1. Gasification ......................................................................................................................... 2
Selection of Fludized Bed Gasifiers ............................................................................ 3
Advantages of Fluidized bed Gasifiers (1) .................................................................. 3
2 Design of Fluidized bed gasifier ........................................................................................ 4
Reaction ....................................................................................................................... 4
Rate law ....................................................................................................................... 4
Partial pressure calculation.......................................................................................... 4
Rate of reaction calculation ......................................................................................... 4
Calculation of weight of coal ...................................................................................... 4
Volume of coal in gasifier ........................................................................................... 5
Volume of gasifier ....................................................................................................... 5
Diameter Calculations of gasifier ................................................................................ 5
Length.......................................................................................................................... 5
3 Pressure drop calculations .................................................................................................. 5
4 Minimum fluidization velocity ........................................................................................... 6
Fluidized velocity ........................................................................................................ 6
Terminal velocity ........................................................................................................ 6
Bubble velocity ........................................................................................................... 6
5 References: ......................................................................................................................... 9
1. Gasification
Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials
into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the
material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of
oxygen and/or steam.
Table 1 Types of Gasifiers
Fluidized Bubbling 650–950°C Fuel is fed above the sand bed and the gasification agent
bed fluidized 1–35 bar enters the reactor from the bottom. The syngas is
bed extracted from the top after being cleaned in cyclones.
(BFB)
Circulating 800– Fuel is fed to the sand bed while the gasification agent
fluidized 1,000°C 1– enters the reactor from the bottom. Syngas is partly
bed 19 bar extracted from the top and partly recycled to the bottom
(CFB) of the gasifier again. The fluidization velocity is higher
than in BFB.
Entrained Entrained > 1,200°C Powder or slurry fuel is mixed with the gasification
flow flow-down > 20–50 agent and enters to the reactor from the top. The
flow bar gasification is aided by a powderized flame. Syngas is
extracted from the bottom.
Selection of Fludized Bed Gasifiers
The operation of both up and downdraught gasifiers is influenced by the morphological,
physical and chemical properties of the fuel. Problems commonly encountered are: lack of
bunkerflow, slagging and extreme pressure drop over the gasifier
Air is blown through a bed of solid particles at a sufficient velocity to keep these in a state of
suspension. The bed is originally externally heated and the feedstock is introduced as soon as
a sufficiently high temperature is reached. The fuel particles are introduced at the bottom of
the reactor, very quickly mixed with the bed material and almost instantaneously heated up to
the bed temperature. As a result of this treatment the fuel is pyrolysed very fast, resulting in a
component mix with a relatively large amount of gaseous materials. Further gasification and
tar-conversion reactions occur in the gas phase. Most systems are equipped with an internal
cyclone in order to minimize char blow-out as much as possible. Ash particles are also
carried over the top of the reactor and have to be removed from the gas stream if the gas is
used in engine applications.
A fluidised bed consists of fluid-solid mixture that exhibits fluid-like properties. As such, the
upper surface of the bed is relatively horizontal, which is analogous to hydrostatic behavior.
The bed can be considered to be a heterogeneous mixture of fluid and solid that can be
represented by a single bulk density.
Furthermore, an object with a higher density than the bed will sink, whereas an object with a
lower density than the bed will float, thus the bed can be considered to exhibit the fluid
behavior expected of Archimedes' principle. As the "density", (actually the solid volume
fraction of the suspension), of the bed can be altered by changing the fluid fraction, objects
with different densities comparative to the bed can, by altering either the fluid or solid
fraction, be caused to sink or float.
Reaction
C + H2O → CO + H2
Conversion = 57.40 %
Rate law
𝑟 = 𝑘1 𝑃𝐻20 /1+𝑘2 𝑃𝐻20 + 𝑘3 𝑃𝐻2 (2)
Po H20 = Partial pressure of water
Po H2 = partial pressure of hydrogen
18522
K1 = 4.93 ∗ 103 ∗ exp(− )
𝑇
3548
K2 = 1.1 ∗ 101 ∗ exp(− )
𝑇
25161
K3 = 1.53 ∗ 10−9 ∗ exp( )
𝑇
K1 = 0.00104 mol/kg pa s
K2 = 0.576 mol/kg pa s
K3 = 1.853 mol/kg pa s
Volume of gasifier
Particle density of coal = 1590 kg/m3 (3)
Bulk density of Coal
Voidage = 1- = 0.44
Particle Density of Coal
Volume of coal
Volume of gasifier = = 10.2 m3
1−Voidage
L/D = 5 (5)
L=5D
Vgasifier = πD2 (4.5D)/4
D3= Vg / π = 1.51 m
Length
L = 7.55 m
Area = πD2 /4 = 1.78 m2
𝜌𝑠 =1590 kg/m3
𝜌𝑓 = 0.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
∈= 0.44
h=8m
∆𝑝
= (1590 − 0.63)(1 − 0.44)9.8
8
∆𝑝 = 67779 N/m2 or 0.677 bar
𝜌𝑠 =1590 kg/m3
𝜌𝑓 = 0.63 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
∈= 0.44
h=8m
Particle diameter = 9.5*10^-3 m (4)
1
9.8(1590−0.63)0.443 ∗9.5∗10−3 2
𝑢𝑚𝑓 = [ ] (4)
1.75∗0.63
𝒖𝒎𝒇 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
Fluidized velocity
2
𝑔(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )𝑑𝑝
𝑢𝑓 = ∈3 /1−∈ (6)
150 𝑢
Terminal velocity
2
𝑔(𝜌𝑝 −𝜌𝑓 )𝑑𝑝
𝑢𝑡 = (6)
18𝑢𝑓
𝒖𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
Bubble velocity
𝑢𝑏 = 𝑢𝑜 − 𝑢𝑚𝑓 + (0.71)(𝑔𝑑𝑏)0.5 (4)
𝒖𝒎𝒇 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
U0 = superficial velocity
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑢𝑜 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Volumetric flow rate = 3.1 m3/hr
As = 9498.5 cm2 or 0.945 m2
𝟑. 𝟏
𝒖𝒐 =
𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟓
U0 = 0.000964 m/s
Db = diameter of bubble
2
𝐷𝑏 = 0.00376(𝑢𝑜 − 𝑢𝑚𝑓 ) (4)
𝐷𝑏 = 0.0426 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑟 0.000426 𝑚
𝑈𝑏 = 0.00964 − 3.37 + (0.71)(9.8 ∗ 0.000426)0.5
𝑼𝒃 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
SPECIFICATION SHEET
Identification
Function