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Hervé Lissek
Etienne Rivet
Thach Pham Vu
Introduction
90
80
Magnitude (dB)
70
60
50
40
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125
Frequency (Hz)
Introduction
c
70
Pressure field in the frequency domain
60
∞
X Ψn (x, y , z)Ψn (x0 , y0 , z0 )
50 p(x, y , z, ω) = jρωc 2 q0
n=1
Kn (ω 2 − ωn2 + 2jδn ω)
40
Z Z Z
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125
Frequency (Hz) with Kn = Ψn (x, y , z)dxdydz
z y x
Introduction
c
70
In rectangular room and ideally rigid walls
60
mx πx my πy mz πz
50 Ψn (x, y , z) = cos cos cos
s lx ly lz
mx 2 my 2 mz 2
40
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 c
Frequency (Hz) and fn = + +
2 lx ly lz
Room correction at low frequencies Hervé Lissek 2
Introduction Electroacoustic absorbers design From 1D to 3D In situ performance Evaluation Conclusion
Introduction
90
Helmholtz equation
Boundary conditions
80
∆p + k 2 p = 0, ρω
Magnitude (dB)
ω ~ ·n
∇p ~ = −j p
70 k= Zn
c
60
In other cases
50
Eigenfunctions Ψn (x, y , z) not accessible by mea-
40
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 surement (only numerical model).
Frequency (Hz)
Introduction
Introduction
70
0
60
-0.5
50
-1
40
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 0 0.5 1 t0 t 0+0.5 t 0+1
Frequency (Hz)
Time (s)
Introduction
3 ln(10) Qn
MT60n =
π fn
70
0
60
-0.5
50
-1
40
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100 125 0 0.5 1 t0 t 0+0.5 t 0+1
Frequency (Hz)
Time (s)
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Passive means
Passive absorbers
Optimal room design / configuration
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Passive means
Passive absorbers
Optimal room design / configuration
• Active equalisation
-G
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
S d pr i
Sd p f +
v
u
Controller
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
S d pr i S d pr i
Sd p f + Sd p f +
v v Rl
u u Ll
Cl
- -
Controller
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
S d pr i S d pr i S d pr
Sd p f + Sd p f + Sd p f + i
v v Rl v
u u Ll u
Controller
Cl
- - -
Controller
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
S d pr i S d pr i S d pr S d pr
Sd p f + Sd p f + Sd p f + i Sd p f + i
v v Rl v v
u u Ll u u
Controller
Cl
- - - -
Controller Controller
Introduction
Correction Strategies
• Active absorption
Controller
S d pr S d pr S d pr Sd p f
Sd p f + i Sd p f + i Sd p f + i i
+ u/i
v v Rl v
u u Ll u v
u
Controller
Cl
- - - -
Controller
Introduction
Introduction
2 From 1D to 3D
Identifying target Impedance in 3D
Optimisation of Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Target Impedance
General description
General description
dv (t)
Mms =Sd (pfront (t) − prear (t)) − B`i(t)
dt Z
1
− Rms v (t) − v (t)dt
Cms
Mesh law on the electric circuit
di(t)
u(t) = Le + Re i(t) − B`v (t)
Mobile equipment: Mms , Rms , Cms dt
Moving coil: Re , Le
Electrodynamic transduction: B`
Enclosure: Vb
Diaphram area: Sd
General description
Mobile equipment: Mms , Rms , Cms U(s) = Ze (s)I (s) − B`V (s)
Moving coil: Re , Le
Electrodynamic transduction: B` where Ze (s) = sLe + Re
Enclosure: Vb
Diaphram area: Sd
General description
Pfront (s)
Zs (s) =
V (s)
Mobile equipment: Mms , Rms , Cms
Moving coil: Re , Le
Electrodynamic transduction: B`
Enclosure: Vb
Diaphram area: Sd
pi
Example: open-circuit loudspeaker (I = 0)
pr
Zms (s) 1 1
Zs (s) = = sMms + Rms +
Sd Sd sCmc
Acoustic impedance Sd p f
+ i u/i
Zms (s)
Zs (s) = v
u
Sd − B`Θ(s)
-
v
u
Target impedance
-
µMms µ
Zst (s) = s + Rst +
Sd sSd Cmc
Bruel&Kjaer Power
Amplifier 2706
Bruel&Kjaer Pulse
Multichannel Analyzer
ISO 10534-2
Output Input Output Inputs
Electroacoustic
Sound Source Absorber H12 − HI j2k.x1
Rf Γ̂12 = .e
R − H12
p1 p2 p3 Ri H
i Rs +
−jk(x −x2 )
uout
Rd
Rf
-
Rs Ri HI = e 1
pt Cf
HR = e jk(x1 −x2 )
Waveguide ADC FPGA DAC
1000 0.9
800
0.8
π/2 0.3
0 0.2
-π/2 0.1
-π 0
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Signal
Generator
+
Amplifier
With a Loudspeaker
Signal
Generator
+
Amplifier
Controller
+
u/i
Signal
Generator
+
Amplifier
2 From 1D to 3D
Identifying target Impedance in 3D
Optimisation of Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Target Impedance
Rs = ρc Rs = 0.15ρc
Rs = ρc Rs = 0.32ρc
In rooms?
As seen before, the Modal Decay Times only depend on eigenvalues ωn + jδn
(invariant with position)
→ can we derive optimal values of acoustic impedance by minimizing MT60n for a
given set of room resonance frequencies?
Optimization with COMSOL: output δn for a given set of resonance frequencies
Medium room M1 Medium room M2
Small room S L = 7.02m,W = 5.10m,H = 2.70m
L = 7.87m,W = 6.36m,H = 3.48m
L = 5.33m,W = 3.76m,H = 2.13m
90 90 90
0.8 0.8 0.8
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
0.7 80 80 0.7 80
0.7
0.6 70 0.6 70 0.6 70
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
0.7 80 0.7 80 0.7 80
0 20 0 20 0 20
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 ) Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 ) Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
0.7 80 0.7 80 0.7 80
0 20 0 20 0 20
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
-1
Specific
Room Acoustic
S Resistance
Room M1 (Pa.s.m Room
) M2 Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
160
125
100
80
Frequency (Hz)
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
Mode (1,0,0) with Rsabs = ζρc Sound pressure (color), active sound intensity (gray)
Design
where
Mms 1
Zstk (ω, ν2k−1 , Rst , ν2k ) = jω + Rst +
Sd ν2k−1 jω Sd ν2k Cmc
with conditions
n
X n−1
X
ν1 = νM1 − ν2k−1 and ν2n = νC1 − ν2k
k=2 k=1
Performance Optimisation
125
100
80
Frequency (Hz)
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
Performance Optimisation
125
100
80
Frequency (Hz)
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
Performance Optimisation
125
100
80
Frequency (Hz)
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m -1 )
Optimisation strategy
Z Z
A2 = max (α̃(Rs , f ) − αth , 0) Rsopt (Rs , f ) dRs df
Performance analysis
Z Z C2 Z Z Z C3
st1 st2 st1 st2 st3
500 500
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
400 400
300 300
200 200
Zst3−DOF =
Zst2−DOF = 100 100
Zst1 //Zst2
Zst1 //Zst2 0 0
π π //Zst3
(C2)
(C3)
Phase (rad)
Phase (rad)
π/2 π/2
0 0
-π/2 -π/2
-π -π
10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Performance analysis
Z Z C2 Z Z Z C3
st1 st2 st1 st2 st3
500 500
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
400 400
300 300
200 200
Zst3−DOF =
Zst2−DOF = 100 100
Zst1 //Zst2
Zst1 //Zst2 0 0
π π //Zst3
(C2)
(C3)
Phase (rad)
Phase (rad)
π/2 π/2
0 0
-π/2 -π/2
-π -π
10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
C0 C1 C2 C3
500
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
400
300
200
100
0
π
Phase (rad)
π/2
-π/2
-π
10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Frequency (Hz)
Performance analysis
Z Z C2 Z Z Z C3
st1 st2 st1 st2 st3
500 500
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
400 400
300 300
200 200
Zst3−DOF =
Zst2−DOF = 100 100
Zst1 //Zst2
Zst1 //Zst2 0 0
π π //Zst3
(C2)
(C3)
Phase (rad)
Phase (rad)
π/2 π/2
0 0
-π/2 -π/2
-π -π
10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
C0 C1 C2 C3 C0 C1 C2 C3
500 100
Magnitude (Pa.s.m-1 )
300 60
200 40
100 20
0 0
Imaginary Part (Pa.s.m-1 )
π 200
100
Phase (rad)
π/2
0 0
-π/2 -100
-π -200
10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500 10 16 31.5 63 125 250 500
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Basic
config.
(C0)
C0
160
125
100
Frequency (Hz) 80
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
-1
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m )
Basic Zst1−DOF
config. (C1)
(C0)
C0 C1
160
125
100
Frequency (Hz) 80
63
50
40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
-1
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m )
Basic
config. Zst1−DOF
(C0) (C1)
C0 C1 C2
160
125
100
Frequency (Hz) 80
63
Zst2−DOF
50
(C2) 40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
-1
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m )
Basic
config. Zst1−DOF
(C0) (C1)
C0 C1 C2 C3
160
125
100
Frequency (Hz) 80
63
Zst3−DOF
50
(C3) 40
31.5
25
20
16
16 31.5 63 125 250 500
-1
Specific Acoustic Resistance (Pa.s.m )
2 From 1D to 3D
Identifying target Impedance in 3D
Optimisation of Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Target Impedance
Frequency responses
Frequency responses
Frequency responses
10 15
Magnitude (dB re. 1 Pa.s.m-1 )
0 5
-5 0
Mic #1 -10 -5
Mic #2
-15 -10
-20 -15
-25 -20
-30 -25
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
0 0
-5
Magnitude (dB re. 1 Pa.s.m-1 )
-40 -45
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Frequency responses
10 15
Magnitude (dB re. 1 Pa.s.m-1 )
0 5
-5 0
Mic #1 -10 -5
Mic #2
-15 -10
-20 -15
-25 -20
-30 -25
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
10 5
Magnitude (dB re. 1 Pa.s.m-1 )
0 -5
Mic #3 -5 -10
Mic #4
-10 -15
-15 -20
-20 -25
-25 -30
-30 -35
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
M. H. Richardson, D. L. Formenti, ”Global curve fitting of frequency response measurements using the rational
fraction polynomial method.” Proceedings of the Third International Modal Analysis Conference, 1985.
Room correction at low frequencies Hervé Lissek 32
Introduction Electroacoustic absorbers design From 1D to 3D In situ performance Evaluation Conclusion
4 EA off 2 EA off - 2 EA on 4 EA on
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
MT60 (s)
MT60 (s)
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
4 EA off 2 EA off - 2 EA on 4 EA on
.0
.4
.0
.6
.8
.1
.7
.2
.6
.5
7
2.
29
40
48
55
60
74
77
85
90
98
Configuration
10
Frequency (Hz)
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
Medium room
MT60 (s)
MT60 (s)
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
4 EA off 2 EA off - 2 EA on 4 EA on
27 3
34 3
40 2
45 8
48 7
50 5
53 3
56 1
58 8
62 6
63 2
67 6
68 4
72 6
76 6
79 4
81 0
85 5
88 7
92 3
96 1
97 2
.9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
Configuration
Frequency (Hz)
• Target: Spatial evaluation of sound pressure field with and without absorbers
• Framework:
• Input: sound pressure measurement at a limited number of microphone
positions
• Output: visualize/render sound pressure distribution within the whole
room
• Challenges:
• Limited number of actual microphones
• If possible, limited computational requirements
Compressed sensing1
• Reconstruction of a signals using far fewer samples than required by Nyquist
theorem, given that the signal is sparse
• In acoustics: Reconstruction of the whole sound field in room using a much less
number of measurements.
• Sparsity of sound field in room
• Modal summation
• Approximation of Modeshape function Ψn using plane waves summation
1
Mignot et al., Low frequency interpolation of room impulse responses using compressed sensing, IEEE/ACM
Trans. on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 22(1) (2014)
Room correction at low frequencies Hervé Lissek 35
Introduction Electroacoustic absorbers design From 1D to 3D In situ performance Evaluation Conclusion
Conclusion
Summary of results
• Performance optimisation
• Definition of new performance metrics
• Methodology for performance improvement
Conclusion
Perspectives
• Absorber design
• Ratio surface/mass
• Active panels controlled by electrodynamic inertial actuators
• Development of electroacoustic absorption-diffusion systems
• Performance optimisation
• Target impedance (reactive terms in simulations)
• Calibration of electroacoustic absorbers directly in the room
• Performance evaluation
• Spatial sound field reconstruction (compressive sensing)
Conclusion