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1st International Conference Energy
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Computing /procedia
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2017,
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Comparative
Comparative Analysis
Analysis of BLDC
ofVIT
2017, BLDC aamotor
motor
University, for different
differentbb control
for Campus
Chennai control topology
topology
Comparative AnalysisMr.
Mr. R.
R. of BLDC
Babu
Babu Ashok
Ashok a,,motor
Dr.
Dr. B.
B. for different
Mahesh
Mahesh Kumar
Kumar b control topology
Comparative AnalysisMr. R.
The 15th International of
Babu BLDCAshok
Symposium ,motor
Dr. B. for
Mahesh
onMahesh different
Kumar
District Kumar
Heating b control topology
and Cooling
Comparative Analysis of BLDC
a
Mr. R. Babu Ashok aa,motor
Dr. B. for different b control topology
a
Research
aMr.
ResearchMr.
R. Babu
R. Babu
Scholar,EEE,
Scholar,EEE,
Ashok
Ashok
Pondicherry
Pondicherry ,, Dr.
Dr. B.
Engineering
Engineering
B. Mahesh
Mahesh
College,
College,
Kumar
Kumar
Pondicherry
Pondicherry –– 605 b
605 014,India.
014,India.
Mr. R. Babu Ashokaa, Dr. B. Mahesh Kumarbb
ba
baAssociate
Research Professor,EEE, Pondicherry
Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering
Engineering College, Pondicherry
College, Pondicherry –– 605
605 014,India.
014,India.
aAssociate Professor,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry – 605 014,India.
Assessing b

b
aAssociate
ba

bAssociate
a theMr.
Research Professor,EEE,
Research Professor,EEE,
feasibility
Pondicherry
Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry
Pondicherry
Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry
ofa,using
Engineering
Engineering
R. Babu Ashok the heat
Dr. B. Mahesh
baResearch Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College,
Engineering
Engineering
demand-outdoor
Kumar b
College, Pondicherry
College, Pondicherry –– 605
Pondicherry
College, Pondicherry
College,
–
605 014,India.
605
Pondicherry –– 605
014,India.
014,India.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
605 014,India.
014,India.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Associate Professor,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry – 605 014,India.
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ba
baAssociate
Research
Research Professor,EEE,
Scholar,EEE,
Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry
Pondicherry
Pondicherry Engineering
Engineering
Engineering College, Pondicherry
College,
College, Pondicherry ––– 605
Pondicherry 605 014,India.
605 014,India.
014,India.
Abstract
Abstract
b
baAssociate
Associate Professor,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry – 605 014,India.
Professor,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry – 605
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
014,India.
Research Scholar,EEE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Pondicherry – 605 014,India.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
AbstractThis
This paper
paper presents
presents comparative
b analysis
analysis of
Associate Professor,EEE,
comparative trapezoidal
ofPondicherry shaped
shaped back
Engineering
trapezoidal emf
College,
back Brushless
Brushless– DC
emfPondicherry motor
motor (BLDCM)
(BLDCM) for
605 014,India.
DC for different
different control
control
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
AbstractThis paper presents comparative analysis ofHarmonic
trapezoidal shaped back emf Brushless DC motor
topology. The power Quality
a,b,c (PQ) indices like
a Total a Distortion (THD), bCrest Factor (CF), Powerc(BLDCM)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Factor for across
(PF) different
c control
the supply
Abstract
topology.
Abstract
mains
mains
The
This
are to
are This
I. Andrić
power
paper
Quality
presents
analyzed
to bepaper and to
analyzed
(PQ) indices
comparative
ensure
presents
and to
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
like
within
comparative
Total
analysis
ensure within
of
Harmonic
limits
analysis of
the limits
Distortion
trapezoidal shaped
Distortion
prescribed
trapezoidal
(THD),
back emf
Crest
(THD), Crest
by International
prescribed shaped
Factor
Brushless
(CF),
DC
FactorTo(CF),
standards.
back emf
by International
Power
motor
Power
combat
Factor
(BLDCM)
PQFactor
Brushless
standards. DC
To
(PF)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
topology. The
bepower Quality (PQ) indices likethe
Total Harmonic for
(PF)
menace,
across
theacross
motor
combat
the
different
(BLDCM)
PQ
supply
the control
supply
performances of
menace, for
the different control
performances of
Abstract
mains are This
Abstract
topology. to bepaper
The power presents
analyzedQuality
and tocomparative
(PQ) indices
ensure analysis
likeare
within Total
the of
limits trapezoidal
Harmonic
prescribed shaped
Distortion back
(THD),
by respect emfCrest
International Brushless
Factor
standards. DC
(CF),
To motor
Power
combat (BLDCM)
PQ Factor
menace, for
(PF) different
theacross the control
performancessupply
of
three
three controllers.
topology. The
acontrollers.
Viz.,
power
Viz., PI,
PI, Fuzzy,
Quality
Fuzzy, and
(PQ)
and Hybrid
indices
Hybrid like
are to
Total
to be
be compared
Harmonic
compared with
Distortion
with respect to
(THD),
to the
the following
Crest Factor
following parameters
(CF), maximum
Power
parameters Factor
maximum overshoot
(PF) across
overshoot (Mp),
the
(Mp), setting
supply
setting
Abstract
IN+
topology.
mains are This
This
Center
The
to bepaper
paper
for
power presents
presents
Innovation,
analyzedQuality
and tocomparative
comparative
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(PQ) indices
ensure analysis
analysis
and
like
within Policy
Total
the of
of trapezoidal
trapezoidal
Research
Harmonic
limits prescribed - shaped
shaped
Instituto
Distortion
by back
back
Superior
(THD),emf
emf
International Brushless
Brushless
Técnico,
Crest Av.
Factor
standards. DC
DC motor
motor
Rovisco
(CF),
To Pais
Power
combat (BLDCM)
(BLDCM)
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Factor
menace, for
for
(PF) different
different
Lisbon,
theacross control
control
Portugal
the
performancessupply
of
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time
mains controllers.
(Ts),
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(Tr) Fuzzy,
and
and steady
to and
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state error
within are
(Ess)
the to be
Hence
limitscompared
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prescribed with
novelby respect
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because
International following
motor parameters
parameters
standards. To combat maximum
speed
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torque
menace, the (Mp),
ripple, PQ setting
indices
performances of
time (Ts),
topology.
mains
three Rise
The
are This
to time
controllers.
topology. The power (Tr)
beparameters
analyzed
paper
Viz.,
power PI,and
Quality
and
presents steady
Fuzzy,
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to ensure
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andstate
(PQ)
Veolia error
indices
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like the
analysis
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like
Recherche Hence
Total
&tolimits
Total of it is 291
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by respect
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to
(THD),
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the motor
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following
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Daniel, 78520 (CF),
To
DC
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combat
motor
parameters
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Limay, PQ and torque
Factor
menace,
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for across
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(PF) PQ
the indices
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different
across(Mp),
the supply
of
control
setting
supply
time
and
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controller time
controllers. (Tr)
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PI, are steady
analyzed
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Peer-review
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Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
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9442068858,E-mail
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maheshkumarpec@yahoo.co.in
B.Mahesh
R.Babu Kumar,
Ashok, 9442068858,E-mail
9442165478, E-mail I.DI.D:
E-mail I.D maheshkumarpec@yahoo.co.in
R.Babu Ashok,
Peer-review 9442165478,
under responsibility ofbabuashok69@gmail.com
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the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
B.Mahesh
B.Mahesh
R.Babu Kumar,
Kumar,
Ashok, 9442068858,E-mail
9442068858,E-mail
9442165478, E-mail I.DI.D:
I.D: maheshkumarpec@yahoo.co.in
maheshkumarpec@yahoo.co.in
babuashok69@gmail.com
and CONtrol.
B.Mahesh Kumar, 9442068858,E-mail I.D: maheshkumarpec@yahoo.co.in
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.137
 R. Babu
R.Babu Ashok, Ashoka
B.Mahesh et al.
kumar / Energy
/ Energy Procedia
Procedia 117 (2017)
00 (2017) 314–320
000-000 315

1. Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)

2. Discontinuous Condition Mode (DCM) because it is the deciding factor for the cost and rating of components associated in
the PFC converter. In this paper DCM is preferred because it requires a single voltage sensor viable for low power
applications.

Fig.1 Block Diagram for Existing method (only PI)

2.Controller analysis for BL-buck boost converter fed BLDC drive

Though PI controller as shown in Fig.1 eliminates forced oscillations and minimizes steady state error but integral mode
has a negative effect on speed of the response and overall stability of the system. Moreover PI fails when the controlled object is
highly nonlinear and uncertain but it can solved through Fuzzy Logic (FL) because FL adopts the logic of reasoning, provides an
inexpensive solutions for controlling ill-known complex systems.

To have fine tuning in the controller Hybrid (PI + Fuzzy) logic controller can be used as shown in Fig.2

Fig.2 Block Diagram for Hybrid (PI+FLS)

3. Design of buck–boost (bb) converter for VSI FED BLDCM

Let the power rating of BLDCM be P m =170 watts and BB converter be Pc =300 watts is to be designed.

Pm = (1)

Where N = 1620 rpm (2)

2 Vs Vdc
T=1Kg.m, Vav = ,d= (3)
π Vdc+Vav
For Ac supply voltage of 100V, f=50Hz DC link voltage from Vdc min=50V to Vdc max=250 V with an operating value Vdc req
=200V, the Corresponding duty cycle d for d min =0.333 and dmax =0.714 respectively. Switching frequency fsw =20KHZ, input
inductor value is equal to 1/10th of critical inductance,L1I =L2I and displacement angle, =1, source inductance =4% of base
inductance and cut off frequency of the supply side is chosen as
f<fco <fsw , ie fc = fsw (4)

3.1. Design of input inductors (L1i & L2i)

The formula for critical inductance is

R(1-d)2
Lci = (5)
316 R. Babu Ashoka et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 314–320

R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000

2fs
And for dmin ,Pmin and Vdc min the value for

R(1-dmin)2
Lci min = (6)
2fs
= 352 H (7)
To reduce drastically the size, cost and weight of the BB converter the value of
L1i =L2i = of Lci (8)
=35H (9)

3.2. Design of DC link capacitor Cd

The value for

id
Cd = (10)
2ωΔVdc
Assuming
Vdc =3% of Vreq. (11)

Cd=2200F (12)

3.3 Input filter Design Lf & Cf

Ipcak
Cf = tan(θ) (13)
ωLVpcak
The value for inductance, Lreq
Lreq = Lf-Ls (14)

(15)

=3.77mH (16)

4. Control of bb converter fed BLDCM

4.1 Speed controller

There are various types of speed controllers but PI, Fuzzy Logic & hybrid controllers are analyzed in this paper.

4.2. Voltage follower approach

In this approach BB converter operates in DICM. The voltage error signal (V e) is obtained by comparing the sensed DC
link (Vdc) voltage with the reference (Vdc*)
Ve(n)= Vdc*(n)-Vdc(n)
where n represents the nth sampling instant.
The output of PI controller (Vcc) and high-frequency saw tooth signal (md) are compared and the PWM signals are generated,
which is given by equation (4)

If md < Vcc then Sw1 = ON (17)

For Vs >0; If md > Vcc then Sw1 = OFF (18)

If md < Vcc then Sw2 = ON (19)

For Vs < o; If md > Vcc then Sw2 = OFF (20)

 R. Babu Ashoka et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 314–320 317

R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000

4.3. Electronic communication

One of the Hall sensor changes its state for every 60 electrical degrees of rotation ie 6x60 0 =3600 for an electrical cycle. The
different switching states of the BLDCM are based on the Hall Effect position signals (Ha, Hb, Hc).
The decoder block gives the status of back emf vide Table-1 depending on the position sensor and the block gates gives the status
of switches in the voltage source inverter.

Table 1. Truth Table for Decoder

ha hb hc emf_a emf_b emf_c
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 -1 +1
0 1 0 -1 +1 0
0 1 1 -1 0 +1
1 0 0 +1 0 -1
1 0 1 +1 -1 0
1 1 0 0 +1 -1
1 1 1 0 0 0
4.4. FLC System:

Fuzzy Logic Technique act human like thinking, produce exciting results, integral part of modern control theory or it
added a new dimension to control system. There are four major elements. Fuzzifier, rule base, Inference engine and defuzzifier.
Fuzzification means converting crisp input data to fuzzy set using fuzzy linguistic terms and membership function. Inference is
obtained based on a set of rules vide Table 2. Finally as shown in Fig 3 defuzzification fuzzy output is mapped in to crisp output.

Fig 3.Block Diagram for FLC

Table 2.Fuzzy linguistic rules

E NB NS Z PS PB
E
NB PB PB PS Z Z
NS PB PS PS Z NS
Z PS PS Z NS NS
PS PS Z NS NS NB
PB Z Z NS NB NB

The membership function is context dependent and chosen arbitrarily by experience here Gaussian type is preferred.

Equation for MF is Gaussian (x; c,)

={ ( ) } (21)


Centroid of gravity (COG) is mostly used for defuzzification.

The equation governing COG is

(22)
318 R. Babu Ashoka et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 314–320

R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000

o is control output obtained by using COG defuzzification method.

The major burden is shifted from complicated hardware into software and related control algorithms.

5. Results & discussion

A BL (at front end) Buck-Boost converter for VSI fed BLDCM drive is suggested targeting low power applications. The
speed control is achieved by controlling the DC bus voltage, operates at fundamental frequency to reduce switching losses in
inverter. The PQ indices viz. CF, PF and THD are within the prescribed limits of International standards IEC 61000-3-2.The
parameters viz.Mp, Tr, Ts & Ess are intend to compare for various controllers. The simulation saves time and manpower in making
hardware models at initial stages and reduces the costing of the research work.

5.1. Simulated drive performance

The performance is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment using the sim-power-system toolbox as shown in
Fig.11.The performance evaluation is categorized in terms of 1. BLDCM, 2. BLBB converter and 3. Various controllers.

5.2. BLDCM

The steady state behavior of the BLDCM is obtained for a reference 200V DC. The drive performance at various loads Viz,
Speed (remains constant at 2000rpm) as shown in Fig.4, torque as shown in Fig.5, it has also been found that the p.f remains 0.99
for varying speed with constant load as shown in Fig.6 along with the corresponding Torque waveform as shown in Fig.7, stator
currents as shown in Fig.8, THD for various controllers viz.PI in Fig.9, Fuzzy in Fig.10 and for hybrid in Fig.11.

Fig. 4 Speed (constant) w.r. to various loads Fig.5: Torque waveform w.r. to various loads

Fig.6 variable speed with constant load Fig.7 Torque waveform w.r. to constant load

Fig.9. Harmonic histogram – PI

Fig.8. Stator Current - Waveforms

 R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000
R. Babu Ashoka et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 314–320 319
R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000

R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh kumar / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000-000

Fig.10. Harmonic histogram – Fuzzy Fig.11. Harmonic histogram – Hybrid

Fig.10. Harmonic histogram – Fuzzy Fig.11. Harmonic histogram – Hybrid

Fig.10. Harmonic histogram – Fuzzy Fig.11. Harmonic histogram – Hybrid

Fig.12. Buck-Boost converter voltage-combined analysis with respect to PI, Fuzzy & Hybrid controller
Fig.12. Buck-Boost converter voltage-combined analysis with respect to PI, Fuzzy & Hybrid controller
Table: 3 Comparison of Controllers w.r. to various parameters
Fig.12.3 Buck-Boost
Table: Comparisonconverter
of Controllers w.r.Controllers
voltage-combined
to variousanalysis with respect to PI, Fuzzy & Hybrid controller
parameters
Parameters,
Unit PI w.r. toControllers
Fuzzy Hybrid
Table: 3 Comparison of Controllers various parameters
ControllerSide Side Side

Parameters,
Unit
Mp, % PI
20 Controllers
Fuzzy
0 Hybrid
0
Parameters,
T
Unit
Ms,p,S% 1.3
PI
20 0.6
Fuzzy
0 0.2
Hybrid
0
Ts,r, S 1.3
0.1 0.6
0.2 0.2
0.15
Mp, % 20 0 0
T 0.1 0.2 0.15
Controller

T
Er,s, SS
ss, % 1.3
1.2 0.6
0.5 0.2
0.4
T
E 0.1
1.2 0.2
0.5 0.15
0.4
Controller

P.f
r,
ss,S% 0.999 0.97 0.8751
THD,
P.f % 6.43
0.999 4.87
0.97 4.87
0.8751
Ess, % 1.2 0.5 0.4
Source

CF %
THD, 1.411
6.43 1.413
4.87 1.28
4.87
Source

P.f 0.999 0.97 0.8751

Speed ripple,
CF 1.411 1.413 1.28
THD, % 0.5
6.43 0.1
4.87 0.09
4.87
%
Source

Speed ripple,
Motor

Torque
CF 1.411
0.5 1.413
0.1 1.28
0.09
% 33.3 25 19.3
ripple, %
Speed ripple,
MotorMotor

Torque 0.5 0.1 0.09

% 33.3 25 19.3
ripple, %
Torque
33.3 25 19.3
ripple, %
The controller parameters Mp, Tr, Ts & Ess are improved in hybrid controller which is clear from the Table-3 and the combined
analysis as shown
The controller above inMp,
parameters Fig.12
Tr, and ensured
Ts & Ess areBLDC motorinishybrid
improved a constant speed which
controller machine vide Table
is clear 4. Table-3 and the combined
from the
analysis as shown above in Fig.12 and ensured BLDC motor is a constant speed machine vide Table 4.
The controller parameters Mp, Tr, Ts & Ess Table.
are improved in hybrid
4 Performance controller
using only which is clear from the Table-3 and the combined
PI controller
analysis as shown above in Fig.12 and ensured BLDC
Table. motor is using
4 Performance a constant
only PIspeed machine vide Table 4.
controller
TL P.f Speed Speed
Table. variation ripple
TL 4 Performance
P.f using only PI controller
Speed Speed
variation ripple
TL P.f Speed Speed
Nm - rpm
variation %
ripple
Nm
0 -
0.9949 rpm
2.5 %
0.125
Nm0 -
0.9949 rpm
2.5 %
0.125
0.25 0.9993 4.3 0.215
0
0.25 0.9949
0.9993 2.5
4.3 0.125
0.215
0.5 0.9999 7 0.35
0.25
0.5 0.9993
0.9999 4.3
7 0.215
0.35
0.75 0.9998 7.4 0.37
0.5
0.75 0.9999
0.9998 7
7.4 0.35
0.37
1 0.9998 9 0.45
0.75
1 0.9998 7.4
9 0.37
0.45
1.25 1 11 0.55
1
1.25 0.9998
1 9
11 0.45
0.55
320 R.Babu Ashok, B.Mahesh
R. Babu Ashokakumar
et al./ Energy Procedia
/ Energy 00 (2017)
Procedia 000-000
117 (2017) 314–320

6. Conclusion
The performance of the BLDCM is gradually increased with controller PI, Fuzzy and Hybrid as shown in Table-3 except
power factor where there is marginal dip. The BLDC motor specification, controller gains, BB controller specifications are
mentioned in the Appendix. PF>0.9, THD < 5.1, CF < 5% for class D (600W, < 16A> applications as per international PQ
standards of IEC 61000-3-2 are observed [6] using MATLAB simulation.
The BLDC motor speed remains constant vide fig.4 irrespective of the loads simultaneously PF is also close to unity using PI
controller. The performance is only marginally improved in hybrid (PI+FLC) controller. The design aspect and cost involved in
the hardware implementation will be more. Hence it is concluded from comparative analysis that Hybrid controller is suitable for
high power applications and PI controller is a promising device only for low power applications.

A. Appendix
A.1. BLDC Motor Specifications
Table. 5

side Parameters Attributes

Rs, Phase resistance, 14.56
Dependent

Ls, Phase Inductance 25.71 mH

Coil

Eb Constant 77.49 V/Krpm

Pole pairs 4
Eb flat area
120 degree
Trapezoidal
Dynamic

No.of phases (Mode) 3

No load speed 1620 rpm
J, Rotor inertia 1.3 x 10-4 Kgm2
Mechanical

Torque Constant 0.74 Nm/A

B, Viscous Damping 1X10-3NmS

A.2. Controller gains

Kp = 0.01
Ki = 0.5

A.3. Simulation Parameters for BB Converter

Table. 6

Input 110V, 50Hz AC

Output 50V-250V Dc
Inductor (L1i, L2i) 0.2H
Capacitor Cd 440 F
Input Filter Inductor Lf 5mH
Input Filter Capacitor 880 nF
fs, Switching Frequency 20KHz

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[9] V.Bist and B.Singh “An adjustable speed PFC BL Buck-Boost converter fed BLDC motor drive”, IEEE Trane Ind. Electron. Vol.61, no.6, June 2014.
[10] W. Wei, L. Hongpeng, J. Shigong, and X. Dianguo “A novel bridgeless buck-boost PFC converter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, Jun. 15-19, 2008.
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