Wave Motion
Noise Control in
Architecture
[Teacher notes]
Disclaimer
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© 2012 Hong Kong Institute of Architects
Topic 05
Noise Control in Architecture
Learning objectives
• To distinguish noise from Sound Pressure Level
Teaching plan
Lesson Contents
Lesson 1 • 1.1 What is Noise
Noise Control in • 1.1.1 Principle and equation of Sound Pressure Level
Architecture
• 1.1.2 Difference between noise and Sound Pressure Level
• 1.2 Sound Transmission in Architecture
• 1.2.1 Sources of noise in architecture
• 1.2.2 Noise transmission paths in architecture
• 1.3 Noise Control through Architectural Design
• 1.3.1 Rationale of sound intensity reduction
• 1.3.2 Equation and calculation of Sound Reduction Index
• 1.3.3 Rationale of redirecting sound transmission paths
For further references on Acoustic Design in architecture, please see Science Topic 6 ‘Noise Control in
Architecture’.
i
Science | Noise Control in Architecture
Lesson 1
Noise Control in Architecture
01
Lesson 1
Noise Control in Architecture
1.1 What is Noise?
In daily life, noise means unwanted sound. As you have no doubt
experienced, unwanted sounds can include distractions (your neighbour
playing the drums while you try to study), sounds that are loud enough to
damage hearing (construction sounds, concerts) and even sound leakage
that could affect privacy (overhearing a conversation through a door).
Teaching Tips
Teachers can refer to the video “Noise Control
in Architecture” on website as an introduction
Sound intensity is the measurement of sound power per unit area (Wm-2) therefore it can be used to
describe sound pressure. A logarithmic scale is used to represent different levels of sound pressure.
It is called sound Pressure Level (or Sound Intensity Level) and is defined as:
where,
L = Sound Pressure Level (dB);
I = Measured sound intensity (Wm-2); and
I0 = Standard sound intensity (Wm-2), the softest sound intensity that human ear can hear.
The standard reference of I0 is 10-12 Wm-2.
1 2
1. The sound of a plane’s engine is a kind of exterior airborne sound that may affect communities near
airports.
2. The MTR’s operating systems are quiet, but the vibration of the train rail generates exterior structure-
borne noise.
3. In a gymnasium, cheering spectators may cause interior airborne noise to the surrounding rooms,
while the athletes’ activities generate interior structure-borne noise.
For outdoor sound propagation, the simple relationship between sound pressure and sound power is
distance between sound source and receiver. For indoor sound propagation, the simple relationship
between sound pressure and sound power is room absorption.
03
Sound Pressure Levels from various sound sources are as follows:
Sound source Decibel dB(A) Sound source Decibel dB(A)
Softest sound that young people can 0 Average road traffic at 25 metres 70
hear from busy primary distributor
road
Ticking of a watch 10 Diesel freight train running at 80
high speed at 25 metres
Unoccupied broadcast studio 20 Breaker at 10 metre 90
Country park 30 Loud music in discotheque 100
Audible but unobtrusive 35-40 Percussive piling at 10 metres 110
conversation (e.g. in library)
Moderate but unobtrusive 40-45 Ship’s engine room 120
conversation
Unobtrusive conversation with low 45-50 Sound that causes pain 130
levels of surrounding activities
Unobtrusive conversation with high 50-60 The dB(A) is the A-weighting scale of Sound Pressure
levels of surrounding activities Level. The dB(A) is often used as it reflects more
accurately the frequency response of the human ear.
Further reference please visit : ht t p ://w w w.e p d .gov. hk / e p d /
no is e_ ed ucat io n/w e b /EN G _ EP D _ H TML /m1/int r o _ 5 . ht m l
(Source: Environmental Protection Department and VIPAC Engineers & Scientists Ltd.)
[Discussion]
1 How is unwanted sound transmitted in the following diagram?
04
1.3 Noise Control through Architectural Design
1.3.1 Reducing Transmitted Sound Pressure Level [Media Corner]
When sound wave travels through air or materials, the transmitted The Environmental Protection
Sound Pressure Level is reduced due to sound power loss. Department disseminates
information on environmental
Almost every material exhibits sound insulating properties. They only noise at
vary in their level of acoustic performance, which is measured in ht t p ://w w w.e p d .gov. hk / e p d /
terms of the Sound Transmission Loss or Sound Reduction Index. no is e_ ed ucat io n/
where,
SRI = Sound Reduction Index (dB);
Wi = Sound power incident on one side of a sound barrier (W); and
Wt = Sound power transmitted into the air on the side of the partition (W).
[Extended Knowledge]
The Sound Reduction Index of a material as it affects a specific frequency of sound can be found using the
following equation:
where,
SRI = Sound Reduction Index (dB);
m = The mass per unit area of the material (kgm-2); and
f = Frequency of the sound (Hz).
The sound insulation performance of any homogenous material depends mainly on its mass.
[Exercise]
Calculate the Appropriate Sound Insulating Performance for a Room Design
The school principal wants to convert one of the school’s activity rooms into a meeting room. The meeting
room should be insulated from the noise of the nearby sports courts. He wishes the room to be well
insulated so that meetings conducted in the room will be kept confidential.
After going through the following statistics and materials, calculate the appropriate sound reduction level of
the noise control installation required. Suggest a suitable surface material for the room.
The wall of the meeting room should have a Sound Reduction Index ranging from 10 dB to 45 dB.
Teaching Tips
More information on:
• Environmental concerns of building
envelopes under Science Topic 06 ‘Calculation
and Application of OTTV and U-value’;
• Aesthetics of materials and textures under
Arts Topic 08 ‘Visit: Ting Shui Wai Municipal
Services Building’;
• Considerations for school design under
Sound Reduction Index of common building materials Design and Applied Technology Topic 08
(Source: “Noise Control in Mechanical Services”, 1972) ‘Design Project: Village School’; and
[Discussion]
1 The school principal prefers using plywood as the wall surface. He comments that a glass wall is not
good for privacy but he wants to introduce natural lighting and ventilation to the new meeting room.
06
Suggested Answer
A double-leaf plywood wall could be constructed with a row of double-glazed operable clerestory windows
for natural lighting and ventilation.
Double-glazing
An operable double-glazed window provides horizontally offset openings that allows natural ventilation
while preventing direct propagation of traffic noise. The narrow path between the double window panes
dissipates sound energy and lowers noise levels relatively.
07
1.3.3 Redirecting Sound away from Receivers
Noise barriers can redirect the paths of noise away from receivers. They
can be artificial (for example, a wall) or natural (a forest). One common
application for noise barriers is to prevent traffic sounds from penetrating
nearby neighbourhoods or habitats.
Sometimes noise barriers are integrated with the building design. Noise
sensitive buildings like residential blocks may be built above a podium or a
shopping mall that inhibits the transmission of noise to the apartments.
[Discussion]
Secondary
Noise Barrier
Primary
Noise Barrier
Direct
transmission
Reflected by the
forest
Direct transmission
Reflection on the through the barriers
noise barrier
08
1.3.4 Case Study — Kwai Tsing Theatre
Kowloon’s Kwai Tsing Theatre illustrates how architectural design can be used to protect quiet spaces
against airborne and structure-borne noises from inside and outside the theatre. Its location next to
the MTR railway and heavy traffic is particularly challenging given the requirements of the theatre’s
multifunctional spaces, which sometimes host simultaneous events.
p Photographs showing how the springs integrate with the structure of Kwai Tsing Theatre
© VIPAC Engineers & Scientists (HK) Ltd
4. Noise control in architecture is dealing two sources of noise: airborne and structure-borne.
5. Two ways to control noise: reducing transmitted Sound Pressure Level and redirecting sound
transmission paths to the receivers.
6. Sound Reduction Index is used for the purpose of choosing the appropriate sound insulating
performance for a building. It indicates the degree of sound intensity reduction when a sound
wave passes through a material.
7. Noise barrier redirects noise transmitting paths to the receivers.
Further reading
1. The Environmental Protection Department disseminates information on environmental noise at
ht tp: / / www. e pd.gov.hk /e pd/nois e_educat io n/
2. Harris, Cyril M. Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.
3. Neufert, Ernst and Peter. Neufert Architects’ Data. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.