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Syed Mohd Subhan

16EEB455
GF1221

Section – A3EE
Course – New and renewable energy resources
Course code - EE325
Components of Regenerative braking:

E-machine
The E-Machine converts electricity from the battery into mechanical
drive energy. With brake energy recovery, the E-Machine works in
exactly the opposite way, using the mechanical drive energy to
generate power for the battery. A distinction is made between the
Integrated Motor Generator (IMG) and the Separate Motor
Generator (SMG). The IMG is designed as a special drive solution
for installation in the drive train. SMG can be used in a huge variety
of hybrid designs thanks to its compact construction.

Inverter
The inverter with power electronics is the link between the battery
and E-Machine. It converts the direct current voltage of the high-
performance battery into alternating voltage, which is used to
operate the E-Machine.

Regenerative braking system:

With standard braking systems, energy that has been generated using
fuel is lost. In contrast, a regenerative braking system recovers as
much energy as possible in the form of electrical power for the
vehicle (brake energy recovery). This process uses the alternator to
slow down the vehicle. As soon as the braking requirement exceeds
the ability of the alternator, the standard wheel brakes come into
play. Regenerative braking systems meet the same high safety
requirements as conventional systems.
Q. How does regenerative brakes generate power?

Ans. EVs are equipped with the regenerative-hydraulic hybrid

braking system. Whenever the regenerative braking torque is
insufficient to offer the same deceleration rate as available in
conventional vehicles, the hydraulic braking torque is applied.
During low brake pedal force, only the regenerative braking torque
is applied on the driving wheels, and is proportional to the pedal
pressing force. The braking torque on the non-driving wheels is
always due to the hydraulic braking which is also proportional to the
pedal pressing force. When the pedal force is beyond a certain limit,
the maximum regenerative braking torque is applied on the driving
wheels, and the hydraulic braking torque is simultaneously applied
on the driving wheels to top up the desired braking torque.
Meanwhile, the maximum regenerative braking torque is kept
constant to fully recover the kinetic energy.

Q. Describe some legislation about Regenerative braking system

in any Country.

Ans. This technology has introduced great demands on to vehicle

designers and legislators for safe braking, and as far as the
legislation is concerned, is potentially further complicated by the
wide range of possibilities for the technologies involved. UN
Regulations 13 and 13H base the legislative requirements on electric
regenerative braking systems, the requirements for which were
introduced in 2002 to allow vehicles to include the means to recover
kinetic energy by regenerative braking. These braking regulations
include electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. In the UN Regulations
13 and 13H, ‘electric regenerative braking’ means a braking system
which, during deceleration, provides for the conversion of vehicle
kinetic energy into electrical energy. ‘Electric regenerative braking
control’ means a device that modulates the action of the electric
regenerative braking system. Electric regenerative braking systems
are separated into two categories:
• Category A: an electric regenerative braking system that is not part
of the service braking system.
• Category B: an electric regenerative braking system that is part of
the service braking system.
Q. How much energy is consumed in braking?

Ans. A significant amount of energy is consumed by braking.

Braking a 1500 kg vehicle from
100 km/h to zero speed consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy
(0.5*M*V*V) in a few tens
of meters. If this amount of energy is consumed in coasting by only
overcoming the drags
(rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag) without braking, the
vehicle will travel about 2
km. When vehicles are driving with a stop-and-go pattern in urban
areas, a significant amount of energy is consumed by frequent
braking, which results in
high fuel consumption.
The braking energy in typical urban areas may reach up to more than
25% of the total
traction energy. In large cities, such as New York, it may reach up to
70%. It is
concluded that effective regenerative braking can significantly
improve the fuel economy
of EVs and HEVs.
Braking Power and Energy on Front and Rear Wheels
Braking power and braking energy consumed by the front and rear
wheels are closely
related to the braking forces on the front and rear wheels. A full
understanding of the
braking force, braking power, and braking energy consumed by the
front and rear wheels
in typical drive cycles is helpful in the design of regenerative
braking systems.