Understanding Permissive Under-Reaching

Transfer Trip (PUTT) Communication Assisted

Trip Schemes Video

Welcome to the fourth video in our end-to-end testing series. We’ll be looking at a Permissive Under-
reaching Transfer Trip, or PUTT, communication-assisted trip scheme in this video.

I’m going to assume that you’ve watched the previous videos in this series; so I won’t rehash what to
look for in this animation. If you haven’t watched the previous videos, stop now and click this link to
watch them first, so you can follow along.

We talked about DTT and DUTT teleprotection schemes in the previous video, and we’re talking
about a PUTT scheme today. These acronyms can be confusing, so let’s break down the code to
help you figure out what they mean.

If the scheme starts with the letter D, the D can stand for “Direct” or “Directional.”

Relays do not share information back and forth in a “Direct” scheme. One relay simply tells the other
relay to trip, and the other relay follows the command.

The TT at the end of an acronym stands for “Transfer Trip.” This means that a remote relay is
sending a trip signal to the other side.

If I told you we were going to test a DTT scheme, you could translate the acronym to mean “Direct
Transfer Trip.”

 “Direct” tells you that you don’t need fancy GPS or IRIG connected equipment to test this scheme.

 “Transfer Trip” tells you that one relay will send a trip signal to the other.

 There could be another letter telling you which Zone to apply, but it is missing from this acronym, so that
means that there will be an external signal initiating the Transfer Trip; like a breaker fail relay, or 52b signal
that will isolate both sides of a line if one breaker operates.

If I told you we were testing a DUTT scheme, you could infer that:

 “Direct” means no fancy time-synched test equipment will be required on both ends.
 “U” stands for “Under-reaching”. Therefore one relay will need to measure a Zone-1 signal to send a trip to
the other side. A relay test-set will be required for this test.

 “Transfer Trip” tells you that one relay will send a trip signal to the other.

We’re looking at a PUTT scheme today, and:

 The “P” stands for “Permissive.” A Permissive scheme tells the other relay that it is allowed to trip faster if it
ALSO detects a fault in the correct direction. Both relays must agree that there is a fault before a Permissive
trip, unlike the direct scheme that would send a trip signal if only one relay detected a fault. Permissive
schemes share information back and forth, so you will need your fancy GPS and/or IRIG connected equipment
on ALL sides of the line.

 The “U” stands for “Under-reaching”. Therefore, at least one relay must measure a Zone-1 fault for this
scheme to work.

 “TT” means that one relay is sending a Transfer Trip signal to the other.

We’re looking at a PUTT animation that you can find on our website, relaytraining.com. There should
be a link on the screen right now that you can open in a new window if you want to follow along. The
link can also be found in the description below.

Which elements will pick up in Relay-1 if a fault occurs close to Relay-1 as we show here?

Which elements will pick up in Relay-2?

Zone-1 AND Zone-2 will pick up in Relay-1 because the fault is closest to Relay-1, while only Zone-2
will pick up in Relay-2.

Which relay will trip first?

Relay-1 will trip instantaneously because of the Zone-1 pickup, but it will also send a PUTT signal to
the other relay because it has detected an Under-reaching fault on the line. We call Zone-1 an
Under-reaching condition because it is purposely set somewhere between 75 to 90% of the line; so
that it will never operate for a fault that is not on the line.

The fault is still on the line even though Relay-1 tripped and current is flowing through Relay-2. How
long will it take before Relay-2 trips?

Relay-2 would trip after a 20-40 cycle Zone-2 time delay in a normal impedance protection scheme,
but we’re using a PUTT scheme here. Relay-2 receives a Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip
signal from Relay-1. If Relay-2 receives permission to trip from Relay-1, AND it detects a fault on the
line via the Zone-2 pickup, it is allowed to trip faster after a small communication time delay.
Relay-2 trips in a significantly shorter amount of time using a PUTT scheme.

Let’s look at another fault on the line.

This fault is a mirror image of the previous one. Which elements will pick up in Relay-1 and 2?

This time Relay-2 sees a Zone-1 and Zone-2 pickup, while Relay-1 sees a Zone-2 pickup.

Why do I keep harping on these easy questions about pickup in these examples?

Communication-assisted protection schemes like PUTT and POTT use pickup detection to decide
what to do, and most relay testers are laser-focused on what trips inside the relay; so I want to make
sure that you think in pickup terms, and not trip terms, when evaluating end-to-end test results.

Which relay will trip first, and how long will it take to trip the other relay?

This time Relay-2 will trip instantaneously because it detected a Zone-1 fault.

and Relay-1 should trip in 20-40 cycles because it detects a Zone-2 fault, which means that the relay
does not know whether the fault is on the line, or not. However, Relay-1 confirmed that the fault was
on the line with its PUTT signal, therefore Relay-2 has permission to trip after a short time delay, and
then indicate a communication trip on its front panel.

Now let’s look at how the Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip scheme compares to a regular
distance protection scheme.

Our standard protection scheme is at the top of the animation, and the PUTT scheme is on the
bottom. Watch what happens in each scheme as I cycle through the original fault.

We have a fault that is closer to Relay-1. Which elements will pick up in each relay?

Did you choose correctly?

Notice that both schemes have identical operating characteristics so far. Relay-1 sees a Zone-1 and
Zone-2 fault, while Relay-2 sees a Zone-2 fault.

Which relay should trip first?

Relay-1 trips first in both schemes because they both detect a Zone-1 fault.
When would Relay-2 trip in the standard and PUTT schemes?

Relay-2 trips after 20 cycles in the standard scheme and almost instantaneously using the PUTT
scheme because there were two pairs of eyes that verified that the fault was on the line. The Zone-2
delay only exists because one Zone-2 detection by itself can never be sure whether the fault is on the
line, or outside the zone of protection.

Will the two schemes perform differently if the fault happens 50% down the line?

Any fault in the overlapping region of Zone-1 will trip instantaneously because both relays see Zone-
1. There is no need for fancy teleprotection schemes for those faults.

What happens when the fault is not on the line and relays 3 and 4 are disabled?

Which elements will pick up in each relay?

Relay-1 will detect a Zone-3 fault, and Relay-2 will detect a Zone-2 fault.

What will happen next? Will Relay-1 operate? Will Relay-2 operate as a normal protection scheme,
or will it trip faster using a PUTT scheme?

Relay-2 will operate after its usual Zone-2 time delay because it will not get permission from Relay-1
to trip faster.

That’s the dirty little secret of communication-assisted trip schemes. They are only installed to trip
faster if the fault is beyond Zone-1 to the end of the line. All this time, money, effort, and extra testing
technology saves us 20-40 cycles inside a very narrow window. Why do we do it?

The primary reason is system stability. There have been studies of the power system that show a
relationship between fault duration and system stability. That 20 cycles of fault current could cause a
much larger outage for every extra cycle the fault stays on the line, so we want it off as soon as
possible.

Thanks for watching this video. I hope you have some new insights into how a Permissive Under-
reaching Transfer Trip communication-assisted trip scheme works.

You can play with this animation, and more, by following the link on the screen. You can also get
more information about testing these schemes via The Relay Testing Handbook: End-To-End
Testingbook via the other link in this video, or in the description below.
As always, please like this video and subscribe to our channel to let Google know we have good
stuff. It helps us get noticed and allows us to keep putting out free content like this with no ads.

Don’t forget to have fun out there.

Direct Transfer Trip and Direct Under-

Reaching Transfer Trip Schemes Video
Welcome to the third video in our End-to-End Testing series. In this video we’re going to look at Direct
Transfer Trip schemes or DTT schemes and then we’re going to look at Direct Under-Reaching
Transfer Trip schemes (or DUTTs).

This video is part of a series. If you have not watched Understanding Line Distance Protection, the
link is on the screen right now, then go watch that video first, so you get the foundation of what we’re
going to talk about in this video so we don’t have to keep repeating ourselves over and over again.
Let’s get started.

The first thing that we want to look at is the DTT, or the Direct Transfer Trip scheme and we don’t
have a fancy animation built for that one because it’s really simple. What you’re looking at is an
excerpt from The Relay Testing Handbook: End-to-End Testing and a DTT scheme is really just
sending a signal from one side to the other. That’s what the direct part of Direct Transfer Trip stands
for.
There is no reason for you to pull out your fancy GPS test equipment in order to test this scheme. The
testing procedure for this scheme is very simple. Put one body at Relay 1, another body at Relay 2,
get on your cell phones, and have Person 1 push the Trip button. The Trip button will go to the
transmit of Relay 1. It’ll then send a signal to Relay 2. Relay 2 will receive that signal and open the
breaker. Body Number 2 pushes their button and then the reverse should happen and Breaker
Number 1 should open. Now it doesn’t have to be a trip contact. It could also be a breaker status
contact or anything else, but it usually is something very simple. So there’s no reason for fancy test
equipment.

The next scheme that we want to look at is the Direct Under-Reaching Transfer Trip and just like the
Direct Transfer Trip scheme, Direct means that there’s no communication happening between the two
relays. One relay sends the command to the other relay. So once again, there’s no reason for you to
get out all your fancy GPS test equipment, because it’s a really simple test.

The top shows the standard distance protection scheme with no communication and the bottom
shows the DUTT scheme with communication so that we can see what we’re gaining when we have
the communication assisted trip schemes. And the first thing I’m going to do is, I’m going to put the
fault really close to Relay 1. Now if you’ve watched the previous videos, or if you have any
understanding of Distance Protection at all, you will know immediately that Relay 1 is going to see
Zone 1 and it’s going to see Zone 2. Relay 2, because the fault is still on the line is going to see Zone
2. The difference between the standard distance scheme and the DUTT scheme is that the standard
scheme Relay 1 is going to operate instantaneously and Relay 2 is going to operate after a 20 cycle
delay, but if you look at the DUTT scheme, Zone 1 still trips the Relay 1 breaker immediately, but it
also sends a command to the other side telling it to open as fast as it can, which is typically under 3
cycles, depending on communication delays. The DUTT scheme has saved us 17 cycles.
Now if I move the fault to the other side, you can see that the fault is now close to Relay 2 and the
opposite is going to happen. Relay 2 is going to see Zone 1 and Zone 2. Relay 1 is going to see Zone
2 and the breaker connected to Relay 2 is going to open instantaneously and then we’re going to
have that 17 cycle delay between the opening of the breaker on Relay 1.

If I go outside of the zone, this relay is going to see Zone 3 and Relay 2 is going to see Zone 2. Zone
2 has a faster time delay than Zone 3, so the Zone 2s are going to operate in the same amount of
time. So the DUTT scheme gives us the benefit of saving 17 cycles for faults on the line and then
giving us our normal backup protection for faults outside of the line. That 17 cycles might not seem
like a big deal, but it is forever in electrical terms and there have been some papers presented that
show that the longer a fault stays on the system, the more unstable it gets which is a big deal today.

If you like this animation, and you want to play with it some more, you can click the link below to go to
our website and you can play with this animation or all the other ones that we’ve created for the
communication trip schemes. I hope you’ve enjoyed this video. If you did, please subscribe to our
channel, like, and also look for our next video, which should be about, Permissive Under-Reaching
Transfer Trip schemes or PUTT schemes. We look forward to seeing you then, thank you.

Percentage Differential Relay

Definition: The percentage differential relay is defined as the relay that operates on the phase difference of two
or more similar electrical quantities. It is the advanced form of differential protection relay. The only difference
between them is the restraining coil. The percentage differential relay consists restraining coil for overcoming
the trouble arising out of differences in the current ratio for the high value of an external short circuit current.