
overhead.
OA1 is 0xF6(1111 0110 ) ，OA2 is 0x28(0010 1000).
Multi-Frame Alignment Signal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
 MFAS (Multi-Frame Alignment Signal)

MFAS OH Byte
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  defined in row 1, column 7；
.
.
 The value of the MFAS byte will be incremented each
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 OTUk/ODUk frame and provides as such a 256 frame
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
MFAS sequence
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0. 0 1 0 0
multi-frame.
..
.
 Individual OTUk/ODUk overhead signals may use this
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 central multi-frame to lock their 2-frame, 4 frame, 8-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
..
0 0 0 1 frame, 16-frame, 32-frame, etc., multi-frames to the
principal frame.
OTUk Section Monitoring Overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
1 2 3  TTI (Trail Trace Identifier)

TTI BIP-8
 a one-byte overhead is defined to transport the 64
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 byte TTI signal
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RES

15  The 64-byte TTI signal shall be aligned with the OTUk
16
DAPI multi-frame and transmitted four times per multi-frame.

31
32
 TTI struture：
Operator  16 bytes SAPI:Source Access Point Identifier
specific
 16 bytes DAPI:Destination Access Point Identifier
63
 32 bytes operator specific
(Cont.)
 BIP-8 (Bit Interleaved Parity-8)
 For section monitoring, a one-byte error detection code signal is defined.
 This byte provides a bit interleaved parity-8 (BIP-8) code ；
 The OTUk BIP-8 is computed over the bits in the OPUk (columns 15 to 3824)
area of OTUk frame i, and inserted in the OTUk BIP-8 overhead location in
OTUk frame i+2
1 14 15 3824
Frame i OPUk
BIP8
Frame i+1
Frame i+2
(Cont.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ACT
1 2 3
 BEI/BIAE (Backward Error Indication/
TTI BIP-8
Backward Incoming Alignment Error)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 BDI (Backward Defect Indication)
BDI
IAE
SAPI BEI/BIAE RE
15 S
16  IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)
DAPI
31
32  RES (Reserved)
Operator
specific
63
OTUk GCC0 and RES overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
 GCC0 (General Communication Channel)

 Two bytes are allocated in the OTUk overhead to support a general
communications channel between OTUk termination points
 A clear channel which are located in row 1, columns 11 and 12
 RES (Reserved)
 Two bytes of OTUk overhead are reserved for future international
standardization
 Located in row 1, columns 13 and 14
 Set to all ZEROs

ODUk Path Monitoring Overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
1 2 3  TTI / BIP-8 / BEI / BDI

TTI BIP-8
 For path monitoring, this overheads’ function are
the same as OTUk SM signal, except BEI signal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
which doesn’t support BIAE function.
BDI
SAPI BEI STAT

15
16  In row 3, columns 10 to 12
DAPI
31
32
Operator
specific
63
ODUk Path Monitoring Overhead (Cont.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
 STAT (Status)
1 2 3
TTI BIP-8  For path monitoring, three bits are defined as status
bits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDI
SAPI BEI STAT  They indicate the presence of a maintenance signal

15
16 Bit 6 7 8 status
DAPI 000 Reserved for future international standardization
31 001 Normal path signal
32
010 Reserved for future international standardization
Operator 011 Reserved for future international standardization
specific 100 Reserved for future international standardization
101 Maintenance signal: ODUk - LCK
63 110 Maintenance signal: ODUk - OCI
111 Maintenance signal: ODUk - AIS
ODUk TCM Overhead
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
ACT
1 2 3  TTIi / BIP-8i / BEIi/BIAEi / BDIi

TTIi BIP-8i
 For each tandem connection monitoring
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
field, this overheads’ function are the same
BDIi
SAPI BEIi/BIAEi STATi as OTUk SM signal

15
16
DAPI
 Six fields of ODUk TCM overhead are
31 defined in row 2, columns 5 to 13 and row
32
3, columns 1 to 9 of the ODUk overhead
Operator
specific
63
ODUk TCM Overhead (Cont.)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
 STAT (Status)
1 2 3
TTIi BIP-8i For each tandem connection monitoring field, three bits are
defined as status bits. They indicate the presence of a
maintenance signal, if there is an incoming alignment error at
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BDIi
SAPI the source TC-CMEP, or if there is no source TC-CMEP active.

BEIi/BIAEi STATi
15 Bit 6 7 8 status
16 000 No source TC
DAPI 001 In use without IAE
31 010 In use with IAE
32
Reserved for future international
011
standardization
Operator
specific Reserved for future international
100
standardization
101 Maintenance signal: ODUk -LCK
63
110 Maintenance signal: ODUk -OCI
111 Maintenance signal: ODUk -AIS
Nested and Cascaded ODUk Monitored
Connections
TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6
A1 B1 C1 C2 B2 B3 B4 A2
C1 - C2
B1 - B2 B3 - B4
A1 - A2
TCMi TCM OH field not in use TCMi TCM OH field in use
Overlapping ODUk Monitored
Connections
TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6 TCM6
A1 B1 C1 B2 C2 A2
C1 - C2
B1 - B2
A1 - A2
TCMi TCM OH field not in use TCMi TCM OH field in use
ODUk GCC1/GCC2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
 GCC1 / GCC2 (General Communication Channel)

 Two fields of two bytes are allocated in the ODUk overhead to support two
general communications channels between any two network elements with
access to the ODUk frame structure (i.e., at 3R regeneration points).
 The bytes for GCC1 are located in row 4, columns 1 and 2, and the bytes
for GCC2 are located in bytes row 4, columns 3 and 4 of the ODUk
overhead.
Other Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TCM
2 RES ACT
TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL RES JC
 TCMACT (TCM Activation/Deactivation)

 APS/PCC (Automatic Protection Switching/Protection
Communication Control)
 EXP (Experimental)
 FTFL (Fault Type & Fault Location)
OPUk Payload Structure Identifier
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ACT
0
 PSI (Payload Structure Identifier)
PT
1  One byte is allocated in the OPUk
overhead to transport a 256-byte payload
Mapping structure identifier (PSI) signal
& concatenation
specific  Aligned with the ODUk multi-frame.
 PSI[0] contains a one-byte payload type.
255
PSI[1] to PSI[255] are mapping and
concatenation specific .
OOS
FDI-O
n
Non-Associated
TTI FDI-P 3
2
overhead
1
BDI-O BDI-O FDI-O
BDI-P BDI-P FDI-P

OMSn
OTSn
OCh
PMI PMI OCI
General Management Communications
 TTI: Trail Trace Identifier

 PMI: Payload Missing Indication
 OCI: Open Connection Indication
 BDI-O: Backward Defect Indication –Overhead
 BDI-P: Backward Defect Indication – Payload
 FDI-O: Forward Defect Indication –Overhead
 FDI-P: Forward Defect Indication – Payload
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
OTN Maintenance Layers
Electrical layer Optical layer
1 7 8 14 15 16
OChn
1 OTS OMS FDI-P OCh2
FAS MFAS SM GCC0 RES RES JC
TTI FDI-O OCh1
2 TCM
RES ACT TCM6 TCM5 TCM4 FTFL RES JC BDI-P BDI-P FDI-P
BDI-O BDI-O FDI-O
3 TCM3 TCM2 TCM1 PM EXP RES JC PMI PMI OCI
4 GCC1 GCC2 APS/PCC RES PSI NJO PJO General management communications (OSC)
PM
TCM1 (UNI to UNI)
(NNI to NNI)－ TCM2 (NNI to NNI) TCM2
OTUk SM OTUk SM OTUk SM
OTN boundary OTN boundary
OCh OCh OCh
OMS OMS OMS OMS
OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS OTS
OEO
OTM OLA OADM/ROADM OLA OTM OTM OLA OTM

OTN XC
OTN Layer Network Trail
Client
ODUk
OTUk
OCH
OMS
OTS OTS OTS
OTU OTU
OM OA OA OD
OSC
Maintenance and Management Signal
Management Network layers
signal
function OTUk ODUkP ODUkT
Alignment LOF/LOM Y Y –
Connectivity TTI Y Y Y
AIS Y Y Y
OCI – Y Y
Maintenance LCK – Y Y
Signal LTC – – Y
BDI Y Y Y
BEI Y Y Y
IAE/BIAE Y – Y
Signal quality BIP-8 Y Y Y
Maintenance Signals
 FDI（forward defect indication）
 FDI is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an
upstream defect has been detected.
 AIS and FDI are similar signals. AIS is used as term when the
signal is in the digital domain. FDI is used as the term when
the signal is in the optical domain.
 FDI is transported as non associated overhead in the OTM
overhead signal (OOS).
Maintenance Signals (Cont.)
 AIS（alarm indication signal）
 AIS is a signal sent downstream as an indication that an
upstream defect has been detected. An AIS signal is
generated in an adaptation sink function
 An AIS signal is detected in a trail termination sink

function to suppress defects or failures that would
otherwise be detected as a consequence of the
interruption of the transport of the original signal at an
upstream point.
 AIS（alarm indication signal）
 ODUk-AIS is specified as all "1"s in the entire ODUk signal,
excluding the frame alignment overhead (FA OH), OTUk
overhead (OTUk OH) and ODUk FTFL
 The presence of ODUk-AIS is detected by monitoring the

ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
All-1s pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
 BDI (Backward Defect Indication)

 Backward Defect Indication Payload defect (dBDI-P) is
monitored at the OTS and OMS layers.
• The
 Backward
The purposeDefect Indication
of monitoring (BDI)
this includes
parameter is the OTS for
to allow of the
optical layer, the BDI of the OMS layer, OTUk and ODUkP of the
single ended supervision of the trail
electrical layer, and the BDI of the ODUkT layer.
 During signal fail conditions of the overhead signal,
dBDI-P shall be set to false
 OCI (open connection indication)
 A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the
signal is not connected to a trail termination source
 The presence of ODUk-OCI is detected by monitoring the
ODUk STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields.
 The repeating "0110 0110" pattern is the default pattern; other
patterns are also allowed as long as the STAT bits in the PM
and TCMi overhead fields are set to "110".
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
Repeating “0110 0110” pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
 LCK (locked)
 A signal sent downstream as an indication that upstream the
connection is "locked", and no signal is passed through.
 The presence of ODUk-LCK is detected by monitoring the ODUk
STAT bits in the PM and TCMi overhead fields.
 dLCK shall be declared if the accepted STAT information (AcSTAT) is
“101”. dLCK shall be cleared if the accepted STAT information is not
equal to “101”.
 During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dLCK shall be set to
false.
1 78 14 17 3824
1 FA OH OTUk OH
FTFL
STAT
STAT
STAT
2
Repeating “0101 0101”pattern
STAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
3
4
 IAE (Incoming Alignment Error)
 IAE at the OTUk layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the IAE
bit in the SM overhead field (byte 3, bit 6) is “1”/ “0” for X
consecutive frames. X shall be 5.
 IAE at the ODUkT layer: dIAE shall be declared/cleared if the
accepted STAT information (AcSTAT) is/is not “010”.
 During signal fail conditions of the data signal, dIAE shall be set
to false .
 BIAE (Backward Incoming Alignment Error)
 dBIAE shall be declared/cleared if the BEI/BIAE bits in the
SM/TCM overhead field (byte 3, bit 1 to 4) are/are not “1011” for X
consecutive frames. X shall be 3.During signal fail conditions of
the data signal, dBIAE shall be set to false .
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
OTN Alarms
Layer Alarms
OTUk OTUk_LOF,OTUk_AIS,OTUk_LOM,OTUk_TIM,OTUk_DEG,
OTUk_EXC,OTUk_BDI,BEFFEC_EXC
ODUk_PM ODUk_PM_TIM,ODUk_PM_DEG,ODUk_PM_EXC,
ODUk_PM_BDI,ODUk_PM_LCK,ODUk_PM_OCI,ODUk_PM_AIS,O
DUk_LOFLOM
ODUk_TCMi ODUk_TCMi_TIM,ODUk_TCMi_DEG ,ODUk_TCMi_EXC ,ODUk_T

CMi_BDI, ODUk_TCMi_LCK,ODUk_TCMi_OCI,
ODUk_TCMi_AIS,ODUk_TCMi_LTC
OPUk OPUk_PLM, OPU2_MSIM, OPU3_MSIM
Remark: k=0,1,2,2e,3,3e1,3e2,4,5,flex i=1～6.
OTUk_LOF: is an alarm indicating that the frame alignment signal (FAS) is
Suppression Relation of Alarms
abnormal.
OTUk_AIS: An AIS signal travels downstream, which indicates that a signal

failure is detected in the upstream.
OTUk_AIS ODUk_LOFLOM
OTUk_LOM: The OTUk_LOM is an alarm indicating that the multiframe
alignment signal (MFAS) is abnormal.
OTUk_LOF ODUk_TCMi_LTC/OCI/LCK/AIS
OTUk_TIM: is an alarm indicating OTUk trail trace identifier (TTI) mismatch.

OTUk_LOM ODUk_TCMi_TIM
OTUk_DEG: is an alarm indicating that ODUk_TCMi
the OTUk signal is degraded.
BDI
OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_OCI/LCK/AIS ODUk_TCMi_IAE
OTUk_EXC: is an alarm indicating that the OTUk bit errors cross the
ODUk_TCMi_BIAE
threshold.
OTUk_IAE OTUk_BIAE OPUk_PLM OTUk_BDI ODUk_PM_TIM ODUk_TCMi_DEG
OTUk_BDI: indicates an OTUk backward defect.

OTUk_DEG OPUk_MSIM OPUk_PLM ODUk_PM_BDI ODUk_PM_DEG
BEFFEC_EXC: is an alarm indicating that the number of forward error
correction (FEC) bit errors exceeds the specified threshold.
Suppression Relation of Alarms
ODUk_PM_BDI: is generated when the PM section at the opposite station
detects a signal failure and inserts a BDI alarm to the local station.
ODUk_PM_LCK:OTUk_AIS
is an alarm indicating that the ODUk PM signal is locked.
ODUk_LOFLOM
ODUk_PM_OCI:OTUk_LOF
is an alarm indicating an ODUk PM open connection.
ODUk_TCMi_LTC/OCI/LCK/AIS
ODUk_LOFLOM: is an alarm indicating that the frame alignment signal (FAS)

OTUk_LOM ODUk_TCMi_TIM
and multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) are abnormal.
ODUk_TCMi
BDI
OPUk_PLM: is an alarm indicating OPUk payload mismatch.
OTUk_TIM ODUk_PM_OCI/LCK/AIS ODUk_TCMi_IAE
ODUk_TCMi_BIAE
OPU2_MSIM:
OTUk_IAE OTUk_BIAE OPU2 multiplex
OPUk_PLM structure
OTUk_BDI identifier mismatch
ODUk_PM_TIM ODUk_TCMi_DEG
OPU3_MSIM: OPU3 multiplex structure identifier mismatch.

OTUk_DEG OPUk_MSIM OPUk_PLM ODUk_PM_BDI ODUk_PM_DEG
OTN Performance Events
layer Performance events

OTUk OTUk_BBE ,OTUk_BBER,OTUk_BIAES,OTUk_ES,OTUk_FEBBE,OTUk_FEBBE
R,OTUk_FEES,OTUk_FESES,OTUk_FESESR,OTUk_FEUAS,OTUk_IAES,OTUk_
SES,OTUk_SESR,OTUk_UAS,FEC_AFT_COR_ER
ODUk_PM ODUk_PM_BBE,ODUk_PM_BBER,ODUk_PM_ES,ODUk_PM_FEBBE,ODUk_PM
_FEBBER,ODUk_PM_FEES,ODUk_PM_FESES,ODUk_PM_FESESR,ODUk_PM_
FEUAS,ODUk_PM_SES,ODUk_PM_SESR,ODUk_PM_UAS
ODUk_TCM ODUk_TCMi_BBE,ODUk_TCMi_BBER,ODUk_TCMi_BIAES,ODUk_TCMi_ES,OD
i Uk_TCMi_FEBBE,ODUk_TCMi_FEBBER,ODUk_TCMi_FEES,ODUk_TCMi_FESE
S,ODUk_TCMi_FESESR,ODUk_TCMi_FEUAS,ODUk_TCMi_IAES,ODUk_TCMi_S
ES,ODUk_TCMi_SESR,ODUk_TCMi_UAS
Remark: k=0,1,2,2e,3,3e1,3e2,4,5,flex i=1～6.
OTUk_BBE: OTU background block error
OTUk_BBER: OTU ratio of background block error
OTUk_BIAES: OTUk SM section backward introducing alignment errored second
OTUk_ES: OTU errored second
OTUk_FEBBE: OTU SM section far end background block error
OTUk_FEBBER: OTU SM section ratio of far end background block error
OTUk_FEES: OTU SM section far end errored second
OTUk_FESES: OTU SM section far end severely errored second
OTUk_FESESR: OTU SM section ratio of far end severely errored second
OTUk_FEUAS: OTU SM section unavailable second
OTUk_IAES: OTUk SM section introducing alignment errored second
OTUk_SES: OTU severely errored second
OTUk_SESR: OTU ratio of severely errored second
OTUk_UAS: OTU unavailable second
FEC_AFT_COR_ER: After FEC correct errored rate.
Contents
1. OTN Overview
4. OTN Overhead
Fault Location on a Network with a
REG Node
 Nodes A and C use the LSX board to access client signals
and complete overhead processing. Node B uses the LSXR
board for the electrical regeneration.
OTM REG OTM
A B C
LSX OM/ F F LSXR F F OM/ LSX
OA OA OM/ OM/ OA I OA
OD I I I OD
LSX OD OD U LSX
U U LSXR U
OTS OTS
OMS OMS
ODU OCh OCh ODU
/OTU OTU / OTU
ODU2P
Source OTU2 Source p OTU2 Sink OTU2 Source OTU2 Sink ODU2P Sink
ODU2P Sink OTU2 Sink OTU2 Source OTU2 Sink OTU2 Source ODU2PSource
OTU2 OTU2
ODU2P
REG Node- Fiber is Cut
OTM REG OTM
A B C
LSX F F LSXR F F OM/ LSX

OM/ OA OA OM/ OM/ OA I OA
I I I OD
LSX OD OD OD U LSX
U U LSXR U
1
OTS_LOS
2
2 OCh_SSF
3
OTS_BDI
OTS_BDI
1
R_LOS
OTU2_SSF
2
ODU2_PM_AIS
3
ODU2_PM_SSF
4
5
ODU2_PM_BDI
ODU2_PM_BDI
xxx Insert xxx Detect xxx Insert Back
REG Node- Fiber is Degraded
OTM REG OTM
Fiber is
degraded
A B C
LSX LSXR LSX
1
OTU2_BIP8
2 1 1
OTU2_BEI OTU2_DEG ODU2_PM_BIP8
3 3 2
OTU2_BEI ODU2_PM_BEI ODU2_PM_DEG
4
ODU2_PM_BEI
xxx Detect xxx Insert Back
Fault Location on a Network with a REG
Node- Fiber is Severely Degraded
OTM REG OTM
Fiber is
severely
degraded
A B C
LSX LSXR LSX

1
OTU2_LOF
OTU2_SSF
2
ODU2_PM_AIS
3
ODU2_PM_SSF
4
5
ODU2_PM_BDI
ODU2_PM_BDI
xxx Insert xxx Detect xxx Insert Back
Fault Location on a Network with an
OADM Node
OTM OADM OTM
A B C
TOM NS2 NS2 TOM NS2 NS2 TOM
ODU1P ODU2P OTU2 OTU2 ODU2P ODU2P OTU2 OTU2 ODU2P ODU1P
ODU1 ODU1
Source Cross- Source Source Sink Sink Cross- Source Source Sink Sink ODU1 Sink
ODU1P Conn ODU2P OTU2 OTU2 ODU2P Conn ODU2P OTU2 OTU2 ODU2P 交叉 ODU1P
Sink ect Sink Sink Source Source ect Sink Sink Source Source Source
ODU1P ODU1P
Source Sink
OTU2 OTU2
ODU2P ODU2P
ODU1P ODU1P
ODU1P
OADM Node- Fiber is Cut
OTM
Fiber is Cut OADM OTM
A B C
TOM NS 2 NS 2 TOM NS 2 NS 2 TOM

ODU 1 (A -B ) ODU 1 (B -C )
ODU 1 (A -C )
1
R _ LOS
OTU 2 _ SSF
2 2
OTU 2 _ BDI ODU 2 _ PM _ AIS
3
OTU 2 _ BDI 3 3 3
ODU 2 _ PM _ BDI ODU 1 _ PM _ AIS ODU 1 _ PM _ AIS
4
4 4
ODU 2 _ PM _ BDI
ODU 1 _ PM _ SSF ODU 1 _ PM _ SSF
5 5
ODU 1 _ PM _ BDI ODU 1 _ PM _ BDI
6
ODU 1 _ PM _ BDI
6
ODU 1 _ PM _ BDI xxx Insert xxx Detect xxx Insert Back
OADM Node- Fiber is Degraded
OTM Fiber is OADM OTM
degraded
A B C
TOM NS 2 NS 2 TOM NS 2 NS 2 TOM

ODU 1 (A -B ) ODU 1 (B -C )
ODU 1 (A -C )
1
2
OTU 2 _ BIP 8
OTU 2 _ DEG
2 2
OTU 2 _ B E I ODU2 _ PM _ BIP 8
3
OTU 2 _ B E I 3 3 3 3
ODU 2 _ PM _ BEI ODU 1 _ PM _ BIP 8 ODU 2 _ PM _ DEG ODU 1 _ PM _ BIP 8

4
ODU 2 _ PM _ BEI 4 4 4
ODU 1 _ PM _ B E I ODU 1 _ PM _ DEG ODU 1 _ PM _ B E I

5 4
ODU 1 _ PM _ B E I ODU 1 _ PM _ DEG
5
ODU 1 _ PM _ B E I
xxx Detect xxx Insert Back
Questions
 Which kinds of the components does the OTM-n.m have?
 What’s the difference between SM and PM?
Summary
 This course mainly introduce the following contents:
 OTN definition
 OTN hierarchy
 OTN interface structure
 OTN multiplexing and mapping structure
 OTN overheads
 OTN maintenance signals and trail layers
 Common OTN alarms and performance events
 Fault Location Using OTN Overheads on a Network
Abbreviations and Acronyms
 Abbreviations Description
 AIS Alarm Indication Signal
 APS Automatic Protection Switching
 APS/PCC Automatic Protection Switching/Protection Communication
Control
 ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network
 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
 BDI Backward Defect Indication
 BEI Backward Error Indication
 BIAE Backward Incoming Alignment Error
 BIP Bit-Interleaved Parity
 DAPI Destination Access Point Identifier
 DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Abbreviations and Acronyms
 Abbreviations Description
 MFAS Multi-Frame Alignment Signal
 MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switch
 NNI Network Node Interface
 OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
 OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
 OCC Optical Channel Carrier
 OCG Optical Carrier Group
 OCh Optical Channel With Full Functionality
 OChr Optical Channel With Reduced Functionality
 OCI Open Connection Indication
 ODTUGk Optical Date Tributary
Thank you
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OTN Introduction

Copyright © 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Outline alarm and performance events generation mechanism

 Analyze the alarm and performance events and locate the

2. OTN Interfaces Structure

3. OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure

5. OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers

6. Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events

7. OTN Overhead Application

 Service transparency for client signals

 Asynchronous mapping, powerful FEC function, predigest

 Compared with traditional WDM

 Dynamically electrical/optical layer grooming

Jitter Equipment Structure Physic

2. OTN Interfaces Structure

3. OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure

5. OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers

6. Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events

7. OTN Overhead Application

HO OPUk OTUk OTUkV OTUk OTUkV OTUk

OTM-n.m OTM-0.m OTM-0.mvn

OPUk OH OPUk payload

OTUk[V] OH ODUk FEC l2

OCG-n.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

OTM Overhead Signal (OOS)

OChr OCh payload

OCG-nr.m OCCp OCCp OCCp

2. OTN Interfaces Structure

3. OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure

5. OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers

6. Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events

7. OTN Overhead Application

OTU5[V] ODU5 OPU5 ODTUG5 ODTU5.ts

 8×ODU0/4×ODU1 multiplexed into 1×ODU2

 32×ODU0/16×ODU1/4×ODU2/3×ODU2e multiplexed into

 80×ODU0/40×ODU1/10×ODU2(e)/ 2×ODU3 multiplexed

 320 ×ODU0/160×ODU1/40×ODU2(e)/ 10×ODU3/

 An ODU1 frame will cross multiple ODU2 frame boundaries.

Client Layer Signal

ODU1 OH Client Layer Signal

OTUk rates＝ 255/(239-k) × STM-N bit rate

OTU1 255/238  2 488 320 kbit/s

OTU2 255/237  9 953 280 kbit/s

OTU3 255/236  39 813 120 kbit/s ±20 ppm

OTU4 255/227 × 99 532 800 kbit/s

OTU5 255/226 x 398 131 200 kbit/s

GFP-F mapped client signals:

NOTE – The period is an approximated value, rounded to 3 decimal places.

2. OTN Interfaces Structure

3. OTN Multiplexing and Mapping Structure

5. OTN Maintenance Signals and Trail Layers

6. Common OTN Alarms and Performance Events

7. OTN Overhead Application

byte 1 byte 2 byte 3 byte 4 byte 5 byte 6

 FAS (Frame Alignment Signal)

OA1 is 0xF6(1111 0110 ) ，OA2 is 0x28(0010 1000).

 MFAS (Multi-Frame Alignment Signal)

1 2 3  TTI (Trail Trace Identifier)

SAPI BEI/BIAE RES

DAPI multi-frame and transmitted four times per multi-frame.

 This byte provides a bit interleaved parity-8 (BIP-8) code ；

 GCC0 (General Communication Channel)

 A clear channel which are located in row 1, columns 11 and 12