A Survey on Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Issues and Implementation

Sharmila. S Shanthi.T
PG Student, Kings College Of Engineering, Associate Professor, Kings College Of Engineering,
Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Engineering,
Thanjavur, India Thanjavur, India

Abstract- Wireless Ad hoc Network is the collection of wireless global Internet as shown in figure 1. The classification of the
mobile nodes (devices) that are able to dynamically form a isolated ad hoc networks are:
temporary network without the use of any existing network
infrastructure or centralized administration. This paper ¾ large scale isolated ad hoc networks
discusses the roles of ad hoc networking in future wireless ¾ small scale isolated ad hoc networks.
communications. In this paper we surveyed the different types of
ad hoc networks such as isolated ad hoc networks with large and A large scale isolated ad hoc network may consist of
small sizes and integrated ad hoc networks for the mobile access thousands of nodes. It is not suited to transmit huge quantity
networks. This paper gives various advantages and applications of data because these types of networks that causes higher
of ad hoc network. In addition, this paper also surveyed on ad security problems, high network architecture costs and very
hoc networks challenges in terms of Quality of Service (QoS), low level traffic performance.
power control and security. This work discusses the
implementation issues in ad hoc network and performance Small size ad hoc networks may have elevated
improvement by MIMO and cognitive radio techniques. commercial uses in smart home environments, business
meeting places, hotspots, and also in some private areas. The
Index Terms—Ad hoc network, isolated and integrated Ad hoc promising wireless LAN technologies that enable the small
networks, challenges, MIMO, Cognitive Radio, NoC size ad hoc networks are:
• IEEE 802.11
I. INTRODUCTION • HiperLAN2
• Bluetooth
An ad hoc network is a group of communications devices
or nodes that communicate with each other without fixed B. AD HOC NETWORK - INTEGRATED
topology (infrastructure) and without pre-determined
In this section, smart phone integration of ad hoc
organization. Hence one can define the ad hoc network as
networks [2] among Internet are discussed and such scenario
dynamic network. Individual nodes have capacity to
is shown in figure.2.
communicate directly with other nodes. An ad hoc network
can be created by using wireless technologies such as
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi etc. such a network is called wireless ad hoc
network. Under emergency situation these type of network is
very useful to communicate with the service centers. The
wireless ad hoc network can be classified as [1]: wireless
mesh network, wireless sensor networks, Mobile Ad hoc
network, Vehicular Ad hoc network, etc. routing of packets
between communication devices takes place through several
ad hoc routing protocols which allows the nodes to reach the
destination effectively. Following chapters will discuss the
different forms of ad hoc network, advantages, applications,
MIMO and cognitive ad hoc networks in detail.
II.
DIFFERENT ARCITECTURES OF AD HOC
NETWORK
A. AD HOC NETWORK- ISOLATED
If all nodes communicate with each other within the
same ad hoc network then it is called isolated ad hoc network.
The isolated ad hoc network has no link with any Fig. 1. Isolated ad hoc network
infrastructure-based communication network, such as the

978-1-4673-6725-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

1) Hotspot
H scenarrio IV. CHA
ALLENGES IN
N AD HOC NETWORKIN
N NG
Using interneet, a Smartphone can able to provide hiighly Because
B of thee dynamic behhavior of thee ad hoc netwoork it
secuured or open internet
i to othher devices suuch as phone,, PC, need
ds to faces som
me challengess which are lissted below.
etc,. This user frieendly service is termed as hotspot.
h At preesent a. Quality of o Service (QooS)
two types of hotsppot facilities are
a available: b. Scalabiliity
c. Security threads
• Wi-Fi hotspoot d. Power coontrol
• Bluetooth tethhering e. Mobilityy managementt
f. Cooperaation of nodes
2) GPRS
G scenarioo Next section describes thee basic requirrements that an
a ad
hoc network shouuld have.
A member of o ad hoc nettwork is acceessible to Intternet
everrywhere and anytime using GPRS. Thee disadvantagge of
V. REQU
UIREMENTS FOR AD HO
OC NETWOR
RKS
GPR RS scenario is the restrictionn of data rate when comparison
withh Hotspot sceenario. The addvantage of this t scenario is it In
I the followwing subsectioons, some reequirements whichw
essenntial for the Smartphone
S h
hotspot cases, such as in aiirport can overcome thee above describbed challengees are discusseed:
and railway station.
A. Quality
Q of Servvice
Providing
P QoS in ad hoc neetwork is man ndatory to preserve
III. ADV
VANTAGES OF AD HOC NETWORKS
S bestt-effort-of servvice. The QoS S metrics are as
a follows:
T
The most atttractive featuures of ad hoc networkk are • bandwiddth
discuussed as its addvantages whiich are listed below.
b • latency
• jitter
• delivery guarantee
Bandwidth
B dennotes the grosss bit rate passsed in the netw
work.
Lateency defines the interruptiion occurrencce from sourcce to
desttination. Jitter defines the ddissimilarity off delay. Reliabbility
definnes the percentage of rejjection to acccess the nettwork
serv
vice.
When a mobbile ad hoc node must perform p a hanndoff
betw
ween two diffeerent technoloogies, the QoS S may be serioously
degrraded. In thiis case, a tiight cooperaation betweenn the
appllications and the networkk layer may improve i the user-
percceived QoS.
The E2E QooS is very diifficult to ach hieve speciallly in
enviironments whhere the routeers will contin nuously migrrating
and links may bee going up annd down all the t time. Effiicient
QoSS signaling and a link breeak detection mechanismss are
needded in order too achieve thiss goal. The in nteraction between
QoSS and mobilitty is also another requirement to takee into
Fig. 2.
2 Integrated ad hoc
h network
accoount. In singgle access neetworks (AN)), a high or low
couppling of theese mechaniisms could be implemeented.
Howwever, since all IP will bbe adopted in n the multi-access
T advantagees of an ad hoc network incclude:
The netw
works, the mappping will inhherently be pro ovided from the IP
1. Rapid self-orgaanizing wireless network. baseed QoS framew work to each nnetwork accesss technology.
2. Seelf-healing thrrough continuuous reconfiguuration. QoS requireements can be assured d the folloowing
3. Inndependent off infrastructuree. propperties: QoS adaptability, scalability, QoS negotiaation,
4. Sccalability incoorporates the addition
a of moore nodes. intellligent trafffic control co-operation n between the
5. Seeparation fromm central netw work administrration. appllications and the
t network ellement.
6. Cross layer support foor optimization of protocol
perfo
formance. B. Scalability
S
7. The costs of innstallation aree lower than thet cost of a fixed
f
The scalabiliity problem takes place in n ad hoc netw works
infraastructure.
becaause of the naature of the m multi-hop. It purely
p dependds on
8. Higher
H reliabillity in case of single node faailures
the network size and network’s ability. Th he following factor
f
9. Mobility
M suppoort for dynamiic end to end users and netwwork
will help to improove scalabilityy in ad hoc nettwork.
deviices.
10. Heterogeneou
H us & adaptive • Equal noode precedencce
 • Uniform distribution of packets from source to
destination [4]: Identical allocation of packets from
source to origin will prove the transmission capacity
and it avoids interference.
• Minimum distance between packets: The packet
transmitted from source to destination depends on the
minimum distance between packets.
C. AAA and Security
Security aspects are also important in ad hoc integration
scenarios. Each domain that the user interacts with to get to
the fixed network must be authenticated (or treated as totally
untrusted) necessitating the requirement of end-to-end (E2E)
encryption. New certificate authorities (with more dynamic
timescales) will be required to enable these services [7].
The authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA)
services[5] offers the possibility to check if some entity is who
it claims to be, to allow the usage of requested resources and
auditing the use of these resources. There are many
authentication mechanisms ranging from physical meetings to
sophisticated cryptographic mechanisms. In 4G architecture
with integrated ad hoc networks in which routers and
terminals may be trusted or untrusted, an authentication
mechanism is vital. Otherwise, such architecture would be
very difficult to install in real life. The authentication service
should be in some cases interoperable with those used in the
Internet so that the terminal could attach to one or several
Access Network Providers (ANPs) points using the same or
different authentication mechanisms.
D. Power Management
In ad hoc network power management is necessary to
avoid Smartphone’s battery failure. Considerable power is
consumed at each node when it either transmits or receives a
packet. If power malfunction takes place in a link, it will cause
link breakage, affects the adjacent nodes and leads to
destruction of the entire network. Depends on the following
strategies the Ad hoc network can control the power
dissipation:
1. Low power mode
2. Transmission power control
3. Power aware routing protocols
E. Mobility Management
In an isolated ad hoc network there is no need to change
the node’s address because no route aggregation takes place
and the routing tables only contain host-based routes. Thus
mobility management in these networks is uncomplicated.
To support roaming of active nodes, mobility
management protocol (e.g. as Mobile IP) will be also required.
Depending on roaming constraints, macro or micro-mobility
protocols should be applied so that the mobile terminal does
not need to change its address whenever a handover takes
place to an ad hoc network. The point is that an efficient and
secure address management procedure is needed in the
integrated ad hoc part such that the handover can rely on this
mechanism.
F. Mutual aid between Nodes
Cooperation of nodes is necessary in the ad hoc network.
With the mutual cooperation between the nearest nodes, each
node can transmit the information fruitfully. Low grade
collaboration among the adjacent node will build a network
weak. These types of non-cooperative nodes may be described
in two ways:
• The malevolent node that refers to the set of the node
which hit the network or causes the link breakage.
• The selfish nodes which use the network for their
purpose without pay back for the usage of network.
These nodes are harmful nodes. Thus in ad hoc, sky-
scraping cooperation between the neighbor nodes is needed to
build the network stretcher.
G. Policy Establishment
In addition to the above mentioned requirements, the user
should be able to reconfigure or establish policies to control
the terminal’s behavior.
VI. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT BY MIMO
AND COGNITIVE RADIO
A. MIMO
New trending applications in Smartphone make the
wireless Ad hoc Network to call for MIMO which increase
system capacity and quality of service (QoS). Multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems meet this
requirement using multiple antennas on both sides of the
wireless link. MIMO also provides higher throughput and
better QoS without increasing bandwidth. Multiple input
multiple output transmission with the use of multiple antenna
transceivers will assure great promise in giving spectral
efficiencies that are several orders of magnitude higher than
that of the traditional communication systems. In the wireless
ad hoc network due to mobility the wireless channels often
experiences fading which makes the protocol design more
challenging. It is shown that in faded system, the usage of
multiple antennas at the transceiver can significantly boost up
the channel capacity. So one can utilize the MIMO technique
in MAC layer design and in routing for the wireless ad hoc
networks. Usage of MIMO in large scale ad hoc network also
minimizes the end to end delay. Figure 3 show the multi user
MIMO in which the individual streams are assigned to various
users.
B. Cognitive radio
Cognitive radio is a dynamic spectrum access method
which gives high bandwidth by the distribution of the wireless
channel with approved users. The cognitive radio support in
ad hoc networks (shown in figure.4) is a gifted technology in
improving the effectiveness of radio frequency usage.
Fig. 3.
3 Multi user MIIMO

Fig. 4.
4 CR in Ad hocc Network
This heterogenneous cognitivve radio (CR)) network provvides
T
diffeerent cooperaative spectrum m sensing, dynamic
d specctrum 1.
1 Mobile Add hoc networkk (MANET): If mobile deevices
acceess (DSA) andd interoperabiility among leegacy radios anda a form
ms an infrastruucture less nettwork through h wireless linkk it is
Wi-F Fi network. Cognitive
C Raddio (CR) deteermines whenn and calleed MANET. Example: twoo persons shaaring data thrrough
whicch part of speectrum is avaailable and it selects the finest
f mob bile phone’s Bluetooth.
B
availlable channell, organize access to this channel
c with other
o
2.
2 Vehicular Ad hoc nnetwork (VAN NET): Traveelling
ad hoc
h network usersu and vaccate the channnel when liceensed
vehiicles acts as nodes in thiss network to build a vehiicular
user is detected. If more thann one user wants w to sharee the
mob bile network.
specctrum, it cooordinates the spectrum access to shun
3.
3 Military Sccenario: An aad hoc networking will suppport
colliisions. CR useers can concuurrently transpport informatioon to
the military
m battleeground to preeserve some information am mong
diffeerent users by
b tuning eacch transmitterr and receiveer to
the soldiers, vehiicles and heaadquarters [1]. Ad hoc nettwork
diffeerent spectral bands. This provides less power to be used
estabblishes comm munication beetween soldieers to executee the
in each band minnimizing the interference. Thus the ovverall
plannned operationns. It allows coordination of military object
o
operration of the CR ad hoc network
n can be
b defined as four
mov ving at high sppeeds such as fleets of airplanes or ships.
statees.
4.
4 Disaster Management:
M Wireless add hoc networrk is
• Link establishhment. highhly usable inn emergency situation esp pecially in naatural
• Spectrum sennsing. disaaster relief.
• Spectrum chaange. 5 Short rangee applicationss: Short rangee applications such
5.
• Mobility preddiction. as Bluetooth
B can offer effectivve communiccation betweenn the
The integration of cognitiive radio techhnique in VA ANET nodees such as a personal compuuter and Smarrtphone phonee.
will provide an inntelligent transsportation systtem.

VII. APP
PLICATIONS
S OF AD HOC
C NETWORK
K
Ad hoc networking cann be used annytime, anyw where
withhout fixed infrrastructure. Thhis infrastructuure less netwoork is
veryy efficient and fancy to use. The ad hoc network
n designn can
be used
u in real time
t private and businesss applicationss, for
exammple, IT comppanies to increease the yield and turnover.. The
ad hoc networkks can be classified acccording to their
appllication as folllows:

Fig. 5.
5 Ad hoc netwoork in military sceenario
 VIII. NETWORK ON A CHIP
Network on chip or network on a chip (NoC or NOC) can
be defined as a communication subsystem on a chip
(Integrated Circuit), typically between intellectual property
(IP) cores in a system on a chip (SoC). The NoC (Network on
Chip) architecture is the combination of dedicated VLSI
components and software models that are used to program the
hardware to provide efficient and accurate simulation
infrastructure. The advantages of NoC are:
• Reuse of components, architectures, design methods
and tools.
• Efficient and high performance interconnects.
• Scalability of communication architecture.
The VLSI implementation of wireless ad hoc network
includes the following major components:
• Modeling Channel
• Data Link and Medium access control
• Routing
• Modeling of nodes
The channel modeling determines the worth of the
communication link between moving nodes. The channel
model also simulates the effects such as signal attenuation and
fading. It is done directly on hardware with parameters that are
software-controlled and hence it rejects software operating
cost. After channel modeling the hardware model of the data
link and medium access control layer takes place. This layer
assigns suitable bandwidth, delay and ensures security to
mobile nodes. Routing in the NoC architecture has two
important functions:
(a) For multi-hop routing protocols in ad hoc networks it
provides fast routing technique.
(b) It provides a flexible mechanism to program static
hardware structure to support multiple network topologies as
well as node mobility.
Figure 6 shows how nodes of network can be mapped to a
VLSI array by programming the hardware links. The node
model is the most flexible part of the NoC architecture. The
VLSI implementation of a network node needs a routing table
(shown in figure 7). This routing table will gives information
such as destination node and distance from source and
destination node. Thus using these four modeling one can
efficiently implement ad hoc network in a chip.
Fig. 6. Node mapping
Fig. 7. Routing table for node A
IX. CONCLUSION
This survey presents detailed information about the role of
ad hoc network in mobile telecommunications. The express
developments in the field of ad hoc networking allow the
mobile nodes to form a self creating, self-organizing and self-
administering wireless network. Its dynamic configuration,
flexibility, low cost and its various attractive features makes it
an essential part for future trending environments. This review
aims to deliver the different forms of ad hoc network and its
advantageous applications. Various aspects of ad hoc
networks are discussed, ranging from the integration issues,
adaptation to radical changes and implementation of MIMO
and cognitive radio hoc networks. Integration of MIMO and
cognitive radio technology in ad hoc network shows effective
spectrum utilization. Thus wireless ad hoc networks can also
improve the performance of some existing networks and
provide a wider range of services if integrated with existing
networks. This paper also presents the future trends and social
issues of ad hoc networks from the users point of view. Thus
this paper concludes that the ad hoc network surely provides a
promising solution to fulfill the requirements of next
generation wireless communication systems.
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