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Contents

1. Gasification ......................................................................................................................... 2
Selection of Fludized Bed Gasifiers ............................................................................ 3
Advantages of Fluidized bed Gasifiers (1) .................................................................. 3
2 Design of Fluidized bed gasifier ........................................................................................ 4
Reaction ....................................................................................................................... 4
Rate law ....................................................................................................................... 4
Partial pressure calculation.......................................................................................... 4
Rate of reaction calculation ......................................................................................... 4
Calculation of weight of coal ...................................................................................... 4
Volume of coal in gasifier ........................................................................................... 5
Volume of gasifier ....................................................................................................... 5
Diameter Calculations of gasifier ................................................................................ 5
Length.......................................................................................................................... 5
3 Pressure drop calculations .................................................................................................. 5
4 Minimum fluidization velocity ........................................................................................... 6
Fluidized velocity ........................................................................................................ 6
Terminal velocity ........................................................................................................ 6
Bubble velocity ........................................................................................................... 6
5 References: ......................................................................................................................... 9
1. Gasification
Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials
into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the
material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of
oxygen and/or steam.
Table 1 Types of Gasifiers

Gasifier Gasifier Temp. & Description


type specific press.
design range
Fixed Updraft 300– Fuel is fed from the top and gasification agent flows
bed/ 1,000°C from the bottom of the reactor. The process steps are
Moving atm. drying, pyrolysis, reduction and oxidation respectively.
bed
Downdraft 300– Fuel is fed from the top of the reactor. The gasification
1,000°C agent is fed into the middle of the reactor. Syngas is
atm. extracted from the bottom. The process steps are drying,
pyrolysis, oxidation and reduction.

Fluidized Bubbling 650–950°C Fuel is fed above the sand bed and the gasification agent
bed fluidized 1–35 bar enters the reactor from the bottom. The syngas is
bed extracted from the top after being cleaned in cyclones.
(BFB)

Circulating 800– Fuel is fed to the sand bed while the gasification agent
fluidized 1,000°C 1– enters the reactor from the bottom. Syngas is partly
bed 19 bar extracted from the top and partly recycled to the bottom
(CFB) of the gasifier again. The fluidization velocity is higher
than in BFB.

Entrained Entrained > 1,200°C Powder or slurry fuel is mixed with the gasification
flow flow-down > 20–50 agent and enters to the reactor from the top. The
flow bar gasification is aided by a powderized flame. Syngas is
extracted from the bottom.
Selection of Fludized Bed Gasifiers
The operation of both up and downdraught gasifiers is influenced by the morphological,
physical and chemical properties of the fuel. Problems commonly encountered are: lack of
bunkerflow, slagging and extreme pressure drop over the gasifier
Air is blown through a bed of solid particles at a sufficient velocity to keep these in a state of
suspension. The bed is originally externally heated and the feedstock is introduced as soon as
a sufficiently high temperature is reached. The fuel particles are introduced at the bottom of
the reactor, very quickly mixed with the bed material and almost instantaneously heated up to
the bed temperature. As a result of this treatment the fuel is pyrolysed very fast, resulting in a
component mix with a relatively large amount of gaseous materials. Further gasification and
tar-conversion reactions occur in the gas phase. Most systems are equipped with an internal
cyclone in order to minimize char blow-out as much as possible. Ash particles are also
carried over the top of the reactor and have to be removed from the gas stream if the gas is
used in engine applications.
A fluidised bed consists of fluid-solid mixture that exhibits fluid-like properties. As such, the
upper surface of the bed is relatively horizontal, which is analogous to hydrostatic behavior.
The bed can be considered to be a heterogeneous mixture of fluid and solid that can be
represented by a single bulk density.
Furthermore, an object with a higher density than the bed will sink, whereas an object with a
lower density than the bed will float, thus the bed can be considered to exhibit the fluid
behavior expected of Archimedes' principle. As the "density", (actually the solid volume
fraction of the suspension), of the bed can be altered by changing the fluid fraction, objects
with different densities comparative to the bed can, by altering either the fluid or solid
fraction, be caused to sink or float.

Advantages of Fluidized bed Gasifiers (1)


 The fuel content is 2-3% of the bed material, the rest is inert particles.
 Compared to fixed bed gasifiers, the gasification temperature is relatively low; an
even temperature is selected in the range of 750°C to 900°C.
 Compared to fixed bed gasifiers, the heating of the fuel during pyrolysis is faster and
therefore the reactivity of the char is high.
 Due to the intense mixing, the different reactions phases (drying, pyrolysis, oxidation,
and reduction) can not be distinguished in separate zones.
 As understochiometric conditions are needed in the gasifier; possibly an excess flow
of inert gas may be needed to get the proper fluidisation of the bed and maintaining
the reducing atmosphere.
 Low grade coals, wood chips, RDF (refuse derived fuel) and other fuel pellets are
suitable.
 An important application of fluidized beds are for use in larger scale power plants
(steam plants or combined gas turbine and steam plants or coal fired power plants) or
for synthesis gas production
2 Design of Fluidized bed gasifier
Reaction condition
Temperature = 930 ℃
Pressure = 30 bar

Reaction
C + H2O → CO + H2
Conversion = 57.40 %

Rate law
𝑟 = 𝑘1 𝑃𝐻20 /1+𝑘2 𝑃𝐻20 + 𝑘3 𝑃𝐻2 (2)
Po H20 = Partial pressure of water
Po H2 = partial pressure of hydrogen
18522
K1 = 4.93 ∗ 103 ∗ exp(− )
𝑇
3548
K2 = 1.1 ∗ 101 ∗ exp(− )
𝑇
25161
K3 = 1.53 ∗ 10−9 ∗ exp( )
𝑇

K1 = 0.00104 mol/kg pa s
K2 = 0.576 mol/kg pa s
K3 = 1.853 mol/kg pa s

Partial pressure calculation


Po H20 = 30 bar*0.27
Po H20 = 831900 Pa
Po H2 = 30 bar*0.027
Po H2 = 109000 Pa

Rate of reaction calculation


-r1 = 831900*0.00104/1+ 0.576*831900 +1.853*109000
-r1 = 0.0012285 mol/kg s

Calculation of weight of coal


𝑊𝑠 = ℎ ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝜌𝑠 ∗ (1 − 𝜖) (2)
Ws =Mass of solids in the bed,
ρs = Density of solid,
As = Cross-sectional area of bed,
h = Height of the bed settled before the particles=6m
Density of solid = 1590 kg/m3 (3)
Bulk density = 880 kg/m3 (3)
Cross sectional area of bed = 3.14*(110 cm)2/4
As = 9498.5 cm2 or 0.945 m2 (4)
Bulk density of Coal
Voidage = 1- = 0.44
Particle Density of Coal

𝑊𝑠 = 6 ∗ 0.945 ∗ 1590 ∗ (1 − 0.44)


𝑊𝑠 = 5048 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑

Volume of coal in gasifier


Bulk density of Coal = 880 kg/m3 (3)
Volume of coal = Weight of Coal /Bulk Density of Coal
= 5.73 m3

Volume of gasifier
Particle density of coal = 1590 kg/m3 (3)
Bulk density of Coal
Voidage = 1- = 0.44
Particle Density of Coal

Volume of coal
Volume of gasifier = = 10.2 m3
1−Voidage

Safety allowance 10%


The volume of gasifier is =11.2 m3

Diameter Calculations of gasifier


πD2 𝐿
Vgasifier =
4

L/D = 5 (5)
L=5D
Vgasifier = πD2 (4.5D)/4
D3= Vg / π = 1.51 m

Length
L = 7.55 m
Area = πD2 /4 = 1.78 m2

3 Pressure drop calculations


∆𝑝
= (𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑓 )(1 − 𝜖)𝑔 (4)

𝜌𝑠 =1590 kg/m3
𝜌𝑓 = 0.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

∈= 0.44
h=8m
∆𝑝
= (1590 − 0.63)(1 − 0.44)9.8
8
∆𝑝 = 67779 N/m2 or 0.677 bar

4 Minimum fluidization velocity


1
𝑔(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )𝜀 3 𝑑𝑝 2
𝑢𝑚𝑓 = [ ] (4)
1.75𝜌𝑓

𝜌𝑠 =1590 kg/m3
𝜌𝑓 = 0.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

∈= 0.44
h=8m
Particle diameter = 9.5*10^-3 m (4)
1
9.8(1590−0.63)0.443 ∗9.5∗10−3 2
𝑢𝑚𝑓 = [ ] (4)
1.75∗0.63

𝒖𝒎𝒇 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

Fluidized velocity
2
𝑔(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )𝑑𝑝
𝑢𝑓 = ∈3 /1−∈ (6)
150 𝑢

Viscosity of fluid = 0.32 cp or 3.2*10^-4 m Pa.s


𝒖𝒇 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎/𝒔

Terminal velocity
2
𝑔(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )𝑑𝑝
𝑢𝑡 = (6)
18𝑢𝑓

𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝒎/𝒔

Bubble velocity
𝑢𝑏 = 𝑢𝑜 − 𝑢𝑚𝑓 + (0.71)(𝑔𝑑𝑏)0.5 (4)

𝒖𝒎𝒇 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔

U0 = superficial velocity
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑢𝑜 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Volumetric flow rate = 3.1 m3/hr
As = 9498.5 cm2 or 0.945 m2
𝟑. 𝟏
𝒖𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟓
U0 = 0.000964 m/s
Db = diameter of bubble
2
𝐷𝑏 = 0.00376(𝑢𝑜 − 𝑢𝑚𝑓 ) (4)

𝐷𝑏 = 0.0426 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.000426 𝑚
𝑈𝑏 = 0.00964 − 3.37 + (0.71)(9.8 ∗ 0.000426)0.5
𝑼𝒃 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
SPECIFICATION SHEET

Identification

Item Gasifier (R-101)

Type Fluidized bed gasifier

Function

To react the starting materials to create the products


Reaction
C + H2O → CO + H2

Operating Pressure 30 bar

Operating Temperature 930 oC

Space Time 0.5 hr

Volume of gasifier (Vg) 11.1 m3

Volume of Coal (Vc) 5.73 m3

Weight of coal 5048 kg

Space velocity 2 h-1

Diameter of gasifier (D) 1.58 m

Length of gasifier (L) 7.55 m

Pressure drop 0.677 bar

Minimum fluidization velocity 3.31 m/s

Terminal velocity 244 m/s

Fluidized velocity 4.46 m/s

Bubbling velocity 3.28 m/s


5 References:
1. Fluidized Bed Gasification as a Mature And Reliable Technology. Verkooijen, Wiebren
de Jong and Adrian H.M. 10 November 2010.
2. Mirmoshtaghi, Guilnaz. GASIFICATION IN FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIERS. Sweden :
Arkitektkopia, Västerås, , 2016.
3. Zhu PZ, Gao JS. Coal chemistry,Shanghai Science and Technology Press. Shanghai : s.n.,
1984.
4. DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR. Nigeria., 2013.
5. Consideration for Design and Operations of Pilot-Scale Coal Gasifiers. Yongseung yun,
Seung Jong Lee and Seok Woo Chung. s.l. : IntechOpen, 2012.
6. Fluidisation technology. Outotec. May 2007,,

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