Sub-theme category : 03

THE MAKING OF BIO ETHANOL FROM CASSAVA PEEL THROUGH ACID

HYDOLYSIS AND FERMENTATION PROCESS
Pratiwi Eka Putri1* and Pramudita Dian Nugrahadi1
Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture, Diponegoro University, Indonesia
*
Corresponding author : pepratiwiekaputri85@gmail.com

Motivation
The amount of fuel usage always increases because of the increasing the number of people in the world. This situation
affected the decreasing of the fossil fuel supply. Based on the IEA data (International Energy Agency), stockpile of
crude oil will be hold out for about 41 years, natural gas about 67 years and coal about 192 years. Indonesian
government has created President Regulation No. 5 Year 2006 about National Energy Policy as a strategy to save the
fuel supply, where the target of bio fuel utilization is about 2% in 2010 and 5% in 2025. 10% of bio ethanol can be
added to decrease the number of fuel utilization such us gasoline [2]. Bio ethanol is one of alternative energies that
have high octane and can replace timbale to increase octane value in gasoline. The Mix of ethanol and gasoline will be
oxidized the fuel, so the fuel can be burned perfectly and decrease gas emission such as carbon monoxide (CO) [3]. Bio
ethanol can be produced from sugar fermentation process of carbohydrate sources and fiber by using microorganisms.
This study used cassava peel waste that has starch content and high fiber to be used as bio ethanol. Total percentage of
the outside layer of cassava peel (brown and crude) was about 0,5 – 2% and the inside layer of of cassava peel (white
and smooth) was about 8 – 15%. People usually use some cassava peel as livestock feed, or but in other peace of
cassava peel waste become trash and make the environment unhealthy. The method of producing bio ethanol from
cassava peel consists of two steps, first step is acid hydrolysis process, then continued by fermentation process.
Hydrolysis process is to convert cellulose in cassava peel into glucose. Acid hydrolysis will be cutting the
polysaccharide bond and adding H2O element. Alcohol fermentation is a process to make alcohol by using yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) activity. Ethanol fermentation process was processed in anaerobe condition, it is converting
glucose into alcohol without oxygen, but to make starter it needs aerobe condition where oxygen is needed to develop
cell. The difference of fermentation duration will produce different ethanol content of bio ethanol, so the purpose of this
study was to determine the duration of optimum fermentation to produce the highest ethanol content.

Methodology
Cassava peel was analyzed by proximate analyze at Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed, Animal Husbandry and
Agriculture Faculty, Diponegoro University. The cassava peel was washed by clean water, copped, dried and mashed
like powder. 500 g of cassava peel powder was hydrolyzed by 5 l of H 2SO4 0,3 M on 1200C for 30 minutes. Before
fermenting it, hydrolyze liquid was filtered, controlled its pH of 4,5 – 5 and added 3g/l nutrient KH2PO4 and
(NH4)2SO4. 5 g of yeast inoculated was done by pouring 5% of hydrolyze liquid of total volume, then aerated for 24
hours. Inoculums was added to hydrolyze liquid remain and fermented in anaerobe condition. Variable of fermentation
duration taken was 24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 hours. Fermentation result will form 3 layers, it is protein, ethanol, and water,
ethanol-water in 2 top layers. Ethanol fluid was taken by plastic hoses through a filter paper with 1 micron size to filter
protein sediment. Ethanol-water layer was separated with sediment of protein, then ethanol-water fluid analyzed by
using Gas Chromatography (GC) to know production of ethanol content (% v/v). Then also density test was applied to
know purity. All of the Bio ethanol process was done in Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University.

Results
Proximate analyze result of cassava peel showed that it had water (68,1%), ash (1,8%), crude fat (1,31), crude fiber
(11,1%), and crude protein (6,04%). It showed that cassava peel can be used as material of bio ethanol because it has
high fiber. In hydrolysis process by using H2SO4 0,3 M it has glucose content 28,8 g/l. In Hydrolysis process, H + ion
from H2SO4 will be changing fiber ion from cassava peel into free radical ion then free radical ion will bonded with OH-
ion from water and reacted in 1200C for 30 minutes then produce glucose [1]. Fermentation result of this research was
done with the variable of fermentation duration of 24; 48; 72; 96 and 120 hours. The results show that the duration of
96 hours produced the highest ethanol concentration of 2.06% v / v with a density of 1.11 g / ml [Table 01]. Based on
Gas Chromatography (GC) analyze showed the number of ethanol content (% v/v) was suitable with the fermentation
duration, while the number of ethanol content will be increasing if there is decreasing of glucose. The activity of
microorganism also affected the number of ethanol content result, which is the optimum condition of microorganism
activity in position at logarithmic phase.

References
[1] Agu, RC, Amadife, AE, Ude, CM and Onyia, A 1997, ‘Combined heat treatment and acid hydrolysis of cassava
grate waste (CWG) biomass for ethanol production’. Elsevier Science Ltd, Britain, vol. 17, pp. 91-96.
[2] Prihandana, R 2007. Bioetanol ubi kayu, bahan bakar masa depan, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.
[3] Saono, S, RR, Hull and B, Dhamcharee 1986, A concise Indonesian handbook of indigenous fermented foods in the
ASCA Countries, Institute of Sciences. Jakarta.
Table 01. Fermentation Result on Different Duration

Liquid Volume Liquid Density Ethanol Glucose

Fermentation pH
(ml) (g/ml) Content Content
Duration (hour)
Before After Before After Before After (%v/v) (g/l)
24 5310 5300 1,122 1,12 5 7 0,6 14,12
48 5310 5505 1,122 1,119 5 6 0,99 13,01
72 5310 5530 1,122 1,115 5 7 1,51 12,64
96 5310 5581 1,122 1,11 5 6 2,06 12,51
120 5310 5590 1,122 1,09 5 6 2,01 12,32
Source : Primary data of research, 2014.