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10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
10th International Conference on Applied Energy
China(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
China
Integrated Energy Supply Schemes on Basis of Cogeneration Plants
Integrated Energy Supply Schemes
The 15th International Symposiumon BasisHeating
on District of Cogeneration
and Cooling Plants
and Wind Power Plants
and Wind Power Plants
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Ivan Postnikovaa *, Valery Stennikovaa, Andrey Penkovskiiaa
temperature function
Ivan Postnikovfor a long-term
*, Valery Stennikovdistrict, Andreyheat demand forecast
Penkovskii
Melentiev Energy Systems Institute of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
a

a Irkutsk,
Melentiev Energy Systems 664033,
Institute Lermontov
of Siberian st., of
Branch 130,
theRussia
Russian Academy of Sciences,
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, Irkutsk,
P. Ferrão a
664033,,Lermontov
J. Fournier b
., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
st., 130, Russia

Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Abstract Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
The paper presents Département Systèmes
innovative Énergétiquesconcepts
technological et Environnement - IMT energy
of integrated Atlantique, 4 rueschemes
supply Alfred Kastler,
based44300 Nantes,
on joint France of thermal
operation
The paperpower
and wind presents innovative
plants. The main technological
advantage of concepts of integrated
these systems lies inenergy supply schemes
the improving based on
the efficiency, joint operation
reliability of thermal
and environmental
and wind power
friendliness plants.supply
of energy The main advantage
(electricity and of theseThis
heat). systems lies inofthe
is a result fuelimproving
saving and thereduction
efficiency, reliability
in CO2 and environmental
emissions from thermal
friendliness
power plants, of which
energy becomes
supply (electricity and heat).
possible when part This
of fuelis a isresult of fuelwith
replaced saving and reduction
electric in CO2 emissions
power generated from thermal
by wind turbines. The
Abstract
power plants, advantages
technological which becomes of thepossible
proposedwhen part are
schemes of fuel is replaced
considered. Thesewith electric power
advantages expandgenerated
the range by wind turbines.
of applications for The
the
technological
technologies both advantages of the and
in small-scale proposed schemes
large-scale aresystems.
energy considered. Theseprotects
A patent advantages expand technologies.
the proposed the range of applications for the
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
technologies both in small-scale and large-scale energy systems. A patent protects the proposed technologies.
greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
© sales.
2019 DueThe to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heatth demand in the future could decrease,
Copyright
Selection ©Authors.
and 2018 Published
Elsevier
peer-review Ltd.
underby Elsevier Ltd. of
Allresponsibility
rights reserved. the scientific committee of the 10 International Conference on Applied
This is an open
prolonging theaccess articlereturn
investment underperiod.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied
Energy (ICAE2018).
Peer-review
The main scope underofresponsibility
this paper is of to the scientific
assess committee
the feasibility of ICAE2018
of using the heat –demand
The 10th International
– outdoor Conference
temperature on Applied
function for heatEnergy.
demand
Energy (ICAE2018).
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The
Keywords: wind energy; wind power plant; thermal power plant; integrated scheme of energy supply; reduction CO2 emissions; fuel saving
district is consisted of 665
Keywords: wind energy; wind power plant; thermal power plant; integrated scheme of energy supply; reduction CO2 emissions; fuel savingdistrict
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
1. Introduction
1.The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Introduction
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
Wind energy
scenarios, the errorduevalue
to itsincreased
wide availability
up to 59.5% and(depending
relativelyon high
the density
weather ofandenergy flowscenarios
renovation is the most promisingconsidered).
combination resource
amongWind energy
all due to
non-conventional its wide
andavailability
renewable and relatively
energy sources high
for density
many of energy
countries.
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds flow
Wind is the
energy most
trend promising
embraces resource
already
to the
among
above
decrease allin
70 non-conventional
countries.
the number Today theand
of heating renewable
capacity
hours of energy
of22-139h
wind powersources
during the for
plants manyseason
(WPP)
heating countries.
in worldWind
the(depending energy
is 10on times trendthan
more
the combination embraces
10 already
years
of weather ago.
and
above
The most70 countries.
renovation scenarios Today
developed wind the capacity
energy
considered). Onisthe of
thewind
in other USA, power
hand, plants
Germany,
function (WPP)increased
China,
intercept in the Spain,
India, world isDenmark,
10 times
for 7.8-12.7% more
peretc. than 10 years
Moreover,
decade by on
(depending ago.
2016 the
The
the mostscenarios).
total
coupled developed
installed Thewind
capacity energy
values all is
of suggestedin the
wind USA,
generators
could be usedGermany,
is toabout
modify China,
432theGW India,
[1]. Spain,
function By Denmark,
2035,
parameters for theetc.
China Moreover,
isscenarios
planning to by
put2016
considered, into
and
the total the
improve installed
accuracy capacity of all wind
of heat demand generators is about 432 GW [1]. By 2035, China is planning to put into
estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
*Ivan Postnikov. Tel.: +7-908-647-9120.
E-mail address: postnikov@isem.irk.ru.
*Ivan Postnikov. Tel.: +7-908-647-9120.
Keywords: Heat demand;
E-mail address: Forecast; Climate change
postnikov@isem.irk.ru.
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and
1876-6102 peer-review
Copyright under
© 2018 responsibility
Elsevier Ltd. All of the scientific
rights reserved. committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.063
 Ivan Postnikov et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 154–159 155
2 Postnikov et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

operation 645 GW of such power plants, and the USA and European Union – 500 GW. Wind power technologies are
a dynamically developing direction in the alternative energy with gradual expansion of the application range.
Solutions to the problems associated with the use of wind turbines in power systems are discussed in many
studies, some of which are presented in the References. Their analysis shows that the main technological problem of
connecting WPP to the electric power systems (EPS) is energy flow instability, which decreases the quality of
generated power and stability of electric power system, and increases the need for backup capacity of WPP [2].
Developed countries overcome such problems by applying an actively developing technology of Smart Grid [3].
Currently the wind power generation (98% of the total wind park capacity) is based on the wind turbines operating in
parallel with EPS. This is mainly explained by the fact that the companies have partially solved technical problems
related to the connection of WPP for parallel operation with EPS, for example, by use the filter compensating
devices (with asynchronous generators) and power system stabilizers (with synchronous generators). Such WPP are
operated without expensive storage and backup devices owing to a small share of WPP in the total capacity of EPS.
However, since the rates of wind energy development are expected to be very high the problem of electricity storage
is getting increasingly urgent [4]. However, according to the studies [5] solving this problem is rather challenging
and is associated with additional expenses even for the companies that have long-term experience in designing and
operating WPP.
Also using of WPP within EPS causes the problem related to the automatic reclosing of lines connecting WPP
with power system [6–9]. The practice shows that well-developed technology to solve such problems is not exist
now [10].
The technology of parallel operation of WPP and an energy system is mainly used in EPS, whereas in district
heating systems (DHS) on based combined heat & power (cogeneration) plants (CHP) it has not been considered so
far. At the same time, this technology is important for this sector which is the most fuel intensive industry in the
many countries; for example, in Russia above 45% of the total fossil fuel is used for heating. Moreover, EPS and
DHS are strongly integrated with one another and heat supply based on CHP is considered as the most effective in
hard climatic conditions. In addition, it should be noted that seasonal wind intensity variations occur, as a rule, in
one phase with variations in heat consumption: the strongest and constant winds are observed in winter. Strong
winds in combination with low temperature increase of heat demand [10].

2. Technological Schemes for Joint Operation of Cogeneration Plant and Wind Power Plant

A perspective direction of the energy supply development on the basis of two sources (cogeneration plants and
WPP) is proposed. It suggests the establishment of integrated systems, ensuring effective and reliable energy supply
on the basis of conventional and renewable energy sources. This will considerably expand the field of application of
non-conventional renewable energy sources.
The main idea of the proposed technological scheme lies in the integration of WPP and fossil-fuel CHP into a
single energy complex. Unlike a traditional scheme, authors propose not to connect WPP directly to the net-work of
EPS but use their electric energy to directly replace fossil fuel in cycles of CHP. This approach is patented [11].
Additionally, the pro-posed combined technology can also apply the experience in development of the solar powered
gas turbine system [12, 13].
A flow chart of the energy complex implementing the combined generation technology based on steamturbine
CHP and WPP is presented in Fig. 1-a. A distinctive feature of this scheme is the use of electric heater 6 powered by
WPP generator 2 for additional steam superheating after the steam boiler 5. Further, the superheated steam by
subsequent expansion performs mechanical work in steam turbine 7. Heat is supplied to consumers 17 through the
network heater 11. Circulation in the heat network (HN) is carried out by the network pumps 16 from CHP and
boiler plant (BP). With the rated wind speed, the power of WPP is sufficient for electric heater 6 to provide steam
superheating to the required temperature. In the case of insufficient (weak) wind speed, when power generated by
WPP becomes lower than power necessary for steam superheating in electric heater 6 of CHP, the switch 3 is used to
switch to the backup power source 18 or directly to the electrical networks of EPS. This provides stable operation of
both electric heater 6 and CHP as a whole. Moreover, their maximum efficiency, reliability and durability are
achieved.
156 Ivan Postnikov et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 154–159
Postnikov et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

Fig. 1. A flow chart of the energy complex integrating the cogeneration plants and WPP (EE – electric energy; TE – thermal energy): a) CHP and
WPP: 1 – wind turbine, 2 – WPP generator, 3 – switch of CHP, 4 – switch of boiler, 5 – steam boiler of CHP, 6 – electric heater of CHP, 7 –
steam turbine, 8 – steam turbine generator, 9 – steam turbine condenser, 10 – steam turbine feed water pump, 11 – steam turbine network heater,
12 – boiler unit at BP, 13 – electric heater of BP, 14 – network heater of BP, 15 – feed water pump of BP, 16 – network pumps, 17 – heat
consumers, 18 – backup power source, 19 – other power sources, 20 – switches/breakers in the electrical network, 21 – power consumers; b)
CCP and WPP: 1 – wind turbine, 2 – WPP generator, 3 –switch of gas turbine electric heater, 4 – switch of boiler electric heater, 5 – switch of
steam turbine electric heater, 6 – gas turbine electric heater, 7 – gas turbine combustion chamber, 8 – gas turbine compressor, 9 – gas turbine, 10
– gas turbine generator, 11 – waste-heat recovery boiler, 12 – steam turbine electric heater, 13 – steam turbine, 14 – steam turbine generator, 15 –
steam turbine condenser, 16 – feed-water pump of steam turbine, 17 – network water heater of steam turbine, 18 – boiler unit of BP, 19 – electric
heater of BP, 20 – network water heater of BP, 21 – feed-water pump of BP, 22 – network pumps, 23 – heat consumers, 24 – electrolysis unit
switch, 25 – ballast load switch, 26 – electrolysis unit, 27 – ballast load, 28 – backup power source, 29 – other power sources, 30 – electrical
network switches/breakers, 31 – power consumers.

The backup power source can be represented by electric storages, i.e. storage battery and capacitor banks,
flywheel energy storage, pumped hydroelectric energy storage, compressed air energy storage, hydrogen-based fuel
cells, and other possible energy storages. Also, fossil fuel plants can be used, for example, internal combustion
engines; diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle plants; fuel cells based on natural gas, liquid fuel, etc. Greatly
uneven amounts of electricity coming to electric heaters can be smoothed out by installing before them a capacitor-
type energy storage (on the basis of condensers).
In order to obtain the maximum reliability of power supply of electric heater 6, and, hence, the operation of CHP,
electric heater is switched to power supply from backup source 18 with a lead time calculated using a retrospective
analysis of operating modes and power fluctuations charts of WPP and meteorological forecasts. For example,
switching can be made after the power of the WPP reaches some critical level. The critical level is level of WPP
power exceeding the required load of electric heater 6 by no more than 5–10%. This is necessary to exclude a sharp
drop in power below level that required for electricity supply to the electric heater because of unstable wind force. In
addition, a reverse process is provided, i.e. electric heater 6 can be switched to power supply from WPP when its
power exceeds the power of electric heater 6 by 10%.
Fig. 1-b shows a chart of the energy supply complex that represents an integrated technology consisting of
combined cycle cogeneration plant (CCP) and wind power plant. As well as in the previous chart in the case of
insufficient power of WPP the electric heater of steam turbine 12 is powered from backup source 28. In this case, the
scheme suggests a preliminary start of backup power source 28 and its preparation for operation. Before switching
the electric heater of steam turbine 12 to backup power source 28, this source 28 is connected to the ballast load 27
through switch 25. Only when the backup power source gains the rated power and reaches steady state, it will switch
from the ballast load to the steam turbine electric heater 12 using switch 5. This makes it possible to exclude the
influence of the backup source inertia on supply of a required amount of electricity to the steam turbine electric
 Ivan Postnikov et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 154–159 157
4 Postnikov et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

heater. The ballast load can be represented by the electric heater that heats water in HN or heat source for process
needs of an industrial facility.
The excess electric power of WPP (above the power of electric heater 12) is used to power gas turbine electric
heater 6 that heats air before the fuel combustion chamber of gas turbine 7, in order to reduce fuel consumption in it.
Also, the surplus power of WPP can be used to generate hydrogen in electrolyzer 26. Hydrogen can be stored for
further use it in combustion chamber 7 or backup source 28 when necessary. The proposed scheme, therefore, can be
considered as an inter-mediate stage of a gradual transition to the hydrogen energy.

3. Analysis of Efficiency and Advantage of The Proposed Technologies

Below in the Table 1 the authors present an aggregate technical and economic assessment of WPP 500 kW for
direct replacement of fuel in the cycle of CCP in the coastal regions of North-Western Russia. Fig. 2 presents some
efficiency indices obtained when the cogeneration plant and WPP operate in parallel under different levels of
average annual wind speed for WPP 500 kW. Reduction in CO2 emissions in the Table is calculated on the basis of
an index “Specific CO2 emission kgCO2/kgfuel” for diesel fuel [14].

Table 1. Technical and economic assessment of WPP efficiency in the cycle of CCP.
Index, measuring unit Value
Capacity of wind power plant, kW 500
Warranty period, years 25
Equipment cost, $ thousand 495
Cost of construction/erection work, $ thousand 140
Additional expenses (electric heaters, transmission line, etc.), % 10
Capacity factor, % 45
Diesel fuel saving, t/year 467,5
Diesel fuel cost, $ thousand t 0,4
Reduction in CO2 emissions, t/year 1496
Cost of the fuel saved, $ thousand/year 187
Depreciation costs, $ thousand/year 71,7
Operation costs, $ thousand/year 2,0
Increase in balance profit, $ thousand/year 113,5
Increase in net profit, $ thousand/year 73,8
Simple norm of profit, % 103
Simple pay-back period, years 4,8

The main benefit of implementation of this integrated technology is fuel saving and reduction in CO2 emissions.
The proposed integrated schemes of CHP(CCP)+WPP, however, have many other advantages, including the
following:
1. Fuel economy has some additional benefits: power system receives high-quality power from CHP or CCP
generator irrespective of the wind force fluctuations. Here there is no power quality deterioration in the network,
even due to the transient processes during WPP connection/disconnection.
2. There is no need for parallel maneuverable capacity, covering the base electric load, and associated fuel
overconsumption that exceeds fuel saving expected from the WPP use. CCP+WPP used as a complex can be base-
oriented and, hence, highly economical in terms of fuel consumption.
3. Instead of several WPP connected to EPS, which decrease its stability, there appears a relatively large
cogeneration plant that increases this stability.
158 Ivan Postnikov
Postnikov et al. / Energy
et al./ Energy Procedia
Procedia 158000–000
00 (2018) (2019) 154–159 5

Fig. 2. Benefits to be gained by using the technology of parallel operation of cogeneration and WPP under different average annual wind speeds
for WPP 500 kW: a) fuel saving; b) fuel costs saving; c) pay-back period of the technology; d) reduction in CO2 emissions.

4. It becomes possible to implement concentrated energy generation of many WPP at one or several CCP through
the local electrical network with gradual increase in the capacities of WPP and loads of consumers of unstabilized
electric energy.
5. Connection of WPP to an electric network through CHP or CCP allows us to avoid solving the problems of
maintaining power quality and operating reserve of the WPP capacity in the power system.
6. Wind energy can be used at the plants for combined generation of high quality heat and electricity in a wide
range of capacities, including at small cogeneration plants. In this case, technological restrictions on the use of WPP
[15] are removed: the WPP capacity can surpass the total capacity of the power plants and boiler plants in the energy
supply systems.
7. Electrical networks connecting the integrated complexes of CHP+WPP with EPS and electric power consumers
are used more efficiently with a line load factor of about 100% instead of 30–35% when power is supplied directly
from WPP. The CHP+WPP complex produces a stable flow of electric energy in the required amount and of
necessary quality.
Moreover, the opportunity arises to reduce the WPP cost owing to:
– the switch to a variable frequency of wind wheel rotation (without applying inverters), which will allow to
increase the coefficient of wind energy utilization by 20–35%, thus, decreasing the specific cost of WPP, expansion
of the effective wind speed range and a decrease in mechanical stress on WPP blades and shafts;
– the maximum simplification of the electric circuit, control system and WPP design, as in this case, the
generators operate to cover active load, and the requirements for power quality are extremely low;
– the using a cheaper and more reliable vertical-axis wind turbines, which are characterized by higher unevenness
of torque and, consequently, their direct connection to the power system is complicated.

4. Conclusions

The CHP+WPP and CCP+WPP schemes combine the achievements of the conventional energy sector (gas-
turbine and combined-cycle technologies, cogeneration) and nonconventional (WPP). The proposed technology
represents a real alternative to the existing energy supply schemes [16], and its implementation will considerably
 Ivan Postnikov et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 154–159 159
6 Postnikov et al./ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

expand the range of WPP application and increase competitiveness, also it will allow to reduce the investment in
WPP construction and their operating costs.
The proposed technology can operate within any structure of generating capacity. The most promising direction is
application of the proposed schemes in the autonomous energy supply systems [17, 18]. The attractiveness of the
CHP+WPP energy complex increases due to an emerging tendency towards expansion of the distributed energy
generation on the basis of small cogeneration plants and local nonrenewable energy sources. Thus, the considered
technology is aimed first of all at building energy complexes of small-scale cogeneration plants (with a capacity less
than 25 MW). The CHP+WPP increases the reliability and security of energy supply to remote areas because the
minimum energy supply to the population is guaranteed even under possible fuel undersupply.
For large-scale cogeneration plants, however, the proposed technology is also promising. In this case, it is
necessary to substantiate an optimal relationship between CHP capacity and WPP capacity, taking into account
operation modes of the heat and electricity supply systems. The suggested technology is part of the general trend of
sustainable development of the world’s energy and economy on the basis of balance between the scarce conventional
fuels rising in price and renewable energy technologies becoming cheaper in combination with an increase in the
environmental friendliness and availability of energy.

Acknowledgements

The research was performed at Melentiev Energy Systems Institute SB RAS under the support of Russian Science
Foundation (Grant №17-19-01209).

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